STS Reviewer PDF

LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION OF STS 6000 BCE Science - Irrigation - Study of the natural world - Arose in the civilization of the through observation and tigris-euphrates river valley in experimentation....

LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION OF STS 6000 BCE Science - Irrigation - Study of the natural world - Arose in the civilization of the through observation and tigris-euphrates river valley in experimentation. Mesopotamia and Nile River in Technology Egypt - Tools and techniques develop to solve problems and enhance 850 CE human capabilities - Gunpowder Society - Alchemist in china invented as a - Influences science and result of their research of technology by shaping values, life-extending elixirs priorities and ethical considerations. 950 - Windmill Interconnection: - First windmills in persia - Creates complex web of - European windmills are vertical influences type - Lead to technological innovations that affect social norms and 1044 practices. - Compass - First definitive mention of a LESSON 2: HISTORY OF STS magnetic compass was from a chinese book in 1044 3.3 Million years ago - First tools 1250-1300 - Begins before the beginning of - Mechanical clock our kind - Began to appear in europe - Used in cathedrals to mark the 1 Million years ago time when services would be - Fire held - Invented by an ancestor of homo sapiens 1455 - Printing 20,000 to 15,000 years ago - Johannes gutenberg completed - Neolithic revolution the printing of the bible - Clay was used for pottery and - First book printed in the west bricks using movable type - Clothing began of woven fabrics - Wheels are invented 1765 1901 - Steam engine - Radio - James watt improved the - Guglielmo Marconi has been newcomen steam engine experimenting radio since 1894 1804 1903 - Railways - Airplane - English engineer Richard - December 17, Orville Wright trevithick improves james watt’s made the first airplane flight. steam engine - They made 4 flights that day - Used for transport 1926 1807 - Rocketry - Steam boat - Achieved first test flight of a - Robert Fulton put the steam liquid fueled rocket engine on the water - His steamboat was called the 1927 clermont - Television - Took 4 days sailing ship - Early TV used a mechanical disk to scan image 1876 - Internal-combustion engine 1937 - Built by German engineer - Computer Nikolaus Otto - John Atanasoff designed the - Burning of fuel inside the engine first electronic digital computer 1879 1942 - Electric light - Nuclear power - American Inventor Thomas - Part of manhattan project to build Edison got a carbon-filament the first atomic bomb light bulb that burns for 13 ½ hours 1947 - Transistor 1885 - Lab engineers John Bardeen, - Automobile Walter Brattain and William - Smaller and more efficient Shockley gave the first public - Karl Benz used one-cylinder demonstration of the transistor. engine to power the first modern - Electrical component that automobile control, amplify, and generate current 1974 Models of the Solar System - Personal computer - Internet Planetary System - Computer became smaller and - A star and all celestial bodies more powerful revolve around it. - Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn produced Internet Protocol Geocentric Model - Describes how data can be - Earth-centered broken down to pieces called - Became very important in packets. ancient Greek astronomy in sixth century B.C.E 2012 - Claudius Ptolemaeus - Crispr ('Ptolemy), the first astronomer - American biochemist Jennifer to suggest the geocentric Doudna and French model. microbiologist Emmanuelle - “Wheels-on-wheels” Charpentier developed - Accepted Aristotle's idea that the CRISPR-Cas9 Sun and the planets revolve - Method for editing genes, making around a spherical Earth changes to DNA sequence - Parallax - apparent change in the position of an object viewed in 2017 different angles - Artificial Intelligence - World’s biggest go player Heliocentric Model - Sun-centered LESSON 1.2: CENTURY OF THE - Nicolaus Copernicus watered GENIUS down Ptolemy’s model - Adopted the idea that planets - Emerged during 18th century orbits are perfect circles, and - Age of enlightenment or also developed Aristarchus’s primitive known as Age of Reason sun-centered into heliocentric model 2 Categories a. Baroque Period - started in 17th Copernican Model century, lasted in early 18th - It explains motion of earth, moon, century planets b. Classical Period - lasted into - Sizes and speeds of planetary early 19th century orbits - Reactions to copernicanism Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) Isaac Newton (Jan 4, 1643 - March - De Revolutionibus (Revolution) in 1727) 1543 Birthplace: England Known as: Johannes Kepler (Dec 27, 1571 - Nov - The genius who explained 15, 1630) gravity Birthplace: Germany - Define laws of gravity and Known as: planetary motion - Astronomer who explained - Co-founded the field of calculus planetary motion - Explained laws of light and color - Developed the laws of planetary motion Robert Boyle (Jan 25, 1627 - Dec 1621) Rene Descartes (March 31, 1596 - Feb Birthplace: Ireland 11, 1650) Known as: Birthplace: La haye, France - 17th century chemist who came Known as: up with law of pressure - Philosopher who said “I think, - Lays the foundation for modern therefore I am” chemistry - Father of modern science Santorio Santori (March 21, 1561 - Blaise Pascal (19 June, 1623 - Aug Feb 22, 1636) 19, 1662) Birthplace: Venice Birthplace: Clermont-Ferrand, France Known as: Known as: - Invented body thermometer - Prodigy in math - Italian physician, pupil of Galileo - Contemporary and rival of Rene at Padua Descartes - Published Pascal’s Law INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION - Use of new basic materials (iron Pierre De Fermat (Aug 17, 1601 - Jan and steel) 12, 1665) - New energy source Birthplace: France - Invention of new machines Known as: - New organization of work - Pascal’s correspondence in (factory system) formation of the modern theory of - Developments in transportation probability and communication - Famous for his “last theorem” - Increasing application of science discovered in 1637 19th Century Science Oral literature traditions are - 1801-1900 in Gregorian Calendar delivered through recitation and - Second industrial revolution repetition. through invention of usable Abundance of natural resources, electricity, steel and petroleum and low population led to less products need for invention. - Age of machine tools - Assembly line speed up factory STONE AGE - Gave birth to professional 50,000 years ago to 3,000 B.C scientist Made simple tools and weapons; Stone flakes, adzes, ornaments Modern Era Science of seashells, and pottery. - Science in 20th century Techniques for sawing, drilling, - Inventions have progressed at and polishing hard stones were accelerated rate developed. - Infancy of airplanes, automobiles, spaceships, computers, METAL AGE cellphones, and wireless internet 2nd or 3rd century B.C to 10th century A.D Nanotechnology Learned to make metal tools - Science of microengineering and implements from copper, - Atomic and Molecular gold, bronze, and later, iron. manipulation Tools – Iron slags, pottery, and cast iron. 21st Century Learners Engaged in the actual extraction - Screenagers of iron from ore, smelting, and - Digital students refining. - Students who learn but having fun FIRST CENTURY A.D - Innovators, creative, critical Around 1 A.D. through A.D. 100 thinkers, problem-solvers Filipinos were weaving cotton, smelting iron, making pottery and LESSON 2: STS IN THE PHILIPPINES glass ornaments. Tools; cotton weaving tools, iron PRE COLONIAL PERIOD smelting equipment, pottery, and Filipinos were highly glass ornaments. superstitious. No temples or places of worship TENTH CENTURY Around 900 A.D. to 999 A.D. Boat-building technology  Early Spanish chroniclers noted Manila's economy but brought the refined plank-built warship little benefit to Filipinos. called karakoa. The Spanish prioritized trade over agriculture and industry, PRE-HISPANIC TRADE RELATIONS causing local economic Trade with China, Champa stagnation. (Vietnam), and other neighboring Ship building remained a strong regions. industry due to the demand for Regular trade relations galleons. established during the tenth to fifteenth centuries. TRADING In the 18th century, the Royal SPANISH REGIME Economic Society of Friends of Shaped significantly by religious the Philippines was founded to orders and colonial policies. promote economic development Advances were mainly limited to and agricultural research. the elite. In 1789, Manila opened to Asian Progress was slow due to shipping, boosting exports and religious and economic priorities imports. of the colonial government. By 1829, sugar and hemp production was modernized and EDUCATION accelerated. Higher education was seen as Local industries like weaving, promoting rebellion, so few embroidery, and cigar-making Filipinos pursued it. flourished in Manila. World trade in the late 19th Expanded world trade in the 19th century spurred Manila's growth century fueled Manila's rapid as a cosmopolitan center. development. Jesuits founded the Manila Observatory in 1865 FIRST REPUBLIC 1879, Fr. Federico Faura issued Limited science and technology the first public typhoon warning. development during the In 1901, the observatory Philippine Republic became a central station for the (1898-1900). Philippines Weather Bureau. Government established a secular educational system ECONOMY (Decree: October 19, 1898). The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Created Universidad Literaria trade (1565-1813) boosted de Filipinas, a secular, state-supported university.  Courses offered: law, medicine, Government supported research surgery, pharmacy, and notary and local industries for public. self-reliance. Graduation was held on September 29, 1899, in Tarlac, Educational System Expansion awarding degrees in medicine Growth of public schools. and law. Private sector led higher education with 425 schools and 7 AMERICAN REGIME universities by 1936. Rapid advancement in science and technology. Higher Education in Science Government support for an Increase in trained scientists and extensive public education engineers before WWII. system. Key universities: UP, UST, FEU, January 21, 1901: Act No. 74 Silliman. created the Department of Public Instruction. Government Economic and Scientific Free primary education with Initiatives English as the medium of National Economic Council and instruction. National Power Corporation 1903: Education of 135 students created. in the U.S. to become teachers, Focus on agriculture, industry, engineers, physicians, and and scientific research. lawyers. Introduction of science subjects Impact of WWII on Science and industrial/vocational Scientific and educational education. activities halted. Industrial and vocational Destruction of Manila affected courses were unpopular among education and research Filipinos. Government provided Post-War Education Focus scholarships to encourage State support at elementary level; enrollment in these courses. private sector led higher education. COMMONWEALTH PERIOD Growth of state universities, but Transition to political quality issues persisted. independence. The Constitution promotes science and innovation for economic growth. Challenges in Science and Engineering Education LESSON 3: STS IN GOOD LIFE Few graduates in science and According to Westacott (2018), there are engineering. three ways by which we can understand High costs and long study the meaning of good life. periods deterred enrollment. These are: Rise of Professional Organizations moral life Medical, engineering, and life of pleasure and scientific associations formed. fulfilled life. Focus on improving education and professional standards. MORAL LIFE They are good people, INDEPENDENCE OF THE courageous, honest, trustworthy, PHILIPPINES kind, selfless, generous, helpful, Influence of the American system loyal, principled and so on. on Philippine education Socrates in Gorgias – argued it post-independence. Focus on is better to suffer wrong than to basic education. do it , that a good man who has Government investment heavily his eyes gouged out and is in elementary education. tortured to death is more Higher education is left to private fortunate than a corrupt person institutions (colleges and who has used wealth and power universities). dishonorably. Increase in state universities and Plato - the morally good person colleges since 1946. enjoys a sort of inner harmony Lack of a coordinated national whereas the wicked person, no plan guiding this expansion. matter how rich and powerful he Political influence behind the may be or how many pleasures establishment of new institutions. he enjoys, is disharmonious, Medicine and pharmacy - The fundamentally at odds with earliest organization professions himself and the world. which were the first to be introduced during the colonial THE LIFE OF PLEASURE era. Greek philosopher Epicurus - Professional organizations have pleasure is enjoyable , it's fun ; is what taken the lead in modifying makes life worth living. curriculum specific to their field and have strived to enhance educational quality standards. Hedonism - People who are devoted to larger context involving other sex, food, drink and sensual indulgence. people and things. Dominant in western culture. Readiness-to-Hand vs. Living the good life - enjoying lots of Presence-at-Hand recreational pleasures, good food, good - Objects are either useful and wine, scuba diving, etc. subjective relevant (ready-to-hand) or experiences. merely present with no immediate relevance (present-at-hand), Epicure – someone who is appreciative highlighting the role of utility in of food and drink. human engagement with the world. THE FULFILLED LIFE BY ARISTOTLE The 'They' (Das Man) 1. Virtue - morally virtuous - Heidegger criticizes living 2. Health - enjoy good health and according to societal norms and reasonably long life expectations without reflection, 3. Prosperity – comfortably off describing it as inauthentic. (Aristotle - affluent enough so that - We are often "lost in the they don’t need to work for a publicness of the 'they'," which living doing something that they dictates how we live without would not freely choose to do) personal ownership of our lives. 4. Friendship - good friends ; innately social Authenticity 5. Enjoy respect for others - Living authentically means taking 6. Need good luck, common sense responsibility for one's existence, 7. Exercise their unique human recognizing one's individuality, abilities and capacities and confronting the reality of death. HEIDEGGER'S PRINCIPLE OF GOOD - Involves making one's own LIFE choices rather than following what "they" (society) dictate. Phenomenology - Understanding one's experience Excellence without preconceptions. - Influenced by Aristotle, Heidegger suggests that living Being-in-the-World well involves aligning with what is - Humans are always engaged in best in human nature. the world; we do not exist in - form of achieving human isolation but are always part of a excellence. Self-reflection the proof that China and Philippines are - A crucial part of good life is the well established in terms of trading capacity for self-reflection and - Answer: Porcelaine second-order thinking - the ability to think about one's the stimulant used for medical purposes own thoughts and existence, during the pre-colonial period which distinguishes humans from - Answer: Betel Nuts other animals. The university established during the Knowing oneself Spanish Colonial period - The process of examining one's - Answer: University of Santo life and experiences is essential Tomas to understanding how to live authentically and achieve In what year did the education system excellence, drawing from both start to follow practices from the individual talents and common American colonial period? human capacities. - Answer: 1946 QUIZ #15 ANSWER KEYS organization aimed to enhance medical education standards and introduced Which organization organized innovations such as greater emphasis conferences to discuss curriculum on community medicine revisions, leading to the endorsement of - Answer: Philippine Medical these changes by the Department of Association Education and Culture (DEC) for official adoption? They are known as American educators - Answer: Philippine Institute of who established education for all. Chemical Engineers - Answer: Thomasites first private school in the Philippines president of the Philippines that - Answer: Montessori reinforce science and technology for economic growth time duration were Sung Dynasty traded - Answer: Corazon Aquino to the pre-colonial Filipinos - Answer: 960-1278 AD ​ he trade system that last from 1565 to T 1813 greatly impacted Philippines transportation used for trading during economy in Spanish regime. the pre-colonial period - Answer: ​Manila-Acapulco - Answer: Balanggay Galleon Trade government agency in the Philippines is primarily responsible for promoting and coordinating science and technology development - Answer: Department of Science and Technology (DOST) the primary focus of the Science for Change Program (S4CP) initiated by the DOST in the Philippines? - Answer: Providing support for research and development purpose of the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) - Answer: To provide weather forecasts and warnings