Microbiology Study Guide Exam 3 (BIOL 2420)

*BIOL 2420: Microbiology for Health Sciences* **Chapter 10 Biochemistry of the Genome** 3 types of RNA - - - - - - - **Protein Synthesis** (make protein) Trans**C**ription comes before Trans**L**ation **Transcription**: To transcribe the DNA into a message - - - **T...

*BIOL 2420: Microbiology for Health Sciences* **Chapter 10 Biochemistry of the Genome** 3 types of RNA - - - - - - - **Protein Synthesis** (make protein) Trans**C**ription comes before Trans**L**ation **Transcription**: To transcribe the DNA into a message - - - **Translation:** the mRNA template converts nucleotide-base genetic information into the "language" of amino acids to create a protein product **Codon:** Each amino acid is defined within the mRNA by triplet of nucleotides Example: A-U C-G **Initiation:** transitional complex forms, and tRNA brings first amino acid in polypeptide chain to bind to start codon on mRNA **Elongation:** tRNA bring amino acids one by one to add to polypeptide chain **Termination**: release factor recognizes stop codon translational complex dissociates, and completed polypeptide is released Extrachromosomal DNA is bacteria often found in plasmids in [non-essential for basic function] **Purine:** are nitrogenous bases that are Adenine and Guanine **Pyrimidines:** are cytosine (C) and thymine (T), are smaller nitrogenous bases that have only a six-carbon ring structure. **Genome**: the entire genetic material of an organism Base: part of the DNA nucleotide varies between different nucleotides The bonds between the [sugar and phosphate groups] in the DNA strand are covalent bonds The [backbone of a DNA] molecule consists of Sugar and phosphate because of the alternating structure composing the framework of a nucleic strand **Chapter 11:DNA Replication** DNA replication in the Eukaryotic cells occurs in the Nucleus 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. a. b. i. 7. **Central Dogma:** outlines the flow of information from DNA to RNA to protein **Genotype:** is the gene(s) a cell has for a specific trait **Phenotype:** (what you can see) influenced by environmental factors and could results of several genes acting together **Genetic Diversity:** can be achieved through horizontal gene transfer - - - - - - Transposons: "jumping genes" - - - Operons: stretch of DNA - - - **Mutation:** is the heritable change in the DNA sequence of an organism. - - - - **Anticodon**: a three-nucleotide sequence that bonds with an mRNA codon through complementary base pairing. **Chapter 14: Antimicrobial Drug** Selective Toxicity: selective finding and [destroying pathogens without damaging the host] Chemotherapy: the use of chemicals to treat a disease Antibiotic: substance [produced by a microbe] that in small amounts [inhibits another microbe] Antimicrobial drugs: synthetic substances that interfere with the growth of microbes - - [Narrow spectrum:] drugs that affect a narrow range of microbial types [Broad-Spectrum:] affect a broad range of gram + or gram - Bacteria Functions: - - Protein synthesis: - - 1. a. b. c. d. 2. e. f. g. **RNA polymerase:** build up RNA **Tip: RNA Transcript has to go through a spore** **Ribosomes**: are made mostly RNA **DNA:** is made of 2 strands of double helix Antimicrobial Drugs: inhibits protein synthesis - - - - - **Action of Antimicrobial Drugs** Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis: prevents division of the cell - **Inhibitors of cells wall** Penicillin: - - - Penicillinase: destroys penicillin and makes a form that doesn't interfere w/ the cell wall synthesis [Vancomycin] - - [Chloramphenicol] - - - - [Tetracyclines] - - - [Rifamycin] - - **Antifungal Drugs** - - - - - - **Antihelminthic Drugs** - - **The Diffusion Method** Disk Diffusion Method: test the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents Zone of inhibition: around the disk determines the sensitivity of the organism to the antibiotic Persister Cells: microbes with genetic characteristics allowing of their survival when exposed to an antibiotic Superbugs: bacteria that are resistant to large numbers of antibiotics Antibiotic Safety: - - - - - **Chapter 15 Mechanisms of Pathogenicity** **Disease:** any condition in which the normal structure of function of the body are damaged or impaired **Tip: Not all diseases are microbial but the majority that humans face are microbial** Signs: Objective (can be measured) - - Symptoms: Subjective (not measured or seen) - - Asymptomatic - - **Communicable disease**: a disease that is spread from one host to another **Noncommunicable disease**: a disease that is not spread from one host to another **Zoonotic disease:** transmitted by an animal - - **nosocomial diseases** also called Hospital Acquired Infections (HAI) Diseases acquired in hospital settings are known as Incubation period: Occurs in an acute disease after the initial energy of the pathogen into the host. Prodromal period: after incubation 1. 2. **period of decline:** pathogen particles begin to decrease **latent Disease** causal pathogen goes dormant for Extend periods of time wi no active replication. **Pathogenicity:** The ability of a microbial agent to cause dieases **Virulence:** the degree to which an organism is Pathogenic **Primary Pathogen** can cause disease regardless of the host in the immune **opportunistic pathogen** can only cause disease in Situations that compromise the host\'s defense **Adhesions:** capability of pathogenic microbes to attach to the cell Primary: initial infection caused by one pathogen Table 15.1 Bacteria growing in the blood is **septicemia** **mycotoxin:** Fungal toxins - **Chapter 16 Disease and Epidemiology** prevalence: is the number or proportion of individuals with a particular illness in a given population at a point in time. Sporadic: (pop up and they go) Diseases that are seen only occasionally and usually without geography concentration Endemic: (inside our population) are constantly present in a population within a particular geography region Epidemic: Diseases for which a larger than expected number of cases occurs in a short time within a geographic region