Peripheral Nervous System Overview

The afferent division of the peripheral nervous system transmits information from the periphery to the central nervous system. The information is detected by:

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of an adequate stimulus?

Sensory receptors are located as a specialized ending of a peripheral sensory neuron

If the receptor is next to afferent neuron a neurotransmitter release depolarize afferent neuron

If a sensory receptor is part of afferent neuron; neurotransmitter release change the local current flow

Sensory receptors can be located as separate receptor cell closely associated with the peripheral ending of a motor neuron

Match the following neuron types with their descriptions:

In the dorsal column–medial lemniscal pathway:

Spinothalamic tract transmits information from thermoreceptors and nociceptors to the ______ before it reaches the brain.

Five areas of the brain regulate the autonomic nervous system. Which areas of the brain regulate autonomic function?

Which of the organs below is not directly innervated by the Autonomic Nervous System?

Preganglionic fibers from thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord are part of the ______ division of the Autonomic Nervous System (2 point).

Define shortly and precisely a preganglionic and postganglionic neuron (2 points).

Define Autonomic Neuroeffector Junctions

The preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous have long axons that originate in the lateral horn of the spinal cord

In the sympathetic nervous system, postganglionic neurons release norepinephrine which binds to muscarinic receptors on the effector organs.

Sympathetic nervous system is responsible for fight or flight response.

The postganglionic neuron originates in the CNS and travels to a ganglion in the periphery.

The neurotransmitter Acetylcholine binds to muscarinic cholinergic receptors on the postganglionic neuron, and to nicotinic cholinergic receptors at the effector organ

Sympathetic postganglionic neurons release a neurotransmitter norepinephrine in response to action potential. When an action potential depolarizes ______ channels open, allowing calcium channels to open. Calcium ions enter the cell, triggering the release of norepinephrine by exocytosis. The neurotransmitter binds to ______ on the effector organ membrane thereby activating ______.

The neurotransmitter acetylcholine binds to:

What insulates each fascicle?

Each myofibril is surrounded by a saclike membraneous network called:

Myofibrils are composed of a fundamental unit called:

What are the two main proteins of the skeletal muscle? a. ______ and b. ______

Name the 5 steps of crossbridge cycle:

What is the role and function of Ca in muscle contraction?

Which of the following shorten during contraction? (may be more than one)

What is meant by a) low-energy and b) high-energy forms of myosin? (2 points)

Name the structures

Name the three hormones released by the thyroid gland.

Which hormone regulates blood calcium levels?

Which hormones are released from the adrenal cortex? From the adrenal medulla?

Which endocrine gland secretes insulin? Estrogens? Melatonin?

Epinephrine is released from which area of the adrenal gland?

Which of the following glands secrete the hormones T3 and T4?

Which of the following is an example of permissiveness?

How does the binding of a hormone to a carrier protein in blood affect the half-life of a hormone?

Gonadotropin releasing hormone stimulates release of which of the following from the anterior pituitary?

The heart is a (primary/______) endocrine organ.

The heart wall consists of three layers:

What are the heart chambers?

Conduction system of the heart consist of ______ and ______. An action potential in the heart is initiated in the ______ node, where is momentarily delayed by about 0.1 mseconds before moving forward. From there the impulse travels through the ______ located in interventricular septum. Next, impulses travel through an extensive network of branches referred to as ______ which spread through the ventricular myocardium from the apex upward toward the valves.

Describe shortly the opening of channels and movement of ions in a pacemaker cell during a pacemaker potential:

Which of the following contains deoxygenated blood?

Describe the 8 steps involved in the excitation contraction coupling in cardiac contractile cells:

What are the four phases of cardiac cycle?

The first heart sound occurs when the atrioventricular valves close; thus, it marks:

Heart rate is normally determined by the action potential frequency in the AV node

Blood flow through the systemic circuit is driven by contractions of the left ventricle.

Under normal conditions, pressures in the left and right ventricles are equal during systole.

The valve located at the junction between the left ventricle and the aorta is an example of an atrioventricular valve.

The period of ventricular contraction is known as ______ and the period of ventricular relaxation is known as ______. As blood return to the heart via systemic and pulmonary veins, enters the ______ and passes through the ______ valves and into the ______ are closed because ventricular pressure is lower than that in the aorta and pulmonary arteries.

Name 2 hormones that can affect the heart function:

Which of the following is not a function of the conducting zone of the respiratory system?

Name the structures (a- e).

A) What are the structures that form the respiratory membrane? b) what are the two characteristics of the respiratory zone that facilitate the exchange of gases?

Temperature, pH and CO2 work to promote oxygen unloading from hemoglobin in respiring tissues and oxygen loading onto hemoglobin in the lungs.

When oxyhemoglobin levels are high, then 2,3-BPG synthesis occurs, and decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.

Carbon monoxide, when present, it binds to hemoglobin more readily than oxygen, which prevents oxygen from binding.

As the pH of the blood increases, the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen decreases.

Oxygen passes through into each of the following structures in the pulmonary circulation. Starting at the alveolar air space, place them in the correct order: a. alveolar basement membrane b. capillary basement membrane c. plasma of bloodstream d. endothelial cell in capillary wall e. alveolar cells f. alveolar air space Sequence:

How is carbon dioxide transported in blood? Explain what fraction of carbon dioxide is transported by each method?

Which of the following areas of the brain contain inspiratory neurons?

Afferent division function

Sensory receptors

Adequate stimulus

First-order neuron

Second-order neuron

Third-order neuron

Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway

Spinothalamic tract

Preganglionic neurons (sympathetic)

Postganglionic neurons (sympathetic)

Autonomic Nervous System

Preganglionic neuron

Postganglionic neuron

Neuroeffector Junctions

Sympathetic nervous system

Myofibrils

Crossbridge cycle

Role of Ca in muscle contraction

Sarcomere

Cardiac cycle phases

First heart sound

Systole

Endocrine gland

Hormone regulation

Respiratory membrane

Urinary system function

Nephrons

Reabsorption