Neoplasia Robbins Student Notes PDF

Name: ID number: Neoplasia Goldsmith Objectives ◼ After this section is completed, you will be able to: ◼ ◼ ◼ Describe the scope of cancer incidences in the U.S. Describe cell differentiation and growth and the factors involved in these processes Describe the importance of these processes to neoplas...

Name: ID number: Neoplasia Goldsmith Objectives ◼ After this section is completed, you will be able to: ◼ ◼ ◼ Describe the scope of cancer incidences in the U.S. Describe cell differentiation and growth and the factors involved in these processes Describe the importance of these processes to neoplasia 1 Name: ID number: American CA Society: Estimated new CA by site and gender https://www.cancer.org/research/cancer-facts-statistics/all-cancer-facts-figures/2024-cancer-facts-figures.html American CA Society: Estimated CA deaths by site and gender https://www.cancer.org/research/cancer-facts-statistics/all-cancer-facts-figures/2024-cancer-facts-figures.html 2 Name: ID number: Neoplasia ◼ Cell differentiation and growth ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Terminology Cancer cell characteristics Tissue invasion and metastasis Tumor growth Etiology ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Cell cycle Cell proliferation Cell differentiation Oncogenesis Cancer cell transformation Risk factors Diagnosis and treatment Cell differentiation and growth ◼ Cell cycle ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ G1: RNA and protein synthesis and cell growth; variable time* S: DNA synthesis w/ 2 sets of chromosomes; 10 – 20 hours G2: premitotic; 2 – 10 hours M: mitosis; 0.5 – 1 hour G0: resting phase; variable time* * Duration is dependent upon tissue type 3 Name: ID number: Permanent cells Cell cycle Cyclins ensure cell has made proteins needed for chromosome separation Cyclins check for correct DNA duplication M Labile cells G2 S Cyclins measure whether cell is large enough to divide G1 G0 Stable cells R 4 Name: ID number: RB: Role in regulating G1–S checkpoint of cell cycle Cell differentiation and growth ◼ ◼ Cell proliferation: process by which cells divide and reproduce 3 general types of cells with regard to differentiation Highly differentiated ◼ Progenitor cells ◼ Stem cells ◼ 5 Name: ID number: Cell differentiation and growth ◼ Cell differentiation: Orderly, stepwise process ◼ ◼ Progenitor cells: partially differentiated, replace mature cells of same cell lineage Stem cells: ◼ ◼ ◼ Unipotent Oligopotent Pluripotent Neoplasia ◼ Cell differentiation and growth ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Terminology Cancer cell characteristics Tissue invasion and metastasis Tumor growth Etiology ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Cell cycle Cell proliferation Cell differentiation Oncogenesis Cancer cell transformation Risk factors Diagnosis and treatment 6 Name: ID number: Objectives ◼ After this section is completed, you will be able to: ◼ ◼ ◼ Describe the characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms Compare and contrast the characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms Describe the factors involved in tumor growth, tissue invasion, and metastasis Terminology ◼ ◼ Tumor: any condition leading to swelling but often used to mean neoplasm Neoplasm: abnormal mass of tissue in which growth exceeds, and is uncoordinated with, that of normal tissues ◼ ◼ ◼ Benign: well-differentiated cells, clustered together in single mass; usually do not cause death Malignant: less well differentiated, have ability to break loose (metastasize); death if untreated or uncontrolled -oma: suffix added to parenchymal tissue type to denote tumor name 7 Name: ID number: Terminology (cont.) Benign Cell Wellcharacteris- differentiated; tics resemble cells in tissue of origin Malignant Undifferentiated, w/ anaplasia and atypical structure; little or no resemblance to tissue of origin Rate of growth Progressive and slow; may stop or regress Variable, depends on level of differentiation Mode of growth Expansion w/o invasion; usually encapsulated No Invasive; sends out processes to infiltrate surrounding tissues Yes Metastasis Benign vs. Malignant ◼ ◼ When differentiated, “working” cells mutate, they form differentiated “working” tumors— benign tumors When undifferentiated, rapidly dividing cells mutate, they form rapidly dividing tumors—malignant tumors 8 Name: ID number: Cancer cell characteristics ◼ Fail to undergo normal cell proliferation and differentiation ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Believed that cancer cells develop from mutations occurring during differentiation Mutations early in process: tumor poorly differentiated and highly malignant Mutations later in process: tumor more fully differentiated and less malignant Grading of tumor based upon degree of differentiation and number of proliferating cells Gleason grading: prostate http://www.prostatecentre.com/disease/img/gleason_schematic.jpg 9 Name: ID number: Cancer cell characteristics (cont.) ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Loss of contact inhibition Loss of cohesiveness and adhesion Impaired cell-cell communication Expression of altered tissue antigens Production of degradative enzymes ◼ Allowing invasion and metastasis Cancer: hallmarks and enabling factors 10 Name: ID number: Tissue invasion and metastasis ◼ Seeding: ◼ ◼ Entering body cavity Metastasis: ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Leave 1o tumor Invade ECM Enter blood/lymph Survive blood/lymph Location for growth Invade tissue & grow Tumor Growth ◼ Depends upon: ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Tumor growth due to increased number of dividing cells ◼ ◼ ◼ Number of cells dividing Duration of cell cycle Number of cells being lost compared to number being produced Cells don’t die on schedule Lack growth factors for entering Go phase Growth limited by blood supply and nutrients 11 Name: ID number: Neoplasia ◼ Cell differentiation and growth ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Terminology Cancer cell characteristics Tissue invasion and metastasis Tumor growth Etiology ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Cell cycle Cell proliferation Cell differentiation Oncogenesis Cancer cell transformation Risk factors Diagnosis and treatment Objectives ◼ After this section is completed, you will be able to describe: ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ the concept of oncogenesis and the genes and mechanisms involved the steps of cancer cell transformation and provide examples of factors that induce these steps the risk factors for cancer development the clinical manifestations of cancer some examples of treatment modalities for cancer 12 Name: ID number: Oncogenesis ◼ ◼ Genetic mxm whereby normal cells are transformed into cancer cells Proto-oncogenes ◼ ◼ ◼ Tumor suppressor genes (anti-oncogenes) ◼ ◼ ◼ Growth stimulating regulatory genes Usually encode growth factors or second messengers that stimulate growth Growth inhibiting regulatory genes Genes controlling apoptosis DNA repair genes carcinogen Normal cell DNA repair (DNA repair genes)* DNA damage DNA repair failure Mutation in cell genes Oncogene activation* Apoptotic gene inactivation* Antioncogene inactivation* Unregulated cell growth and differentiation Malignant neoplasm 13 Name: ID number: 14 Name: ID number: Cancer cell transformation by chemicals ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Multi-step process whereby normal cells become cancer cells Initiation Promotion Progression Cancer risk factors ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Interactions among multiple risk factors or repeated exposure to carcinogens necessary for cancer to develop Hereditary Hormones Obesity Chemical carcinogens Radiation Viruses Immune dysfunction 15 Name: ID number: Clinical Manifestations of Cancer ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Changes in organ function (e.g., organ damage, inflammation, and failure) Local effects of tumors (e.g., compression of nerves or veins, gastrointestinal obstruction) Tissue integrity: nonspecific signs of tissue breakdown (e.g., protein wasting, bone breakdown) Paraneoplastic syndromes: Ectopic hormones secreted by tumor cells Clinical Manifestations of Cancer (cont.) ◼ Cancer cachexia ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Weight loss Muscle wasting Weakness Anorexia Anemia 16 Name: ID number: Cancer treatment ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Surgery Radiation Chemotherapy Hormonal Biotherapy (immunotherapy, biologic response modifiers) Targeted Transplantation Hyperthermia Photodynamic NCI: Types of CA Treatment Genetic analysis: identify mutations for drug targets 17 Name: ID number: Using molecular information to guide CA therapy Therapeutic targeting of the hallmarks of cancer 18