One Health Part 3: Human, Animal, and Ecosystem Health PDF

Part 3 One Health Erika Ganda Research Group/Penn State SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY  One Health Approach Aims to sustainably balance and optimize the health of people, animals and ecosystems The health of humans, domestic and wild animals, plants, a...

Part 3 One Health Erika Ganda Research Group/Penn State SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY  One Health Approach Aims to sustainably balance and optimize the health of people, animals and ecosystems The health of humans, domestic and wild animals, plants, and the wider environment are closely linked and interdependent. One Health Approach Concept was created in 2004 Design and implement programs, policies, legislation, and research in which multiple sectors work together to achieve better public health outcomes (WHO, 2017) Main Working Organizations: World Health Organization (WHO) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) FOUNDEDAS OIE United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The pandemic has reminded us of the deep connections between health and the environment. Adopting a One Health approach is critical not only to prevent outbreaks in zoonotic diseases, but also other urgent environmental issues including food safety and antimicrobial resistance.  Part 3.1 Human Health and Well-Being Intended Learning Outcomes 1. Examine current information on human health and well-being 2. Discuss the sources and impacts of emerging diseases and pandemics 3. Integrate personal health with animal and environmental health systems of the earth 4. Apply personal health risk management on current health crisis (e.g. COVID-19 pandemic) Health - a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1948)  Well-being - people are free to choose, to do, and be what they value (Sen 1999) Good Health and Well-being co-determine each other (Gatzweiler et al., 2017) holistic integration of physical, mental, and spiritual well-being = WELLNESS fuels the body, engages the mind, and nurtures the spirit Attainment of overall wellness may face various health challenges or hazards  Health hazards are wellness risks which are usually expressed as probabilities/chances Probability of suffering harm from an agent that can cause injury, disease, death, economic loss, or damage.  Chemical hazards Cultural hazards Natural hazards Lifestyle choices Fire Earthquake Flood  General Categories Biological hazards from more than 1,400 pathogens that can infect humans (pathogen is a biological agent that can cause disease in another organism) Bacteria Viruses Parasites Protozoa Fungi Biological Hazards through Zoonoses and Emerging Diseases Zoonoses- diseases or infections that are naturally transmissible from animals to humans (WHO, 2020) health risks through deep interconnections of human, animal and environmental health ~60% existing human infectious diseases are zoonotic ~75% of emerging infectious diseases (including Ebola, HIV, influenza, COVID- 19) have an animal origin  Some diseases can spread from one person to another Bacteria- single-cell organisms that Viruses - are smaller than bacteria are found everywhere. Most are and work by invading a cell and harmless or beneficial. A bacterial - taking over its genetic machinery disease results from an infection as to copy themselves. They then the bacteria multiply and spread multiply and spread throughout throughout the body. one’s body, causing a viral disease such as flu or AIDS. Do not self-medicate! Antibiotics must be prescribed! https://www.biomerieuxconnection.com We can only treat/mitigate health crisis when we know its mechanisms and causes  Transmissible disease - infectious bacterial or viral disease that can be transmitted from one person to another. “communicable” Non-transmissible disease - caused by an agent/event other than a living organism and does not spread from one person to another. “noncommunicable” (e.g. cardiovascular (heart and blood vessel) diseases, most cancers, asthma, and diabetes) Ways infectious disease organisms can enter the human body and its global mortality Infectious diseases are still major health threats Infectious diseases remain as serious health threats, especially in less-developed countries. Spread through air, water, food, and body fluids. A large-scale outbreak of an infectious disease in an area is called an epidemic. A global epidemic such as tuberculosis or AIDS is called a pandemic. Many disease-carrying bacteria have developed genetic immunity to widely used antibiotics and many disease-transmitting species of insects such as mosquitoes have become immune to widely used pesticides that once helped to control their populations. 2021  How about NOW? How are we doing? What is our DIRECTION towards securing health and well-being? Ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being at all ages is essential to sustainable development. Currently, the world is facing a global health crisis unlike any other — COVID-19 is spreading human suffering, destabilizing the global economy and upending the lives of billions of people around the globe (UN, 2020). https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2020/  How did COVID-19 pandemic disrupt the global stability and sustainable targets? Is this something new? What is it to begin with? Disease name: Coronavirus Disease 2019 or COVID-19 Virus taxonomy (name): Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus or SARS-CoV-2 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-020-0695-z  The first cases were identified in people with pneumonia in Wuhan, China, in late December 2019. Possibilities of animal sources and animal-human transmission were reported and scientifically investigated. Eventually, human-human viral transmission has occurred. Initial COVID-19 Timeline and Developments Application and Development of Relevant Technology https://covidtestingproject.org/faq.html Local and quality rRT-PCR Detection Kit Development led by a Thomasian alumnus (College of Science), Dr. Raul Destura Role of Thomasian Scientists in Providing Clarity on COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines http://www.ust.edu.ph/ust-cov2-model/  Role of Thomasian Scientists in Providing Clarity on COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines UST CoV-2 Model Epidemiological model that predicts the future behavior of a viral pandemic by examining how it has spread in the past. NCR - over a tenth of the country’s population live Rev. Nicanor Pier Giorgio Austriaco, O.P., Ph.D., S.Th.D. Assoc. Prof. Bernhard Egwolf, Dr. rer. nat. - by far, the epidemiological epicenter of the Philippine pandemic College of Science Current COVID-19 Timeline and Developments © Maya Szatai https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/covid-timeline Application and Development of Relevant Technology https://doh.gov.ph/vaccines/know-your-vaccines What is the best vaccine? in the context of science and epidemiology not politics or travelling ✔ Immediately available (especially if subsidized by the government/company)..and… ✔ Prevents severe condition/symptoms ✔ Prevents hospitalization ✔ Prevents death ALL the FDA-approved brands guarantee these vaccine functions  We have been warned about the next disease outbreak and pandemics both in mainstream media and scientific platforms (journals, conferences, etc.) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Af6b_wyiwI Outbreaks and pandemics are not new. This has happened and will happen again. Watch a short video on COVID-19 and past pandemics: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U5u6Mp02Tt8 Suggested Readings/References Destoumieux-Garzón, D., Mavingui, P., Boetsch, G., Boissier, J., Darriet, F., Duboz, P.,... & Voituron, Y. (2018). The one health concept: 10 years old and a long road ahead. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 5, 14. Gatzweiler, F. W., Zhu, Y. G., Roux, A. V. D., Capon, A., Donnelly, C., Salem, G.,... & Hanaki, K. (2017). Advancing health and wellbeing in the changing urban environment. In Advancing Health and Wellbeing in the Changing Urban Environment (pp. 1-48). Springer, Singapore. Stoewen, D. L. (2017). Dimensions of wellness: Change your habits, change your life. The Canadian Veterinary journal, 58(8), 861. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5508938/pdf/cvj_08_861.pdf Part 3.2 Animal Health and Welfare Intended Learning Outcomes 1. Understand the basic concepts, significance, and our dependence on biodiversity 2. Discuss the threats and consequences of faunal biodiversity losses 3. Determine the relationship between animal health and welfare and the current pandemic An important aspect of animal health and welfare is the protection of biodiversity Variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or for entire Earth. Used as a measure of the health of biological systems. Current biodiversity is the product of nearly 3.5 billion years of evolution. Levels of Biodiversity Ecosystem Diversity different habitats, niches, species interactions Species Diversity different kinds of organisms, relationships among species Genetic Diversity different genes and combination of genes in species How much do we know about the world’s biodiversity Approximately 1.7-2 million species are named and discovered. Estimated total: 100 million species The majority are yet to be discovered How did biodiversity emerge and where can we find them? Different physiochemical and climatic conditions brought about unique and diverse habitats. Diverse habitats drive evolution and contribute to species endemicity. Emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) in https://www.windows2universe.org/earth/ecosystems.html Antarctica Northern Luzon cloud rat (Phloeomus pallidus) in Luzon, Philippines Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis) in Komodo Island, Indonesia  Philippine Biodiversity a biodiversity hotspot: “…amalgamation of seven thousand islands that have different origins…” Geological History of the Philippines Hall, R. (2002). Cenozoic geological and plate tectonic evolution of SE Asia and the SW Pacific: computer-based reconstructions, model and animations. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 20(4), 353-431 70 % Infographic by: J. Syquia  Importance of sustaining biodiversity Provides necessary ecosystem services to sustain human life and ecosystem balance. Ecosystem services include: Supporting - Habitat , Biodiversity , Photosynthesis , Soil Formation , Food Provisioning - ↑ Clean Water , Fish , Wood , Pollination Cool Temperature , Cultural and Aesthetics - Stewardship , Aesthetic , Recreation. Education Regulating - Clean Air , Store Carbon , Purify Water , Control flooding © FermiLab, US Dept of Energy  Examples of Ecosystem Services Bees are important pollinators of food Coral reefs provide habitat to and medicinal plants. economically important fishes (Provisioning). Predators prevent overpopulation of (Provisioning and Supporting). Some endemic species serves as grazing animals, allowing many plant national symbols and are part of a species to recover country’s cultural heritage (Supporting and Regulating). (Cultural and Aesthetics). We depend on animals for food and agriculture  Threats to Biodiversity Anthropogenic impacts bring about population size reductions and species extinctions. Hunting and overharvesting Habitat loss Pollution Invasive Species Climate Change Pim, S. et al. (2006). Human impacts on rates of recent, present, and future bird extinctions. Hunting and Overharvesting Introduction of Invasive Species Tamaraw hunting during ECQ in Mindoro Island Cane toads used for anti-dengue campaigns Overfishing “kuhol” or golden apple snails are pests to rice fields  Illegal Wildlife Trade Illegal collection, gathering, trading, and selling of wildlife severely impacts their population in the wild and the habitats where they are found. PHILIPPINE CONTEXT: Threatened Philippine Native Plants during the COVID-19 Pandemic PHILIPPINE CONTEXT: CITIZEN SCIENCE Follow, like, share and share your own UST Flora and Fauna pictures to The UST Wild Community FB Page https://www.facebook.com/The-UST-Wild- 105694272121574/  PHILIPPINE CONTEXT: CITIZEN SCIENCE Follow, like, share and share your UST AGOS https://www.facebook.com/ustagosph  PHILIPPINE CONTEXT: The UST Virtual Tree Walk https://drive.google.com/file/d/1z8qvN39oKG8_t9kjhVchyxZL7cmzAEqR/view?usp=sharing Habitat Losses Land conversion for agriculture, mining, power/energy projects, residential, and business areas Improper treatment of tarsiers Tarsiers are nocturnal animals and should not be disturbed in their habitat Stress given to these animals affect their rate of survival Maltreatment or inflicting injuries on wild animals are considered illegal acts Biodiversity Loss Consequences “Significant direct human health impacts if ecosystem services are no longer adequate to meet social needs.” -World Health Organization Nutrition and food production Health research and traditional medicine Emergence of infectious diseases Climate change Animal Health and Diseases and Pandemics Zoonotic diseases due to close contact with Wildlife: Rabies Salmonella infection West Nile virus infection Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii) Anthrax Brucellosis Lyme disease Ringworm Ebola “the potential disease risks of contact between wildlife and people, showing the life- threatening risk of natural ecosystem destruction, which is breaking down the buffer COVID-19 zone that protects us from wildlife-borne viruses.” -Greenpeace International The World Organisation for Animal Health (formerly the Office International des Epizooties) Mission Ensures transparency in the global animal disease situations. Collect, analyze, and disseminate veterinary scientific information. Encourage international solidarity in the control of animal diseases. Safeguard world trade by publishing health standards for international trade in animals and animal products for sanitary safety. Improve and promote veterinary services. Guarantee safety for food of animal origin and promote animal welfare by scientific evidence. Philippine Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan “…vision is that by 2028, biodiversity is restored and rehabilitated, valued, effectively managed and secured, maintaining ecosystem services to sustain healthy, resilient Filipino communities and delivering benefits to all.” http://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC189948/ Programs Integrated Approach in the Management of Major Biodiversity Corridors in the Philippines Maintaining Ecosystem Flows, Mainstreaming Biodiversity and Restoring Degraded Forestlands and Enhancing Carbon Stocks through an Integrated Landscape Approach Capacity Building for the Ratification and Implementation of the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing in the Philippines Combatting Environmental Organized Crime in the Philippines Carbon-Resilient, Low-Carbon and Sustainable Cities  Part 3.3 Environmental Health Intended Learning Outcomes 1. Determine the causes of poor environmental health 2. Discuss the relationship of environmental health with human and animal health One Health Approach Promotes multisectoral, transdisciplinary collaboration connecting human, animal and environmental health Environment: the neglected component of the One Health triad* Importance of the environment “Many of the same microbes infect animals and humans as they share the ecosystems they live in.” - WHO Main Problem: “The environment is subject to variable weather patterns… Climate change compromises the ecological and environmental integrity of living systems.” *Commentary from The Lancet, Vol 2 June 2018 Environment: the neglected component of the One Health triad* Environmental Health Perspective Investigates stressors onto the environment and the role such stressors play in diseases transferred by animals to humans Environment and One Health Poor environmental quality has its greatest impact on people whose health status is already at risk. Lack of ”safe and livable space”. Poor air and water quality contributes to cancers, cardiovascular diseases, asthma, gastrointestinal problems, neurological problems, etc. Built environment affects lifestyle (transportation, parks, recreational areas) and primary society services (hospitals, schools, etc.) https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/philippines-ease-some-tough-covid-19-restrictions-monday- 2021-04-11/ https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/leading-health-indicators/2020-lhi- topics/Environmental-Quality  Pollution & Land, air, and water pollution from excessive and improper waste disposal  Environment and One Health Ecosystems – natural communities of organisms, the physical environment with which they interact and their functioning as an ecological unit Environment – complex mixture of physical, chemical and abiotic factors, including land, air, water, soil, and all living things that interact within it TWO Natural ecosystems TYPES Areas transformed to various degrees by humans (urban, agricultural)  Environment: Environmental degradation and other pressures can exacerbate the emergence of new zoonotic diseases The health of the environment determines its state and its ability to function at its best, including how free it is from non-native pollutants Environment: As a reservoir where substances and nutrients are accumulated and transported As a health mediator, producing positive or negative effects on animal and human health, depending on the health condition of the environment itself  Environmental Stressors ↳ L C , , B E , Land use change Agricultural expansion Urbanization Destruction of habitat of local wildlife Climate Change  Biodiversity Decline Overconsumption of Wildlife Wildlife Trade Introduction of Invasive Species Environmental Stressors Ecotoxicity and Chemical Pollution Air Pollution Water, Ocean Pollution Urbanization (n) the process by which large numbers of people become permanently concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities. Increase of proportion of people living in towns or cities, Change of an area from an agricultural economy to an industrial one “More than half of the country’s population of over 100 million now reside in urban areas, with four regions registering the highest levels of urbanization, according to the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA).” - C. Valencia, Rappler, March 2019 “Evidence from today’s developed countries and rapidly emerging economies suggests that urbanization and economic growth go hand in hand due to agglomeration economies embedded in the high density of cities. The Philippines has the second highest average urban density in East Asia and Pacific Region, and it is still increasing.” - Philippines Urbanization Review, World Bank, 2017 Urbanization However, Filipino cities remain behind their international peers, suggesting the need for reforms to improve the potential for additional economic growth and job creation in cities. Several key issues have been identified as major obstacles. Poor business environment Weak infrastructure, land management and access to markets Low demand for innovation and skill match Limited access to finance and business support Insufficient economic planning - Philippines Urbanization Review, World Bank, 2017  Resource Mismanagement Water crisis for both domestic and Energy poverty as the real energy crisis. Land governance crisis leads to congestion agricultural sectors. in cities and ‘urban nightmare”.  Climate Change (n) used to describe the complex shifts now affecting the planet’s weather and climate systems - National Geographic More heat alters ice, weather, oceans. This Changes in weather patterns also bring extended Rising sea levels pose threats to low-lying cities. creates stronger typhoons which lead to periods of drought which directly affects the Shown here are the areas in Greater Manila more frequent and destructive natural agricultural (and economic) sectors. which will be engulfed by sea levels in 30 years. disasters. Climate Change This means, more of this: “The Philippines is the country most at risk from the climate crisis according to a report published in 2019 by the Institute for Economics and Peace.” Aftermaths of Typhoons Yolanda and Ondoy. And less of this: Read article here: https://www.amnesty.org.uk/philippines-country- most-risk-climate-crisis Lack of adequate and safe food.  Philippine Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (PBSAP 2015-2028) Conserving Biodiversity to improve human well- being Health and Pollution Action Plan Mitigate pollution in the cities and reduce its impact on human health National Environmental Health Action Plan Environmental Health (EH) related diseases are prevented and no longer a public health problem in the Philippines (based on on-going Strategic Plan 2019-2022) To guarantee sustainable Environmental Sanitation (ES) services in every community. https://doh.gov.ph/environmental-health-programs http://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC189948/ Programs Drinking-water supply, Sanitation (e.g excreta, sewage and septage management) Zero Open Defecation Program (ZODP) Food Sanitation Air Pollution (indoor and ambient) Chemical Safety WASH in Emergency situations Climate Change for Health and Health Impact Assessment (HIA) As a student, how can you contribute to the environmental health plans?