Study Guide #2 (Chapter 4-6) – PSY 575 PDF

STUDY GUIDE #2 (CHAPTER 4–6) PSY 575 CHAPTER 4 Core Factors Influencing Willingness to Change Psychological readiness (motivational, beliefs) ○ Intrinsic/external motivation (influenced by your own beliefs or outside factors) You believe that you can do it! Sit...

STUDY GUIDE #2 (CHAPTER 4–6) PSY 575 CHAPTER 4 Core Factors Influencing Willingness to Change Psychological readiness (motivational, beliefs) ○ Intrinsic/external motivation (influenced by your own beliefs or outside factors) You believe that you can do it! Situational influences (family, resources…) ○ Family influences (social support); access to resources! Ex: financial influences (money!), transportation Environmental conditions (access, culture…) Health Belief Model Identifies the relationships of the following to the likelihood of taking preventative health action: a) Individual perceptions about susceptibility to and seriousness of disease b) Sociodemographic variables c) Environmental cues d) Perceptions of the benefits and costs Health Belief Model (4 core constructs) Perceived susceptibility ○ subjective estimate of the likelihood of personally contracting a disease or experiencing some other negative event or outcome. Vulnerability. Risk perception. Is it likely this would happen to me? Perceived Seriousness ○ severity of consequences of disease or undesired event (injury, infection…) What are the consequences? (i.e., ticket for speeding!) *Perceived threat (sub-factor) ○ combination of perceived susceptibility and perceived severity (how threatened are you by those factors?) Perceived benefits ○ perception of how valuable or useful a behavioral change is, how much your life would really change (improve), and how much the change would decrease risk  ex: LPCC licensures of grad school, being healthy after cutting sugar Perceived barriers ○ key construct in behavior change. Perceived obstacles preventing a person from taking action ex: money/financial concerns, family barriers (i.e., resistance) Modifying Variables Modifying variables (p. 69) ○ Alter perceived benefits of a prevention behavior factors that can change one’s behavior & motivation a) Demographics (age, marital status, ethnicity…) i) Ex: 10-year-olds vs. 50-year-olds b) Socio-psychological (peers, personality) i) Ex: friends like “in-and-out” food BUT you want to stop eating junk food (they can influence your behaviors) c) Structural (knowledge, past experience) i) Ex: past beliefs/skills/what you know Cues to Action & Self-Efficacy Cues to Action ○ Stimuli that guides behavior. Events, people, or things that move people to change their behavior Ex: almost dying → cue to action! IT IS A MOTIVATION TO CHANGE! Self-efficacy ○ Very strong predictor of health-related behavior. The belief in one’s ability to realize change or success Believe in yourself that you can change! Situational self-efficacy Situational self-efficacy ○ The confidence to succeed with a specific task or goal Ex: BETTER in psychology and WEAK in English! Ex: being a mom! Collective efficacy ○ The belief that the group is capable of integrating skills and efforts to successfully complete the demands of a task. Enhanced by shared goals, communications, and prior successes. Belief in the ability of a group to achieve an outcome.  Ex: therapists working with other therapists/doctors in a rehab. Facility Multidisciplinary team working together on a goal! Self-Consistency Theory Self-consistency theory ○ People are chiefly motivated by a desire to maintain congruence or consistency among their cognitions. People seek cognitive balance and are motivated to act in a manner consistent with their self-image Consistency is key! I.e., being a good mom → find ways/methods/sources that show you are a good mom! Find things that are consistent with who you perceive yourself as! Self-verification Theory Self-verification theory ○ People seek information about themselves that confirms their existing self-concept (beliefs about self). Seek verification by engaging in situations that confirms beliefs about self, and by persuading others on validity of their own views of self I.e., getting validation from others about feeling smart! Do things & activities by getting validation from others to feel good about yourself! CHAPTER 5 Attribution Attribution ○ an inference regarding the cause of a person’s behavior or an interpersonal event. ex: internal (inside of the person) & external (outside of the person) ex: unstable (can go up & down/fluctuations) & stable (sameness!) internal/unstable → effort; external/unstable → luck; internal/stable → ability; external/stable → difficulty Internal External Unstable Effort Luck Stable Ability Difficulty  Attribution error ○ Error or bias in ascribing motives to behaviors or causes to outcomes “Ascribing” → attributing Fundamental Attribution Error Fundamental attribution error ○ The tendency to overestimate the degree to which an individual’s behavior is determined by their characteristics, beliefs, or attitudes, while minimizing the influence of the surrounding situation on that behavior. OVERESTIMATE/UNDERESTIMATE INTERNAL/EXTERNAL FACTORS for one’s actions! Ex: Is a person late to work because they are irresponsible, or because there was an accident on the freeway? Self-Serving bias!! (ascribing you with external (GOOD) decisions, others with internal (BAD) decisions) Attribution Theory Attribution theory ○ Study of the processes by which people ascribe motives to their own behaviors, as well as to behaviors of others. Theory looks at internal and personal dispositions (stable traits over time), as well as external & circumstantial situations. Internal & external locus of control ○ Internal: belief that your own actions have an outcome! ○ External: beliefs that fate influences your outcome Internal/stable → ability; internal/unstable → motivation External/stable → task difficulty; external/unstable → luck Locus of Causality Attribution and the characteristics of cause: locus of causality, controllability, stability Locus of Causality ○ Is the cause located within the individual, or external to the individual. Does the person have control over the event or outcome (self-control) Ex: homosexuality → environmental influences (external) or rooted in biology (internal) Controllability Controllability ○ Level or extent of control over outcome. How much control does the person have over their situation? Blame, stereotypes, compassion, helping… Ex: blaming others in a relationship (EXTERNAL) Ex: Obesity → genetics, medical conditions (uncontrollable) & motivation, overeating, laziness (controllable) Ex: learned helplessness!! (not believing that you don't have control of the situation!) Stability Stability ○ Absence of variation (stable over time). Extent to which a cause fluctuates or remains constant. Ex: aptitude/intelligence/work ethic is considered stable, whereas effort/motivation/mood is considered more unstable. ○ When have you put in a lot of effort into something, and when did you not put in any real effort into something? Why the difference in effort? Misattribution What things do you have control over? (ex: loneliness, obesity, depression, success…) Misattribution ○ Making an erroneous claim of causality. Wrong source. A lot of other things that can be the action of the outcome! Ex: clients dropping out of your therapy sessions because of family issues, YOURE NOT THE PROBLEM! When were you wrong about something? Locus of Control Locus of control ○ People’s motivational orientations and perceptions of how much control they have over the conditions of their lives Internal locus of control Perceive life outcomes as arising from the exercise of their own will and abilities. Tend to respond to internal states and intentions ○ Internal (“I control my own destiny.”) → HIGH self-esteem ○ External (“Others control my destiny.”) → LOW self-esteem External locus of control Tend to respond to external circumstances. Perceive life outcomes as arising from factors out of their control ○ Ex: Lost Job Internal: it was my fault for not showing up on time or doing my job… External: the boss is mean, there was always traffic, people tried to sabotage my work… Self-Serving Bias Self-serving bias ○ Tendency to interprets events in a way that assigns credit to the self for any successes but denies the self responsibility for any failure, which is blamed on external factors. Mental attempt to maintain self-esteem. Ex: Won the game: I played great, I trained hard Lost the game: The referees were terrible, the other team cheated, it was raining Evaluation apprehension (anxiety/fear) Evaluation apprehension ○ Concern for how one is being evaluated by others. Uneasiness or worry about being judged by others. May not take action, may underperform, may isolate/pull away from others. Ex: BACKING OUT OF AN INTERVIEW/DATE because uneasiness! Self-esteem A person’s overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth. Stability ○ How would you rate your own self-esteem? What affects your self-esteem? CHAPTER 6 Transtheoretical Model (TTM) Transtheoretical Model ○ A five-stage theory to explain changes in people’s health behavior. Suggests that changes takes time, that different interventions are effective at different stages, and that there are multiple outcome occurring across the stages (ex: self-efficacy, belief structure) Ex: drug-users addicts at DIFFERENT stages of recovery! NOT linear, it influx/relapse/go back to previous stage or next stage! ○ Attempts to explain how change takes place, how people change behaviors. Commonalities in how people change Stages of Change ○ Change is a process that occurs in stages. Move from one stage to the next until desired goal is reached. Five stages. Stages of Change (TTM) 1) Pre-Contemplation (first stage) ○ No intention to take action within the next 6 months. Not informed enough about the consequences of behavior. May be demoralized about failed attempts to change. Not ready to change. Avoid reading, talking, or thinking about behaviors. Often viewed as resistant, unmotivated, or not ready for health promotion. DENIAL! REJECTING CHANGE! ○ Ex: vapers/drug users rejecting change (“no big deal”) 2) Contemplation (second stage) Person intends to take action within the next 6 months. More aware of pros and cons of behavior. Often not ready for immediate action. Recognize problem. ○ Uncertainty may create ambivalence (mixed feelings), resulting in being stuck in contemplation. Not ready for traditional action-oriented programs. Decisional balance (pros vs. cons) Ex: DUI drivers → realize DUI is bad! Thinking about changing. ○ Do not consistently commit to change. ○ Intend to do so in next 6 months  3) Preparation (third stage) Intends to take action within the next 30 days and has taken some behavioral steps in this direction. ○ Prepare, plan for change. Increased readiness for change. Plan of action (ex: consulting a counselor, talking to physician, weight loss clinic, smoking education courses) Intend to start in the next 30 days Ex: currently not exercising (BUT PREPARED, like having a gym pass); intend to begin exercising in the next 30 days 4) Action (fourth stage) a) Changed overt behavior for less than 6 months. In active process of modifying behavior. Goal is changed behavior. i) Use validated, accepted measures for each behavioral outcome. A criterion must be attained to reduce risk (ex: smoking no cigarettes, no alcohol, cancer screening…) (1) Ex: smoking 6 cigarettes/day → 1 or 2 cigarettes a day! 5) Maintenance (fifth stage) Change overt behavior for more than 6 months. Have made specific, overt changes in lifestyle. ○ Maintenance lasts from around 6 months to 5 years (depending on targeted behavior). Less tempted to relapse. Increasing confidence in maintaining change. 6) Termination (additional stage) a) No temptation to relapse and 100% confident. Sure will not return to old, unhealthy behaviors (ex: buckling seatbelt, taking medications, junk food..). May take years to reach this point. i) New behavior has become automatic, as if old behavior never even existed. (1) Ex: NOT BEING ADDICTED TO PLAYING VIDEO GAMES (ALL-NIGHTERS) Self-Efficacy Self-Efficacy ○ Confidence that one can engage in the healthy behavior across different challenging situations. Situation-specific confidence that one can cope with high-risk situations (temptations) without relapsing to former behaviors. Temptation Temptation ○ A strong urge or desire to engage in unhealthy behavior across different challenging situations. ex: Friends can tempt you to do behaviors! Three triggers account for most types of temptations: 1) Negative affect or emotional distress a) ex: COVID-19 pandemic (social isolation) → temptation to drink! 2) Positive social situations a) Ex: parties, raves/concerns 3) Craving Processes of Change Processes of Change ○ Help to understand how people change. Things people do that help them work through the stages of change Cognitive process & Behavioral process (GO BACK & FORTH!) Consciousness raising Consciousness raising ○ Increasing awareness about the causes, consequences, and cures for a problem behavior (ex: nutrition education). Obtain information about self and behavior Raising consciousness about consequences! Ex: give information/consequences about bad drinking behaviors Dramatic Relief Dramatic Relief ○ Increasing negative and positive emotions (ex: fear or inspiration) to emotional taking appropriate action (ex: personal testimonials). Emotional arousal, expressing feeling about behavior in question Talking/expressing/venting about emotions with unconditional positive regard → feel heard! Environmental Reevaluation Environmental Reevaluation ○ Cognitive and affective assessment of how the presence or absence of a behavior affects one’s social environment (ex: impact of smoking on others, farming and use of pesticides). Empathy training. Ex: NOT smoking anymore because you don’t want your kids to smell it (2nd hand smoking!) REEVALUATIVE ENVIRONMENT IF BEHAVIOR AFFECTS OTHERS! Social Liberation Social Liberation ○ Increase in health social opportunities or alternatives (ex: easy access to walking paths, joining exercise class). Option are sought that support new behavior LIBERATION IN SOCIAL COMMUNITY! Self-Reevaluation Self-Reevaluation ○ Cognitive and affective reassessment of one’s self-image, with or without an unhealthy behavior, and assess the difference in self-esteem (ex: values clarification). Ex: one’s reevaluation of whether it is beneficial to taking drugs, and LOSING family, jobs, etc. affected by drug usage REEVALUATION OF YOURSELF! Stimulus Control Stimulus Control ○ Removing cues for unhealthy habits and adding prompts for healthier alternative (ex: removing all ashtrays from house and car). Eliminating triggers from the environment. Ex: CLEAN room with plants, natural lighting, no junk food! CONTROLLING YOUR ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULUS! Helping Relationships Helping Relationships ○ Caring, trust, openness, and acceptance, as well as support from others for healthy behavior change (ex: a positive social network). Friends, counselors, advisors, therapists. SOCIAL SUPPORT! RELATIONSHIPS THAT ARE HELPING YOU! Counter Conditioning Counter Conditioning ○ Learning healthier behaviors that can substitute for problem behaviors (ex: relaxation replacing alcohol, fruit instead of fast food). Replacing one thing for a different and healthier thing. Ex: drinking juice instead of soda Reinforcement Management Reinforcement Management ○ Rewarding oneself or being rewarded by others for making progress. Using incentives (Ex: going to movies, buying new clothes). Ex: getting a promotion, getting a new car after graduation OPERENT REINFORCEMENT FOR GOOD BEHAVIORS! Self-Liberation Self-Liberation ○ Belief that one can change and the commitment and recommitment to act on that belief (ex: New Year’s resolution) SELF-EFFICACY TO DO SOMETHING & ACHIEVE A GOAL!