Study Guide PDF

1. Know the steps in DNA replication and the enzymes involved. 2. Know the steps of transcription of RNA and the enzymes and factors involved. 3. Know the steps of translation. a. Understand how the genetic code works (codons, anti-codons, Wobble) b. Know the roles of RNA involved:...

1. Know the steps in DNA replication and the enzymes involved. 2. Know the steps of transcription of RNA and the enzymes and factors involved. 3. Know the steps of translation. a. Understand how the genetic code works (codons, anti-codons, Wobble) b. Know the roles of RNA involved: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA 4. Understand how bacteria regulate genes organized in operons a. Know the Lac operon as an example (how it works) 5. Describe the methods bacteria use to acquire genetic material (horizontal gene transfer) a. Conjugation b. Transformation c. Transduction 6.Understand the impact of mutations in DNA, including: a. Types of mutation b. Causes of mutation Cell Cycle, Chromosomes, and Mitosis (Brooker Ch. 16.1-16.2) 1. Know the distinction between chromatin and chromosomes. 2. Know the distinction between autosomes and sex chromosomes. 3. Describe what sister chromatids and centromeres. 4. Understand what a karyotype represents. 5. Understand the role of telomeres/ telomerase in eukaryotic DNA replication.. 6. Compare and contrast DNA replication, transcription, translation (eukaryotes vs prokaryotes). 7. Know the phases of the cell cycle and what happens in each. a. G1 , S, G2, M b.What happens in G0 8.Understand the significance of cell cycle checkpoints. 9. Know the phases of mitosis and what happens in each. a.Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase 10. Identify which types of cells undergo mitosis. 11. Identify which cell types undergo meiosis. 12. Know the general concept of what happens in meiosis: ie results in haploid gametes Microbial Nutrition and Growth (Cowan Ch. 6) 1. Know the different nutritional types of organisms—heterotroph vs autotroph 2. Know the meaning of macronutrients and micronutrients and examples of each 3. Know what growth factors are 4. Remember the 3 methods of transport microorganisms use to acquire nutrients 5. Understand the environmental effects on growth: a. Temperature.Know the cardinal temperatures ii.Know the groups by temperature range b.pH—know acidophiles vs alkaliphiles c.Osmotic effects—know different examples d.Oxygen effects I. Know classes of bacteria and their O2 requirements Ii. Know examples of toxic oxygen forms and the enzymes used for protection 6.Know what happens in binary fission a.Know what doubling time/generation time means 7. Know the bacterial growth curve and what each part means a.Lag phase b.Exponential or Log phase c.Stationary phase d.Death or decline phase 8.How to measure cell growth a.Direct methods b.Indirect methods 9.Understand how bacteria grow in natural environments 10. What are biofilms and why are they significant? 11. Know the composition of a microbiome a.Understand the significance of microbiomes in human health 1.Know the definitions of these key words and how they are applied: a.Sterilization b.Disinfection c.Decontamination/sanitizaton d.Antisepsis/degermation e.Microbicide (and all -cidal varieties covered) f.Microbistatic (and all -static varieties covered) g.Sepsis h.Asepsis i.Antiseptics 2. Know applications for the use of: a.Moist heat b.Dry heat c.UV radiation d.Ionizing (gamma and X-rays) radiation e.Filtration f.Cold 3.Know the different types of chemical agents, their mechanism of action, and their applications a.Halogens (chlorine vs iodine) b.Oxidizing agents (H2O2) C. Aldehydes (glutaraldehyde) d.Gases (ethylene oxide) e.Phenol (triclosan) f.Chlorhexidine (chlorine and phenolic rings) g.Alcohol (ethanol, isopropanol) h.Detergents (cationic quats > anionic) i.Heavy metal compounds (silver nitrate topicals) j.Acids and alkali