Plant Science EXAM 1 Study Guide PDF

Cells What is a zygote? The start of cell life When and who invented the Microscope? 1560 Zacharias Jansun What were the important parts of the cell, Identify: - Chloroplast - Nucleus - Mitochondria - Vacuole - Cell Wall - Plasma Membrane What are cell walls, what do they have , what ar...

Cells What is a zygote? The start of cell life When and who invented the Microscope? 1560 Zacharias Jansun What were the important parts of the cell, Identify: - Chloroplast - Nucleus - Mitochondria - Vacuole - Cell Wall - Plasma Membrane What are cell walls, what do they have , what are they made of? They are there to protect the other cell organelles What does a plasma membrane do? The cell membranes are in place to dictate what come in and out of the cell Do other things have vacuole? What does it do? Other things don't have vacuoles, only plants, they are the biggest organelle in a cell What is turgor pressure? Turgor pressure is what holds ia the plant, without it, wilting can take place How is the nucleus important? It controls everything that happens within the cell What are the living and nonliving elements of a cell? Nonliving: Cellwall, chloroplast, vacuoles Living: nucleus, plasma membrane, What do plant cells have that animal cells don't? Plants have chloroplast which animals don't Mitosis How do plants grow? They grow by cell division that occurs in the meristem Where does cell division occur? The meristem What are the important parts of a Meristem? Apical, Lateral, Intercalary The difference between nodes and crowns is what? What are the phases of mitosis? IPMAT Interphase(longest phase), Prophase (Chromatids develop), Metaphase(Chromosomes Align), Anaphase(Shortest Phase), Telophase (new cell) How can we manipulate mitosis? By using plant manipulation chemicals like herbicides Can plants get cancer? Explain Plants can get cancer but not in a human way, they can turn into hybrids by rapid cell mutation. Can mitosis be stopped? How? Herbicides Plant Cell Tissue + Roots What are the types of plant cells?(STEP. C) Sclerenchyma, Threids,??????, Parenchyma, Collenchyma What are simple tissues compared to complex tissues? Simple tissues- 1 cell Complex tissues- 2+ cells What are the living vs nonliving parts of the cell? What do roots do?(CAR HAS) Conduct Absorb Reproduction Hormone Synthesis Anchange Support Why are roots hairs important? Absorption What is the stele? The core of the root What is the difference between the monocot cell and the dicot root? Dicots have the x, monocots dont How deep are roots normally? Normally on the top soil, 6-12’’ deep What is the difference between apoplastic vs. symplastic? Apoplastic- through the cell Symplastic- around the cell What problems can roots cause? Broken pavement, …. What are the different types of roots? Rhizomes, Stolon, Bulbs, Tubers, Corms What different pests are there for root? White Grubs, Nematodes What are the uses for roots ? Food, Dyes, Medicine…. What is Root morphology? What roots look like on the outside Name the key parts of the root anatomy, identify them: - Root cap - Apical meristem - Ground meristem - Proterderm What is the difference between root and stem tissue, how would we identify them? What is the Rhizosphere? The biologically active place around the roots Why do plants have symbiotic relationships, what are some of those relationships? Symbiotic relationships are important because it helps the plants get more growth, for example certain fungi or nitrogen Fixation What factors affect root growth ? Why is drainage important? Root erosion, turf, … What makes healthy Roots? Deep, white, thick roots What ways do we study soil? What different soil formations are there? Stems What are the functions of stems? Absorption, support, reproduction What are some humans used for stems? Food, drugs, ….. What type of specialized stems are there? What are the plant life cycles and what makes them different? Annual, Perennial, Biennial What are the different parts of stem anatomy? Internodes Nodes Blades Lenticels Terminal buds Terminal scares Lateral buds What is the difference between dicot vs monocot stems, and how can we differentiate the stems vs. the roots? Dicot stems form a ring and monocots are scattered. What is the importance of vascular cambium? The glue between xylem and phloem What makes a woody dicot identifiable? Rays through xylem and phloem, annual rings, new growth Describe the difference between heartwood vs. sapwood? Heartwood- alive Sapwood- dead How are annual rings made? New growth and summer and spring wood growth is how annual rings are made. What can affect rings? Weather, fire, flooding What produces bark? Cork Cambium Bark can do what: Heat insulation…. Lecture 1 2. **What are some characteristics that define a plant?** Green(sometimes) …. 3. **How do plants differ from other living organisms at the cellular level?** Plants have cellulose and other living things 4. **What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs?** Autotrophs make their own food and heterotrophs take their food - What are examples of autotrophs? Plant - What are examples of heterotrophs? Humans 6. **What benefits (friends) do plants provide?** Foods, fuel, … 7. **What are some problems (foes) caused by plants?** Toxins,Poisonous Plants.. 8. **What is the role of vacuoles in plant cells?** It can be used as a filtration system and the biggest part of the cell 9. **Why is cellulose important for plant structure?** It's what makes plants unique compared to other living things 11. How many living things may there be 20 billion things 12. What is the classification order? KPCOFGS Kingdom, Phylum , Class, Order…., Family, Genesis, Species 13. What are the problems with common names? Common names are too general and many thing may have the same common name and that is why people use the latin names 14. What is Plant Hardiness Zoning This is based on the annual coldest temperature in an area for example Maryland is a 7. 17. Rules to Identifying plants Malus angustifolia ‘Laura’ Michx. — = scientific name Yellow= Genus Pink= Specific Epithet ‘ ‘= Cultivar 18. Arboretum Vs. Herbretum Herbretum- preserved plant specimens Arboretum- Live plants 19. Taxonomy? The study of plant names 20. Angiosperm? Covered Seed 21. Gymnosperms? Naked Seed 22. Doctrine of Signature? The 1800 belief that god was giving signs on how certain plants were beneficial to our health. The Woody Stems Why is forest thinning important? It helps rings of trees stay healthy and the tree itself. What are cavities, how do trees help themselves? Cavities are holes in unhealthy parts of the tree, they seal and not heal. What are Knots? What is the best cutting process? What are some red flags for trees? Heartwood VS. Softwood? LEAVES Leave Anatomy: Base, petiole, stipule, veins, midrib, apex, blade, margin What are leaves? Green Organelles that are normally found on plants or trees What are some human uses in leaves? Food, medicine, shade, fuel Why are grasslands important? Grasslands are the backbone of agriculture since it helps provide a place for animals to feed and therefore helps with sustainability What terms do we use to describe leafs? We us terms like the margin, leaf type, the arrangement of the leaf, and the size to help identifying it What are some specialized leaves? Tendrils, spines, floral leaves, storage What is mesophyll? loaded with chloroplast Are all leaves the same? No, all leave are a bit different which makes them unique to each plant What is the importance of stomates? They are light holes on the bottom of the plant that open during the day and close during the night, this allows the plant to take in air What are motor cells? Motor cells are responsible for the movement of the plant. What are petioles? This is the part of the plant that is responsible of connection to the stem What does chlorophyll do? This is responsible for the color that’s on the leaves What affects fall colors? The different types of weather can affect how leave behave, for example in winter the cold, dry weather can affect the leave, in summer the hot humidity can also affect it Summer- moisture, pest autumn - cool, dry, sunnyday Freezing temperatures can affect pigment Why is compost important? Compost is so important because it can help plants grow by not feeding the plant directly but feeding the soil which is more beneficial, this process of feeding the compost pile greens and browns like wool chips and left over veggies provides the nutrients that’s needed for good plant growth. A good compost needs a good nitrogen to oxygen balance in order for it to be fully functional. By putting compost on the plant way to early it can damage the plant and cause it to still nitrogen from the plant. Leaf Types Triflate Palmate Pinnate Odd or Even Leaf Shape Linear, Ovate, Cordate, elliptic,lanceolate Leaf Arrangement Opposite, alternate, whorled Leaf Margin Crodate, serrate, entire, dentate Leaf Anatomy Upper Epidermis Lower Epidermis Spongy Mesophyll Palisade Mesophyll Veins Xylom Phloem Stolmate Guard cells Summary Questions Lecture 1: What makes plants different from other life forms, What are some friends and foes of plants , how can plants solve problems with sustainability , hunger, and animal feed? Lecture 2: What is the evolution of plants, what are the differences between angiosperm and gymnosperm, what were the ages of exploration? Lecture 3: What is difference between herbarium vs. arboretum, what are the plant classifications, What is nomenclature, what are some subspecies classifications,What are the importance of native plants, How do we use the Plant Hardiness Zones system, What are the differences between variety, cultivars, and hybrids? Lecture 4: When and who invented the microscope, what are the important parts of the cells? Lecture 5: What are the stages of Mitosis, The three different meristems, what makes each stage of IPMAT important, Chimera, PGRs, Pre-emergent herbicides, bud sports and mutations. Lecture 6: What are the different cell types and what makes them important Lecture 7: What are roots, the functions, and anatomy(4 regions). What is root morphology, what is the difference between root dicot and monocot roots, what problems can they cause by roots on landscapes? Lecture 8: What makes roots and soil important, what is the rhizosphere, what is the importance of a symbiotic relationship, What 3 factor that affect root growth? Lecture 9: What are stems, the impotence, functions, stem morphology, and plant cycle? Lecture 10: What makes a woody stem, how does bark form, what makes annual rings, springwood vs. summerwood, heartwood vs. sapwood, what is codominance and how do you prune a branch? Lecture 11: What is leaf morphology, leaf types. Leaf shapes,leaf margins,leaf anatomy, and the difference between stomates and guard cells, what is fall foliage, how do fall pigments happen, and what is compost?