Peripheral Nervous System Overview
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The afferent division of the peripheral nervous system transmits information from the periphery to the central nervous system. The information is detected by:

  • both
  • sensory receptors (correct)
  • visceral receptors

    • Which of the following best illustrates the concept of an adequate stimulus?

  • Rotation of the head stimulates certain receptors in the vestibular system but not those in the visual system.
  • When a boxer gets punched in the eye, he perceives light.
  • Hair cells in the cochlea are stimulated by sound vibrations over a wide range of frequencies. (correct)

    • Sensory receptors are located as a specialized ending of a peripheral sensory neuron

    True

    If the receptor is next to afferent neuron a neurotransmitter release depolarize afferent neuron

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a sensory receptor is part of afferent neuron; neurotransmitter release change the local current flow

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sensory receptors can be located as separate receptor cell closely associated with the peripheral ending of a motor neuron

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following neuron types with their descriptions:

    <p>First order Sensory Neuron = The peripheral sensory neuron that detects the stimulus Second Order Sensory Neuron = The neuron, 2nd in the chain of processing, usually in CNS Third Order Sensory Neuron = The neuron, 3rd in the chain of processing, in the CNS (thalamus)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the dorsal column–medial lemniscal pathway:

    <p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Spinothalamic tract transmits information from thermoreceptors and nociceptors to the ______ before it reaches the brain.

    <p>thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Five areas of the brain regulate the autonomic nervous system. Which areas of the brain regulate autonomic function?

    <p>The five areas of the brain that regulate autonomic function are the hypothalamus, medulla oblongata, pons, limbic system, and cerebral cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the organs below is not directly innervated by the Autonomic Nervous System?

    <p>Skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Preganglionic fibers from thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord are part of the ______ division of the Autonomic Nervous System (2 point).

    <p>Sympathetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define shortly and precisely a preganglionic and postganglionic neuron (2 points).

    <p>A preganglionic neuron is a neuron whose cell body resides in the central nervous system and whose axon synapses with a postganglionic neuron in an autonomic ganglion. A postganglionic neuron is a neuron whose cell body resides in an autonomic ganglion and whose axon innervates target organs and tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define Autonomic Neuroeffector Junctions

    <p>An autonomic neuroeffector junction is the specialized synapse between a postganglionic neuron of the autonomic nervous system and its target organ, which can be smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or gland cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous have long axons that originate in the lateral horn of the spinal cord

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the sympathetic nervous system, postganglionic neurons release norepinephrine which binds to muscarinic receptors on the effector organs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sympathetic nervous system is responsible for fight or flight response.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The postganglionic neuron originates in the CNS and travels to a ganglion in the periphery.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The neurotransmitter Acetylcholine binds to muscarinic cholinergic receptors on the postganglionic neuron, and to nicotinic cholinergic receptors at the effector organ

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sympathetic postganglionic neurons release a neurotransmitter norepinephrine in response to action potential. When an action potential depolarizes ______ channels open, allowing calcium channels to open. Calcium ions enter the cell, triggering the release of norepinephrine by exocytosis. The neurotransmitter binds to ______ on the effector organ membrane thereby activating ______.

    <p>voltage gated calcium, adrenergic receptors, the effector organ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The neurotransmitter acetylcholine binds to:

    <p>a and b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What insulates each fascicle?

    <p>The epimysium, a layer of connective tissue, surrounds and insulates each fascicle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each myofibril is surrounded by a saclike membraneous network called:

    <p>Sarcoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myofibrils are composed of a fundamental unit called:

    <p>Sarcomere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main proteins of the skeletal muscle? a. ______ and b. ______

    <p>actin, myosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the 5 steps of crossbridge cycle:

    <p>The five steps of the crossbridge cycle are: 1) Attachment of the myosin head to actin, 2) Power stroke, 3) Detachment, 4) Recocking, 5) Attachment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role and function of Ca in muscle contraction?

    <p>Calcium ions play a crucial role in muscle contraction. They trigger the exposure of binding sites on actin filaments, allowing myosin heads to attach and initiate the crossbridge cycle, leading to muscle contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following shorten during contraction? (may be more than one)

    <p>H zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by a) low-energy and b) high-energy forms of myosin? (2 points)

    <p>a) The low-energy form of myosin refers to the state where the myosin head is not bound to ATP and is in a relaxed position. b) The high-energy form of myosin refers to the state where the myosin head is bound to ATP and is cocked, ready to bind to actin and perform the power stroke.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the structures

    <p>a = Synaptic knob/terminal b = Synaptic cleft c = Motor end plate d = Muscle fiber (cell) e = Sarcoplasmic reticulum f = Transverse tubules (T-tubules) g = Myofibrils h = Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the three hormones released by the thyroid gland.

    <p>The thyroid gland releases three primary hormones: thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone regulates blood calcium levels?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone (PTH) primarily regulates blood calcium levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones are released from the adrenal cortex? From the adrenal medulla?

    <p>The adrenal cortex releases hormones like cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens. The adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which endocrine gland secretes insulin? Estrogens? Melatonin?

    <p>Insulin is secreted by the pancreas, estrogens are secreted by the ovaries, and melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epinephrine is released from which area of the adrenal gland?

    <p>Medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following glands secrete the hormones T3 and T4?

    <p>Thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of permissiveness?

    <p>Estrogen stimulates synthesis of progesterone receptors in the endometrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the binding of a hormone to a carrier protein in blood affect the half-life of a hormone?

    <p>Binding to carrier proteins in blood increases the half-life of a hormone. Carrier proteins protect the hormone from degradation by enzymes and from being filtered out by the kidneys, thereby extending its duration in the bloodstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gonadotropin releasing hormone stimulates release of which of the following from the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Both follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The heart is a (primary/______) endocrine organ.

    <p>secondary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The heart wall consists of three layers:

    <p>The three layers of the heart wall are (from outermost to innermost) the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the heart chambers?

    <p>The heart has four chambers: the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Conduction system of the heart consist of ______ and ______. An action potential in the heart is initiated in the ______ node, where is momentarily delayed by about 0.1 mseconds before moving forward. From there the impulse travels through the ______ located in interventricular septum. Next, impulses travel through an extensive network of branches referred to as ______ which spread through the ventricular myocardium from the apex upward toward the valves.

    <p>sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, sinoatrial, atrioventricular bundle, Purkinje fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe shortly the opening of channels and movement of ions in a pacemaker cell during a pacemaker potential:

    <p>During a pacemaker potential, sodium channels open initially, causing a rapid depolarization. Then, calcium channels open, leading to a sustained depolarization that reaches the threshold. Finally, potassium channels open, causing repolarization, bringing the membrane potential back to its resting level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following contains deoxygenated blood?

    <p>The right ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the 8 steps involved in the excitation contraction coupling in cardiac contractile cells:

    <ol> <li>Action potential reaches the sarcolemma. 2. Action potential travels along T-tubules. 3. Calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 4. Calcium ions bind to troponin. 5. Troponin-calcium complex moves tropomyosin, exposing the myosin-binding sites on actin. 6. Myosin heads bind to actin, forming crossbridges. 7. Power stroke occurs, pulling the thin filaments past the thick filaments. 8. Calcium ions are actively transported back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and the muscle fiber relaxes.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four phases of cardiac cycle?

    <p>The four phases of the cardiac cycle are: 1) Atrial systole, 2) Ventricular systole, 3) Isovolumetric relaxation, 4) Ventricular filling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first heart sound occurs when the atrioventricular valves close; thus, it marks:

    <p>The beginning of isovolumetric contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heart rate is normally determined by the action potential frequency in the AV node

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood flow through the systemic circuit is driven by contractions of the left ventricle.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under normal conditions, pressures in the left and right ventricles are equal during systole.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The valve located at the junction between the left ventricle and the aorta is an example of an atrioventricular valve.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The period of ventricular contraction is known as ______ and the period of ventricular relaxation is known as ______. As blood return to the heart via systemic and pulmonary veins, enters the ______ and passes through the ______ valves and into the ______ are closed because ventricular pressure is lower than that in the aorta and pulmonary arteries.

    <p>systole, diastole, right atrium, tricuspid and mitral, right ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name 2 hormones that can affect the heart function:

    <p>Two hormones that can affect heart function are epinephrine and norepinephrine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a function of the conducting zone of the respiratory system?

    <p>exchanging gases between respiratory system and blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the structures (a- e).

    <p>a = Pharynx b = Larynx c = Trachea d = Bronchi e = Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A) What are the structures that form the respiratory membrane? b) what are the two characteristics of the respiratory zone that facilitate the exchange of gases?

    <p>a) The respiratory membrane comprises the thin walls of the alveoli, the capillary endothelium, and the basement membranes of both structures. b) The two characteristics that facilitate gas exchange in the respiratory zone are: 1) thinness of the membrane, allowing gases to diffuse quickly, and 2) a large surface area of the alveoli, increasing the overall gas exchange capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Temperature, pH and CO2 work to promote oxygen unloading from hemoglobin in respiring tissues and oxygen loading onto hemoglobin in the lungs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When oxyhemoglobin levels are high, then 2,3-BPG synthesis occurs, and decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbon monoxide, when present, it binds to hemoglobin more readily than oxygen, which prevents oxygen from binding.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As the pH of the blood increases, the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen decreases.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oxygen passes through into each of the following structures in the pulmonary circulation. Starting at the alveolar air space, place them in the correct order: a. alveolar basement membrane b. capillary basement membrane c. plasma of bloodstream d. endothelial cell in capillary wall e. alveolar cells f. alveolar air space Sequence:

    <p>The correct sequence is: f, a, b, d, c, e.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is carbon dioxide transported in blood? Explain what fraction of carbon dioxide is transported by each method?

    <p>Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in three ways:</p> <ol> <li>Dissolved in plasma (about 5-10%)</li> <li>Bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin (about 20-30%)</li> <li>Converted to bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) (about 60-70%)</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following areas of the brain contain inspiratory neurons?

    <p>both dorsal and ventral respiratory groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Peripheral Nervous System

    • The afferent division transmits information from the periphery to the central nervous system.
    • This is detected by sensory receptors.
    • Visceral receptors also play a role.

    Adequate Stimulus

    • Adequate stimulus is when a stimulus causes a reaction from receptors.
    • Example: A boxer getting punched in the eye perceives light.
    • Rotation of the head stimulates receptors in the vestibular system but not the visual system.
    • Hair cells in the cochlea respond to sound vibrations.

    Sensory Receptors

    • Sensory receptors are specialized endings of peripheral sensory neurons.
    • If the receptor is next to an afferent neuron release of neurotransmitter depolarizes this neuron.
    • A sensory receptor can be part of an afferent neuron; neurotransmitter release alters local current flow.
    • Receptors can be separate cells associated with the peripheral ending of a motor neuron.

    Sensory Neurons

    • First order sensory neuron detects the stimulus.
    • Second order sensory neuron processes the stimulus in the central nervous system (CNS).
    • Third order sensory neuron is in the CNS (thalamus), further processing.

    Spinothalamic Tract

    • Transmits information from thermoreceptors and nociceptors.
    • This pathway crosses to the other side of the CNS within the spinal cord before reaching the brain.

    Autonomic Nervous System

    • Five areas of the brain regulate the autonomic nervous system.
    • Sweat glands, smooth muscle, heart, salivary glands are innervated by the autonomic nervous system.
    • Skeletal muscles are not innervated by the autonomic nervous system.
    • Preganglionic fibers from thoracic and lumbar segments are part of the sympathetic nervous system.

    Preganglionic and Postganglionic Neurons

    • Preganglionic neurons originate in CNS, travel to ganglia.
    • Postganglionic neurons originate in ganglia, travel to effector organs.

    Neurotransmitter Acetylcholine

    • Binds to muscarinic cholinergic receptors on the postganglionic neuron and nicotinic cholinergic receptors at the effector organ.

    Sympathetic Nervous System

    • Postganglionic neurons release norepinephrine, which binds to muscarinic receptors.
    • Sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the fight or flight response.

    Skeletal Muscle Proteins

    • The two main proteins are actin and myosin.

    Crossbridge Cycle

    • Five steps involved in muscle contraction

    Calcium in Muscle Contraction

    • Calcium helps muscles contract; it is essential for muscle contraction.

    Parts Shortening During Contraction

    • Thin filament
    • Sarcomere
    • Thick filament
    • I band
    • H zone

    Myosin Energy Forms

    • Low-energy forms;
    • High-energy forms.

    Structures

    Neurotransmitters

    • Nicotinic receptors
    • Muscarinic receptors
    • Alpha receptors

    Hormone Released by Thyroid Gland

    • Three hormones released by the thyroid gland are not listed

    Hormone Regulating Blood Calcium Levels

    • Hormone is not listed

    Hormones Released by Adrenal Cortex and Medulla

    • Hormones released from the adrenal cortex and medulla are not listed.

    Endocrine Glands

    • Endocrine glands secreting insulin, estrogen, and melatonin are not identified.

    Epinephrine Release

    • Epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla.

    Hormones T3 and T4

    • Thyroid gland secretes hormones T3 and T4.

    Permissiveness

    • An example of permissiveness is not listed.

    Hormone Carrier Protein

    • Binding a hormone to a carrier protein in the blood impacts the hormone's half-life.

    Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone

    • Gonadotropin releasing hormone stimulates the release from the anterior pituitary.

    Heart Layers

    • The heart wall consists of three layers: epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium.

    Heart Chambers

    • The heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles.

    Heart Conduction System

    • The heart conduction system includes the sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers.

    Pacemaker Potential

    Deoxygenated Blood

    • The right ventricle contains deoxygenated blood.

    Cardiac Cycle Phases

    • Four phases of the cardiac cycle are not listed.

    First Heart Sound

    • The first heart sound occurs when the atrioventricular valves close.

    Heart Rate Regulation

    • Heart rate is determined by the action potential frequency in the AV node.
    • Blood flow through the systemic circuit is driven by contractions of the left ventricle.
    • Under normal conditions, pressures in the left and right ventricles are equal during systole.

    Atrioventricular Valves

    • An example of an atrioventricular valve is the mitral valve or bicuspid valve found between the left atrium and left ventricle.

    Ventricular Contraction and Relaxation

    • The period of ventricular contraction is systole.
    • The period of ventricular relaxation is diastole.
    • Blood flows into the chambers under its own pressure.

    Hormones Affecting Heart

    • Not listed.

    Respiratory System Conductance Zone

    • Humidifying the air.
    • Exchanging gases between respiratory system and blood.
    • Protecting the lungs from inhaled particles.

    Respiratory Structures

    Respiratory Membrane

    • Structures not listed

    Oxygen Loading/Unloading

    • Temperature, pH, and CO2 affect oxygen binding to hemoglobin.

    Pulmonary Circulation Structures

    • Sequence of structures for oxygen transport in pulmonary circulation is not given.

    Carbon Dioxide Transport

    • Method not listed.

    Inspiratory Neurons Location

    • Both dorsal and ventral respiratory groups (DRG and VRG) contain inspiratory neurons.

    Primary Urinary System Functions

    • Not listed

    Urinary System Components

    • Urinary system consists of kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

    Mechanisms of Solute Exchange in Renal Tubule

    • Glomerular filtration, secretion, and reabsorption.
    • Not specific or extensive mechanisms

    Proximal Tubule Reabsorption

    • Most water and solute reabsorption occurs in the proximal tubule.

    Antidiuretic Hormone

    • Stimulates sodium reabsorption in distal tubule.

    Loop of Henle and Collecting Ducts

    • Important in water reabsorption

    Micturition Muscles

    Kidney Structures

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    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts of the Peripheral Nervous System, focusing on the roles of afferent divisions, adequate stimuli, and sensory receptors. Understanding how sensory neurons transmit information is crucial for grasping the basics of neurobiology.

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