Exam #4 Study Guide PDF

**Exam \# 4 "Study Guide"** **[Test Format -- 30 points]** - Multiple Choice: 27 points - True / False: 3 points Chapter 28 (Low Vision) ----------------------- - **Macular Degeneration: acute central vision loss** and loss of visual acuity that causes distortion of objects, central...

**Exam \# 4 "Study Guide"** **[Test Format -- 30 points]** - Multiple Choice: 27 points - True / False: 3 points Chapter 28 (Low Vision) ----------------------- - **Macular Degeneration: acute central vision loss** and loss of visual acuity that causes distortion of objects, central **scotomas**, increased glare sensitivity, and decreased contrast sensitivity - - **Glaucoma:** slow loss of **peripheral vision**, decreased dim light ability, decreased contrast sensitivity, poor adaptation to lighting changes, increased glare sensitivity, blurred vision, decreased depth perception, **ocular** **pain**, and eventual loss of central vision -  - **Cataracts:** decreased acuity, cloudy/blurry/foggy vision, decreased glare sensitivity, near-sightedness (myopia), decreased color perception (especially blue), and perception halos around lights - **Mary Warren's Hierarchy of Visual Perceptual Skill Development (from base to top):** - **Primary Visual Skills** (base of pyramid): [oculomotor control] (eye movements), [visual fields] (visual scene to periphery), and [visual acuity] (accuracy/clarity of image) - hemianopsia = loss of vision in the same visual field in both eyes (half moon) - **Attention:** localization, fixation, ocular pursuit, and gaze shift - **Scanning:** the specific route the eyes follow as they systematically record all the necessary visual information in a scene - **Pattern Recognition:** the ability to identify the distinguishing features of an object and use them to distinguish an object from the surroundings - [Visual Discrimination]: differentiating between objects and forms, while noticing subtle differences - [Visual Spatial Relationships:] the ability to determine if one form or part is turned in a different direction than others - [Figure Ground:] the ability to locate and identify shapes and objects EMBEDDED in a buddy visual environment - [Form Constancy:] the ability to identify a form even though it may be sized differently, rotated, reversed, and hidden amount other forms - [Visual Closure:] look at an incomplete shape/object and fill in missing details - **Visual memory:** retaining picture in the mind to store it for memory retrieval later - [Visual Sequential Memory:] ability to remember a series of forms and find the same series among other forms - **Visuocognition:** mentally manipulate visual information and integrate it with other sensory information to solve problems, formulate plans, and make decisions - **6 extraocular muscles: inferior oblique, superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, superior oblique, and lateral rectus** - **Eye MOTOR innervation:** - **CN III: Oculomotor** - **CN IV: Trochlear** - **CN VI: Abducens** Chapter 2 (CP) -------------- - **Cerebral Palsy: a** group of clinical syndromes affecting movement, muscle tone, and coordination due to injury or lesions to the brain during the prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal period - NON-PROGRESSIVE - Spinal cord, nerves, and muscles are intact but brain messaging is abnormal - Injuries that cause CP: - **Periventricular Leukomalacia (PVL):** damage to brain white matter near lateral ventricles due to ischemia and necrosis. Empty areas fill with blood and is common with premature birth \