GE 106 Science, Technology, and Society - Historical Antecedents PDF

Course Code and Title: GE 106 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, and SOCIETY Lesson 1 Week 2 Topic: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS WHICH CHANGED THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Introduction: Science and technology are indispensable tools for any form of rapid growth and development from ancient times up to t...

Course Code and Title: GE 106 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, and SOCIETY Lesson 1 Week 2 Topic: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS WHICH CHANGED THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Introduction: Science and technology are indispensable tools for any form of rapid growth and development from ancient times up to this date. Change is the only inevitable thing that can arise in the advent of science and technology. Science and technology can affect politics, socio-economic status, culture, etc. Learning Objectives: At the end of this lesson, you should be able to: 1. Describe the historical development that took place in the Philippines in terms of science and technology. 2. Trace the development of science and technology in the world from Ancient to Middle Ages through a timeline. 3. Create some value judgment on how each stage of historical antecedents made an impact on the modern society of today. Content: Interactions between S&T and society throughout history Before understanding the interactions between science and technology and society, we need to know "what is science, technology, and society?". SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY, also referred to as science and technology studies is a branch or offspring of science studies. It considers how social, political, and cultural values affect scientific research and technological innovation and affect society, politics, and culture. The figure above illustrates how science and technology affect society and how the needs of society demand more studies and innovations. Science discoveries will lead to new inventions on developing the technology to benefit from it. Science provides information to the development of technology, and as technology evolves, it demands more studies and researches on science. Written contributions of science and technology that lead to society's development are recorded, beginning with poetry, song cycles, and inventions that are still being studied today. As we go along with the study of science, technology, and society, we will be able to see how humans have developed techniques for organizing the actions of groups of humans and their domestic animals (society) and how it helps develop science and technology. They have developed enough technology that food surpluses could persist and build up enough to allow specialization into skilled workers; some skill workers applied their efforts to studying how the natural world worked (science). Humans' desire to make their living easier and comfortable pushed them to study science further and develop technology. Society feels the need, science comes to rescue, and technology is born. This has been happening thousands of years back; it is happening today and will continue to keep happening in the future. In terms of societies moved from families to clans, to kingdoms, to republics. Then technologies moved from the clubs to plows, to fertilizers, to antibiotics. While Sciences moved from written accounts to the encyclopedia, analytical techniques, and, most of all, the computer models. How scientific and technological developments affect society and the environment. Technology is very important to industries and companies. Advancement in technology helps in industries and companies' growth. The right advancements can bring about the most sought-after changes around us and might provide the best solutions to our environmental woes. With technology, we can think and provide the best solution to solve our problem in our environment. We can create sustainable ideas to protect the environment and act on climate change. We are all aware that we have contributed a lot through our way of living that causes damages to the environment. As such, our duties are to help restore the environment and protect them from massive damage. That is where science and technology can help us with these issues. Science and technology are the tools for human purpose. It is the human who uses them to decide how science and technology affect society and the environment. Let us give examples. W e all know and proved that plastic has toxic pollutants that damage the environment and cause multiple pollution forms. Today, an uncontrollable increase in the trash around the world damaging the underwater life and creating tons of garbage mountains on the land damaging the birds and other species is ruining the environment is causing climate change faster. It can take up to hundreds or even thousands of years to break down the plastic trash. Mismanaged waste is the biggest cause of the proliferation of toxic 'plastic' to various parts of the world, spreading into the oceans, making it almost impossible to rectify our mistakes and protect the planet. The best way to manage this disastrous situation is to put it to the right use. With the right technology, we can bring about a major change in our environment by putting all that waste to a judicious and noble purpose. Researchers have come with the most optimum utilization of this discarded plastic. This lightweight prosthetic limb can be created out of waste plastic, saving millions for healthcare providers while also helping tackle the pollution created by discarded plastics. Upcycling is the most productive way forward to solve waste management for the world. This initiative targets one of the major global issues to reduce pollution from single-use plastic. Plastic is a versatile material due to its durability and cheap pricing, but we failed to realize that it is coming to our environment's cost. THE HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS WHICH CHANGED THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Era Place Significant Evidence or Events Prehistoric Primarily found Human artifacts like shaped stones for (about 2.3 in Eastern chopping and scraping. million years Africa ago) 400 B.C. Mesopotamia Emerging science showed evidences about symptoms of diseases, chemical, and astronomical observations. Nile Valley of Information on the treatment of wounds Egypt and diseases and even some mathematical calculations such as angles, rectangles and triangles, and a pyramid's portion. 300- 400 B.C. Athens, Greece There was a rise in the number of philosophers who wrote topics on psychology and biology.  Euclid is considered as the founder of modern geometry.  Archimedes is the founder of engineering mechanics and calculated pi's value, which is still used today. 3000 B.C. Tigris, It was the risen of the Bronze Age when Euphrates in humans searched for pigments that can Western Asia be used to color the skin; they discovered copper. The alloy of tin and copper resulted in bronze. Bronze is used to manufacture swords and other ANCIENT weapons by the Sumerians. Today we used bronze to build machineries, medals, statues, belts, and shoe buckles.  Egypt Development of large cities called "urbanization." It was the time when the first city appeared. Pyramids were built during this time. 3500 B.C. Mesopotamia Two-wheeled carts were created as tools to transport heavy loads from one place to another. 1450- 1600 Europe It was known as the period of the A.D. "rebirth of knowledge." Gutenberg, The printing press was developed that Germany paved the way to books being printed instead of being written by hand. Italy Leonardo da Vinci, who is considered a pioneer in arts, architecture, engineering, and science, stressed the experiment's importance. MIDDLE Greece Copernicus rediscovered what some of the earliest Greeks had known that the sun is the center of the solar system and the earth revolves around it. His idea is known as the Heliocentric theory. During this time, it made way to some geographic discoveries that began with the discovery of triangle sail and magnetic compass. This led to Prince Henry navigating, South Africa, Portugal, then India. This was also the time when Columbus discovered America. 1608- 20th Venice Galileo was the first to use the steps of century modern scientific methods based on experiments and testable conditions. He invented a spyglass with magnification thirty times than the ordinary spyglass during this time. His invention is known today as the "telescope." Later in Galileo's life when he invented the microscope and the thermometer. United Kingdom Isaac Newton helped define the laws of gravity and planetary motion, co- founded calculus, and explained the laws of light and color. Germany Albert Einstein had a profound impact on the quantum theory of nuclear power.  He formulated the famous equation e= mc2 used in calculus. He is also considered as the most famous scientist of the 20th century. The industrial revolution is brought about by factories being built to produce goods in massive quantities. Light bulbs were replacing candles and oil lamps. Radio, the first car to run with the engine and the first man to went on space in a rocket, happened. It was also the beginning of communication, electronic, and computer era. Philippine Science and Technology: A Historical Perspective Science and Technology in the Philippines have already been existing even before colonization by the Spaniards. The existence of science and technology is evident in the artifacts that were found at different sites. Ancient Filipinos are applying artistry and technology on their handicrafts, pottery, weaving, metal wares, and boats. A method of writing, counting, measurement, and weighing was also existing among the earlier Filipinos. The system in counting days was also evident even without the use of a calendar. Filipinos were also engaging themselves in farming, shipbuilding, mining, and weaving. A UNESCO considered site, the Banaue Rice Terraces is a great proof of the Philippines' sophisticated product of engineering technology. The following are the different historical perspectives that took place in the Philippines: Spanish Colonial Period  The Spaniards introduced formal education and founded scientific institutions.  The University of Santo Tomas was established as a school for medicine and pharmacy.  The Jesuits also promoted meteorological studies, and they founded the Manila Observatory at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila in 1865.  Engineering was also given importance as exemplified by government buildings, churches, roads, and bridges that were among the physical structures built in the  country. American Period and Post Commonwealth Era  On July 1, 1901, the Bureau of Government Laboratories under the Department of Interior was established by the Philippine Commission to replace "Laboratorio Municipal" founded by the Spaniards.  On October 26, 1905, the Bureau of Science replaced the Bureau of Government Laboratories. The new bureau at this time dealt with tropical diseases.  December 8, 1933, when the National Research Council was recognized, and the Bureau of Science was even recognized as the primary research center in the Philippines until World War II.  Free trade between the Filipino people and the Americans hinder the development of industrial technology. At this time economy is geared towards agriculture and trade.  In 1946 the Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of Science.  During the regime of President Carlos P. Garcia in 1985, the Science Act of 1958 by the Philippine Congress established the National Science Development Board. Marcos Era and Martial Law  Many laws were enacted during the Marcos Regime. He declared that science and technology's advancement should have priority in national development based on the amended 1973 Philippine Constitution, Article XV, Section 9(1).  January 23, 1967, directed the Department of Education to revitalize public high schools' science courses. DepEd and the National Science Development Board (NSDB) organized a project to provide selected high schools with science teaching equipment for over four years.  Applied sciences and science education projects were supported, and with technology as a leading tool for economic development, supports were given through additional funds in 1968. Seminars were conducted for high school and college teachers; training programs and scholarships were given to graduate and undergraduate science students.  The National Science Development Board established the Philippine Atomic Energy Commission. Marcos assisted 107 institutions in undertaking nuclear  energy by sending scientists, engineers, doctors, and technicians to study nuclear science and technology abroad. He intended to explore the different uses of atomic energy for economic development.  The Philippine Council for Agricultural was established to support the Philippines' progressive development of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries.  Presidential Decree No. 49, s. 1972 established Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services (PAGASA). The agency was under the Department of National Defense. It functioned to provide the country with protection and the utilization of scientific knowledge to ensure its people's safety.  Presidential Decree No. 334, s. 1973 created the Philippine National Oil Company to promote industrial and economic development through effective and efficient energy sources.  In 1976, the establishment of the National Academy of Science and Technology. The academy was composed of a pool of scientists with innovative achievements. The scientists in the agency were considered as a reservoir of scientific and technological expertise.  In 1979, the National Science Development Board, the Philippine Council for Agricultural Research and Resources, the Plant Breeding Institute, the International Rice Research Institute, the Bureau of Plant Industry, and the Bureau of Forest Products were funded to conduct scientific research.  Executive Order No. 625, s. 1980 created the National Committee on Geological Sciences to advise government and private entities on geological matters.  Executive Order No. 784, s 1982, made the National Science Development Board reorganize and was named National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA) to provide centralized and coordinated direction towards scientific and technological research.  Executive Order No. 1090, s. 1986 the Philippine Science High School was established in Visayas and Mindanao. Both campuses were established to encourage careers in science and technology among talented students in the islands.  Fifth Republic  During the term of Corazon C. Aquino, the National Science and Technology Authority was replaced by the Department of Science and Technology. It paved the way for having a representative in the cabinet.  Economic recovery and sustained economic growth were the highlights of her term with science and technology as one of the government's three priorities.  The first Science and Technology Master Plan or STMP was formulated on August 8, 1988. The goal was to develop the country to achieve newly industrialized country status by the year 2000.  Republic Act 6655 or the Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988 opened free education at the secondary level. Scientific literacy among Filipinos was the goal of this free education by implementing "Science for the Masses Program." President Fidel V. Ramos’ Term  There was a significant increase in the number of personnel specializing in science and technology; it was estimated to have around 3,000 competent scientists and engineers.  In 1993 the Department of Science and Technology initiated a Science and Technology Agenda for National Development (STAND), which embodies its task development plan for 1993- 1998. Among the priorities were: (1) exporting winners identified by DTI, (2) domestic needs identified by Presidential Council for Countryside Development, (3) support industries, and (4) coconut industry development.  A framework plan entitled "Competence, Competitive Conscience: the Medium- Term Plan of the Department of Science and Technology was also created with its six (6) flagship programs: A comprehensive program to enhance technology enterprises. 1. Integrated program on clean technologies. 2. Establishment of a packaging R and D center. 3. Expansion of regional meteorology centers. 4. S & T intervention program for the poor, vulnerable and disabled; and 5. Comprehensive science and technology program for Mindanao.   There were also laws enacted by the Congress during the term of Fidel V. Ramos such as: 1. R.A. 8439 or Magna Carta for Science and Technology Personnel 2. R.A. 7687 or Science and Technology Scholarship Law of 1004 3. R.A. 7459 or Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act 4. R.A. 8293 or The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines President Joseph Estrada’s Term  R.A. 8749 was signed, also known as the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999, which was designed to protect and preserve the environment and ensure its natural resources' sustainable development.  R.A. 8792 was signed to which out-laws computer- hacking and provides opportunities for new businesses emerging from the internet- a driven new economy. This law is also known as the Electronic Commerce Act of 2000.  He also launched a full- scale program based on cost-effective irrigation technologies.  Basic health care, basic nutrition, and useful education for those who want it, but cannot afford it could be readily availed due to dole-outs during his regime. S & T during President Gloria M. Arroyo’s Term  Her term was dubbed as the “golden age” of science and technology by Secretary Estrella Alabastro.  The term "Filipinovation" was the coined term used to help the Philippines be an innovation hub in Asia.  Science and Technology and Innovation (STI) were developed further by strengthening the schools and education system such as the Philippine Science High School, which focuses on science, technology, and mathematics.  R.A. 9367 or the "Biofuels Act" was signed into law that promotes biofuels' development and usage throughout the country.  President Benigno C. Aquino  R.A. 10601 improves the Agriculture and Fisheries sector through Mechanization. It also covers research development and extension (RDE), promotion, distribution, supply, assembling, manufacturing, regulation, use, operation, maintenance, and project implementation of agricultural and fisheries machinery and equipment.  In 2010, President Benigno C. Aquino was considered the "father of Organic Agriculture" because of his work on the Agricultural Act of 2010, also known as R.A. 10068.  Inclusive growth and disaster risk reduction were among the two crucial issues in the Harmonized Agenda for Science and Technology in 2014. On May 23, 2016, R.A. 19844, otherwise known as the DICT Act of 2015, was signed into law. Accordingly, the Department of Information and Communications Technology will plan, develop, and promote the national ICT development agenda. SUMMARY  Science and technological antecedents could be traced back from the ancient, middle, and modern ages.  The Philippines, a country in South East Asia, has passed through different developments in science and technology under the different state invaders such as the Spaniards and the Americans.  Science Education became an indispensable tool and an into achieving progress in the Philippines as it could be traced Activity 1: TRUE OR FALSE Direction: Write the word Heal if the statement is correct and write the word COVID if it is wrong. 1. Artifacts are tools, wares, and other materials found and believe to be evidence of Philippine ancient science and technology. 2. Flourishing science and technology in the Philippines can be traced when the Spaniards colonized the country. 3. The Renaissance era is also known as the age of rebirth. 4. The Spaniards introduced formal schooling in the Philippines. 5. R.A. 6655 opened free secondary education that aims to make Filipinos scientific and technologically literate.  Activity 2- Bring Back the Past! Directions: Arrange the events that happened in the past, then, classify them as to ancient, middle, or modern age.  Bronze Age  Industrial revolution  First use of scientific methods  Development of the printing press  Calculations of angles, rectangles, and triangles Activity 3- State your point! 1. Choose any one the historical antecedents that have been mentioned earlier that you think have made a historical impact in today's age? Explain your answer. References Prieto, Nelia G., Vega, Violeta A., Felipe, Elizabeth F., Menesis, Julius L., (2019) “ Science, Technology and Society, Lorimar Publishing, Cubao, Quezon City Philippines Course Code and Title: GE 106 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, and SOCIETY Lesson 2 Week 3-4 Topic: Intellectual Revolution that defined society Introduction: Intellectual Revolution is very significant in the development of human beings, the transformation of the society, and the formulation of scientific ideas. Learning Objectives: At the end of this lesson, you should be able to: A. Articulate ways by which Science and technology transform society: B. Discuss how the ideas postulated by Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud contributed to the spark of the scientific revolution. C. Analyze how the scientific revolution is done and how they affect various parts of the World, like in Mesoamerica, Asia, and Africa. D. List down some important details about the significant events and people during the context of the intellectual revolution. Content: Scientific Revolution Scientific revolution- refers to historical changes in scientific thought and belief during the 16th and 17th centuries in Western Europe.  It was the period of enlightenment when the developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed society's views about nature.  During this period, the ideas generated enabled the people to reflect, rethink, and reexamine their beliefs and way of life.  It was a golden age for people committed to scholarly life in Science. Still, it was a deeply trying moment to some scientific individuals that led to their painful death or condemnation from the religious institutions who tried to preserve their faith, religion, and theological views. Some Intellectuals and their Revolutionary Ideas Scientist/s Revolutionary ideas and contributions to modern Science 1.Nicolaus - one of the Renaissance men in the field of Science worked as a Copernicus canon and doctor. - His ideas were an example of what is presently called a thought experiment. - His idea and model of the Universe were essentially completed in 1510. - He published his book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) in 1543, is often cited as the start of the scientific revolution. He proposed the idea that the Sun is the centerpiece of the Universe. -However, the Copernican model was banned by the Catholic church and was ignored by Rome for the rest of the 16 th century. 2.Charles Darwin - He was famous for his theory of evolution. He was described as a genius who came from a line of an intellectually gifted and wealthy family. - He published his book The Origin of Species in 1589. It is considered the most important works in the scientific literature. His book presented evidence on how species evolved and presented traits and adaptation that differentiate species. - His observational skills as a scientist were extraordinary that moved beyond the realms of plants and animals into humans' realms. -His book The Descent of Man introduced all organic life, including human beings, under the realm of evolutionary thinking. His unorthodox way of pursuing Science gave more value to evidence- based Science. 3.Sigmund Freud -He is a famous figure in the field of Psychology. He was described as a towering literary figure and a very talented communicator who did his share to raise the consciousness of the civilized World in psychological matters. The scientific hypothesis he formulated  formed as an essential fundamental method to study human's inner life. -He proposed the "Freudian Theory of Personality." - This method is popularly known as Psychoanalysis, a scientific way to study the human mind and neurotic illness. This method also focused on human sexuality and the evil nature of man. Cradles of Early Science Contributions on Science, Technology, and Society Mesoamerica-it A. Maya Civilization includes the entire area of  is one of the famous civilizations that lasted Central America approximately 2,000 years. from southern Mexico up to  They incorporated their advanced understanding of the border of astronomy into their temples and other religious South America. structures. For example, the “El Castillo pyramid at Chichen Itza" is situated at Sun's location during the spring and fall equinoxes.  Mayan knowledge and understanding about celestial bodies were advanced for their times by the following evidences: predicting eclipses and using astrological cycles in planting and harvesting.  Mayan is known for measuring the time using two complicated calendar systems. It is used in planning activities, observing religious rituals, and cultural celebration.  They also developed technology for growing different crops and building elaborate cities using ordinary machineries and tools. They built their water system.  They built looms for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow of glittering paints made from a mica mineral.   The World's first civilizations to use the Mayan Hieroglyphics.  They are skilled in Mathematics by creating the number system based on the numeral 20; developed the concept of zero and positional value. B. Inca Civilization  Roads paved with stones  Stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other disasters:  Irrigation system and technique for storing water for their crops to grow in all types of land.  Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and prepare them for planting season:  The first suspension bridge  Quipi, a system knotted ropes to keep records that only experts can interpret.  Inca textiles since cloth were one of the specially prized artistic achievements. C. Aztec Civilization  Mandatory Education- an early form of universal or inclusive Education.  Chocolates- valued the cacao beans highly and made it as part of tribute to their gods.  Antispasmodic medications- it prevents muscle spasms and relaxes muscles during surgery.  Chinampa- technology for agricultural farming.  Aztec calendar-use to plan their activities, rituals, and planting season.  The invention of the canoe- a light narrow boat used for traveling in the water system. Asia- is the A. India biggest  A huge peninsula surrounded by vast bodies of water continent in the World and and fortified by huge mountains in its northern borders. home of many civilizations.  They are known for manufacturing iron and in metallurgical works.  They were famous in medicine, such as Ayurveda, a traditional medicine system in ancient India before 2500 BC. The Susruta Samhita describes different surgical and other medical procedures famous in Ancient India.  They were also notable in astronomy, such as theories on the configurations of the Universe, spherical self- supporting Earth, and the year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each. Some of their astronomy interests were evident in the first 12 chapters of Siddhanta Shiromani, written in the 12th century.  Indus Valley Civilization- the people of this civilization, tried to measure the length to a high degree of accuracy and designed a ruler, the Mohenjo-Daro ruler.  Aryabathiya-written by Aryabhata an Indian astronomer and mathematician, he introduced several trigonometric functions, tables, techniques, and algorithm of algebra.  Bramagupta- the one who explained the use of zero, he also suggested that gravity was a force of attraction, and he also crafted the Hindu- Arabic numeral system.  Madhava of Sangamagrama- Founder of mathematical analysis. B. China  The Chinese were known for traditional medicines- an example is the practice of acupuncture.   They are known to develop many tools such as a compass, papermaking, gunpowder, and printing tools. They also invented other tools such as the iron plough, wheelbarrow, and propeller. They developed different models of bridges, invented the first seismological detector (prepared in times of natural calamities), and developed a dry dock facility.  They made a significant understanding of the better understanding of heavenly bodies and used lunar calendars. C. Middle East Countries  Muslims dominantly occupy the Middle East countries.  Ibnal-Haytham is regarded as the Father of Optics, especially for his empirical proof of light's intromission theory.  Muhammad ibn Musa al- Khwarizmi gave his name to the concept of algorithm and algebra.  Jabir ibn Hayyan to be the "Father of Chemistry."  Ibn Sina pioneered the Science of experimental and was the first physician to conduct clinical trials. His two- notable works in medicine, the Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine, led to clinical pharmacology. Africa A. Egyptian Civilization  The development of geometry was a product on preserving the Egyptians' farmlands along the Nile river.  The great structures of the Egyptian pyramid and early dams built to divert water from the Nile river,  Known to be a center of alchemy- the medieval forerunner of chemistry.  Studied human anatomy and pharmacology.   In astronomy, African used three types of calendars: lunar, solar, and stellar.  They were famous in metallurgy- the invention of metal tools used in their homes, agriculture, and magnificent architectures.  They are good in the four fundamental mathematical operations and other mathematical skills. Information (Era of  This has been the era in which technology has been Computer Age) prevalent. It is also known as the era of Computer Age that has brought so much change to living today. The evolution of "Information Technology." Summary: Intellectual revolution could be traced back through some well- known scientists and philosophers:  Nicolaus Copernicus sparked the beginning of the scientific revolution.  Charles Darwin, who published the book "The Origin of the Species." He is well- known for his theory of evolution.  Sigmund Freud who established the Psychoanalysis method of interpreting men through studying the human mind and neurotic illnesses. He particularly focused on sexuality and the evil nature of men. There is also a different civilization throughout the World, which made significant contributions to intellectual and scientific development.  In Meso- America, the civilizations include the Mayan, Inza, and Aztec.  Asia includes India, China, and Middle East countries.  Africa got its contribution from the Egyptian civilization. Activity 1: Who am I? Direction: Read the following statement and identify the scientist behind the contribution to the development of Science and Technology. ______1. He proposed the idea that the Sun is the center of the Universe. ______2. He published the book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) in 1543. ______3. He was known to be the Father of Evolution. ______4. He formulated the method of Psychoanalysis. ______5. He published his book The Origin of Species in 1589, which is considered the most important scientific literature work. Activity 2: Fill me in. Direction: Fill in the blank by providing at least two (2) significant contributions of the following country/ civilization in the field of Science and Technology. Place/Country A significant contribution to the field of Science and Technology 1. Mesoamerica a. ____________________________________________ (Inca) b.____________________________________________ 2.Mesoamerica a. ____________________________________________ (Aztec) b. ____________________________________________ 3.China a. ______________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________ 4.India a. _______________________________________________ b.________________________________________________ 5. Africa a.________________________________________________ b.________________________________________________ References Bist, R. (1982)." Excavations at Banawali: 1974-77". In Possehl, Gregory L. (Ed.).Harrapan Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective.New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Bose, M.(1998).Late Classical India.A.Mukherjee & Co. Clifford,P.(2008).Archimedes to Hawking: Laws of Science and the Great Minds Behind Them. New York Oxford University Press Craig, B & Walter, D. (2000). “Clinical Pharmacology in the Middle Ages: Principles that Presage the 21st Century.” Clinical Pharmacology &Therapeutics.67 (5):447-450. Davies, E. (1995). Inventions London: Dorling Kindersley. Durant, W. (1980). The Age of Faith. In the Story of Civilization. New York: Simon and Schuster. Gribbin, J. (2003). Science: A History. London, UK: Penguin Books Jacquart, D. (2008). “Islamic Pharmacology in the Middle Ages: Theories and Substances.” Europian Review. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.16:219-27. Joseph, G.(1991). The Crest of the Peacock. London: Penguin Mayall, N. (1939). The Crab Nebula, a Probable Supernova, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets,3,145. Needham, J., Wang, L. & Lu, G. (1971). Science and Civilization in China”. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. Rosenfels, P.(1980)."Freud and the Scientific Method". Accessed February 17, 2017. https: www.gender.eserver.org/rosenfels/Freud.htm Sarma, K. (2008)."Astronomy in India." Encyclopedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non- Western Cultures (2nd Ed.).Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media. Warren, J.(2005).”War and Cultural Heritage of Iraq: A Sadly Mismanaged Affair”. Third World Quarterly.26 (4-5): 815-830. Weiner, E. (2016). The Geography of Genius: Lessons from the World's Most Creative Places. New York: Simon &Schuster Zhongguo ke xue yuan. (1983).Ancient China's Technology and Science.Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. Course Code and Title: GE 106 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, and SOCIETY Lesson 3 Week 5-6 Topic: Science and Technology and Nation Building Introduction: The role of Science and Technology improved the life conditions across the globe vivid. The government programs, projects, and policies significantly boost Philippine society's science and technological capacity. Learning Objectives: At the end of this lesson, you should be able to: Discuss the role of Science and Technology in Philippine nation building Design or create a picturesque of the Philippines in Science and technology in the next ten years. Appraise actual science and technology policies of the government based on their impact on the development of the Filipino nation Pre- Assessment DIRECTIONS: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and write FALSE if the statement is wrong. 1. The Spaniards colonized the Philippines, but the country already had its Science and technology even before this happened. 2. Mexico and the Philippines culture, language, and environment are both affected by the galleon trade. 3. The public education system was established during the American colonization. During the country's Japanese occupation, the Filipino spirits to survive and rebuild are high, but there was an insufficient capacity to do this. 4. O.D.A. stands for Overseas Development Allocations. 5. Balik Scientist Program encourages foreign international students to work in the Philippines to bring back its glory. 6. K to 12 education programs included Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) as one of the major tracks in the Senior High School program to encourage students to enroll in Science related studies. 7. Ramon Cabanos Barba is recognized as an outstanding researcher on tissue  culture in Philippine mangoes. 8. John Dewey stressed the importance of utilizing the natural environment to teach students. 9.. Indigenous Science is composed of traditional knowledge practiced and valued by people and communities such as ethnobiology, ethnomedicine, indigenous farming methods, and folk astronomy. 10. Philippine Science High School System (PSHSS) is a government program for gifted students in the Philippines. Content: Brief Historical Background of Science and Technology in the Philippines  The early inhabitants of the archipelago had their own culture and traditions.  Belief system and indigenous knowledge  Keeps them organized and sustained their lives and communities for how many years.  The pre-Spanish Philippines  Science is embedded in the way of life of people, as it was shown in fig.1. The following are the evidence: (1) planting of crops as food production, (2) taking care of animals, (3) interpretation of heavenly bodies to predict seasons and climates, and (4) medicinal uses of plants. Technology is used by building houses, irrigations, developing tools that can be used in everyday life.  Metal Age -sophisticated designs of gold and silver jewelry, ceramics, and metal tools. -Trading with China, Indonesia, Japan, and other nearby countries. Figure 2. Trading system with China  Spanish Era Figure 3. Spanish Colonization -Spaniards colonized the country, brought their own culture and practices, one of these is Christianity. -They started to establish schools and introduced the concept of subjects and disciplines. -Learning of Science in school focuses on understanding the concept of the human body, plants, animals, and heavenly bodies. -Meanwhile, technology focuses on using and developing house tools. -Life of people slowly became modernized and adapted some Western technology. -Medicine and advanced Science were formally introduced in Colleges and  universities headed by Catholic orders. Figure 4. The Galleon Trade The galleon trade was supplied by merchants largely from Fujian's port, who traveled to Manila to sell the Spaniard spices, porcelain, ivory, and other valuable commodities. - From 1565-1815, the galleon trade contributed to the change of culture, language, and environment for both the Philippines and Mexico. The country became a developed place in the region for being one of the global trade centers.  American Period -Americans have more influence on the development of Science and Technology in the Philippines. -They established a public education system - Improved engineering works and health conditions. -minerals were explored and exploited. -They reorganized the learning of Science and introduced it in public and private schools. -Science education focuses on nature studies and sanitation. -Development of Public hospitals for lepers. -The new infrastructures helped make the movement of products and goods more  efficient.  World War II (Japanese Colonization)  The country had so many difficulties in rebuilding itself from the ruins of war.  The human spirit to survive and rebuild the country may be strong, but the country's capacity to bring back was limited.  New Republic  The whole nation focused on using its limited resources to improve Science and technological capability.  ODA or Overseas Development Allocations from different countries helped the country improve its scientific productivity and technological capability. The figure above Influences in the Development of Science and Technology in the Philippines The development of Science and Technology in the Philippines, based on its history, is shaped by several factors and influences. It is shaped by both internal and external influences of other countries. Government Policies on Science and Technology  The Philippine government introduced and implemented several programs, projects, and policies to boost Science and technology.  GOAL- to prepare the whole country and its people to meet the demands of a technologically driven world and capacitate the people to live in a world driven by Science.  The NRCP clustered these policies into four: 1. Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International Policies and Governance Integrating ASEAN awareness in basic Education without adding to the curriculum Emphasizing teaching in the mother tongue Developing school infrastructure and providing for I.C.T. broadband Local food security 2. Physics, Engineering, and Industrial Research, Earth and Space Sciences, and Mathematics Emphasizing degrees, licenses, and employment opportunities Outright grants for peer monitoring Review of RA 9184 Harnessing science and technology as an independent mover of development 3. Medical, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Ensuring compliance of drug-manufacturing firms with ASEAN-harmonized standards by full implementation of the F.D.A. Creating an education council dedicated to standardization of pharmaceutical services and care Empowering food and drug agencies to conduct evidence-based research as a pool of information Allocating 2% of the G.D.P. to research Legislating a law supporting human genome projects 4. Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry Protecting and conserving biodiversity by full implementation of existing laws Use of biosafety and standard model by ASEAN countries Promoting indigenous knowledge systems and indigenous people’s conservation  Formulation of common food and safety standards Major development programs and personalities in Science &Technology in the Philippines  Department of Science and Technology (DOST)  Providing funds for research and patents related to Science and Technology.  Funding for these is also from Overseas Development Aid (ODA) from different countries.  Providing scholarships for undergraduate and graduate studies in the field of Science and Technology.  Establishing of Philippine Science High School system  Creating science and technology parks  Balik Scientist Program- encourage Filipino Scientists to come home and work in the Philippines.  She established the National Science Complex and National Engineering Complex within the University of the Philippines campus in Diliman.  Philippine- American Academy of Science and Engineering (PAASE)  Establishment of national centers of excellence.  Manpower and institutional programs such as the Engineering and Science Education Program (ESEP) to produce more Ph.D. graduates.  Establishment of regional centers to support specific industries  Establishment of S&T business centers to assist, advise, and incubate technopreneurship ventures.  Strengthen Science Education through the Philippine Science High School system.  Department of Education (DepEd)  K to 12 education programs included Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) as one of the major tracks in the Senior High School program to  encourage students to enroll in Science related studies.  Commission on Higher Education (CHED)  Launched its Philippine- California Advanced Research Institutes (PICARI) Project to strengthen the country's STEM competitiveness. Other areas and fields embark the following: 1. Use of alternative and safe energy 2. Harnessing mineral resources 3. Finding a cure for various diseases and illness 4. Climate change and global warming 5. Increasing food production 6. Preservation of natural resources 7. Coping with natural disasters and calamities 8. Infrastructure development  Philippine Congress -created various laws related to Science and technology. These laws vary according to different themes: conservation, health-related technology-building, and support basic research. -In line with international treaties such as: United Nation (U.N.) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organizations (UNESCO) Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Famous Filipinos in the Field of Science Through the years, many Filipinos established themselves as scientists and science educators in various specific areas and fields. Let us try to identify those outstanding Filipino scientists who have made significant contributions to Philippine Science. Here is the list of Outstanding Filipino scientists:  1. Ramon Cabanos Barba- outstanding research on tissue culture in Philippine mangoes. 2. JosefinoCacasComiso- observing the characteristics of Antarctica using satellite images. 3. Jose Bejar Cruz. Jr.- known in electrical engineering, one of the officers of the famous Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering. 4. Lourdes January Dela Cruz- notable for research on sea snail venom. 5. Fabian Millar Dayrit- for his research on herbal medicine 6. Rafael Dineros Guerrero III- for his research on Tilapia culture. 7. Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr.- the invention of meconium drug testing. 8. Lilian FormalejoPatena- plant biotechnology 9. Mari-Jo Panganiban Ruiz- for being an outstanding educator and graph theorist. 10. Gregory LigotTangonan- for research in the field of Communications Technology. Other outstanding scientist recognized here and abroad for their outstanding contributions in Science:  Caesar A. Saloma- an internationally renowned physicist  Edgardo Gomez- famous in Marine Science  William Padolina- Chemistry and President of National Academy of Science and Technology (NSAT) – Philippines  Angel Alcala- Marine Science The Concept of Science Education  Science Education focuses on teaching, learning, and understanding Science.  Teaching Science- involves developing ways on how to effectively teach Science and exploring pedagogical theories.  Learning Science includes both pedagogy and inculcating values- to love Science.  John Dewey (2001)  -Stressed the importance of utilizing the natural environment to teach students.  Karl Marx (1994) - Opines that sciences are going to be one of the most important school subjects in the future.  Knight (1996) - Science education provides skills and knowledge that necessary for a person to live in.  Tighlman (2005) - To develop a citizenry that will meet the goals of Science in society. Science Education in Basic and Tertiary Education  Basic Education - Science education helps students learn important concepts and facts related to everyday life, including important skills such as process skills, critical thinking skills, and life skills. - Science education also develops a positive attitude such as love for knowledge, passion for innovative things, curiosity to study nature, and creativity - It will develop a strong foundation for studying Science and for considering Science related careers in the future.  Tertiary Education - Science education deals with developing students' understanding and appreciation of science ideas and scientific works. - It focuses on preparing science teachers, engineers, scientists, and other professionals in various related fields such as engineering, agriculture, medicine, and health sciences. Science Schools in the Philippines  Philippine Science High School System (PSHSS). - This is a government program for gifted students in the Philippines. It is a service institute of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) whose mandate is to offer a free scholarship basis for the secondary course with special  emphasis on subjects pertaining to the sciences, with the end view of preparing its students for a science career (Republic Act No.3661).  Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES) Project - The Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES) Project pursuance to DepEd Order No.73 s.2008 and DepEd Order No.51 s.2010. -The SSES Project aims to develop Filipino children equipped with scientific and technological knowledge, skills, and values. Its mission is to (1) provide a learning environment to Science inclined children through a special curriculum that recognizes the multiple intelligences of the learners, (2) promote the development of lifelong learners skills, and (3) foster the holistic development of the learners.  Quezon City Regional Science High School -The school was established on September 17, 1967. Originally named Quezon City Science High School. It was turned into a regional science high school for the National Capital Region in 1999. It was a product a dream product established as a special science school for talented students in Science and mathematics.  Manila Science High School - It was first established on October 1, 1963, as the Manila Science High School. It is the first science high school in the Philippines. MSHS aims to produce scientists with souls. To do this, humanities courses and electives are included in the curriculum. The school administers the entrance exam, the Manila Science Admission Test (MSAT), for students who wish to enroll. - The MSAT has five parts: aptitude in Science, aptitude test in mathematics, problem-solving test in Science, problem-solving test in mathematics, and proficiency in English.  Central Visayan Institute Foundation  - It is the home and pioneer of the prominent school-based innovation known as the Dynamic Learning Program (D.L.P.). The D.L.P. is the synthesis of classical and modern pedagogical theories adapted to foster the highest learning, creativity, and productivity. - The school takes pride in its Research Center for Theoretical Physics (RCTP), established in 1992. Indigenous Science and Technology in the Philippines  Indigenous Knowledge System - Indigenous knowledge is embedded in the daily life experiences of young children as they grow up. They live and grow in a society where the members of the community prominently practice indigenous knowledge. - Their parents and older folks served as their primary teachers, and their method of teaching is very effective in transmitting cultural knowledge. Some examples of indigenous knowledge that are taught and practiced by the indigenous people are: a. Predicting weather conditions and seasons using knowledge in observing animals’ behavior and celestial bodies b. Using herbal medicine c. Preserving food d. Classifying plants and animals into families and groups based on cultural properties e. Preserving and selecting good seeds for planting f. Using indigenous technology in daily lives g. Building a local irrigation system h. Classifying different types of soil for planting based on cultural properties i. Producing wines and juices from tropical fruits  j. Keeping the custom of growing plants and vegetables in the yard  Indigenous Science -is a part of the indigenous knowledge system practiced by different groups of people and early civilizations. -it includes arrays of knowledge, expertise, practices, and representations that guide human societies in their enumerable interaction with the natural milieu: Agriculture, medicine, naming and explaining natural phenomena, and strategies for coping with changing environments claimed that it is collectively lived in and experienced by the people of a given culture. - Indigenous beliefs develop scientific attitudes, such as: a. Motivating attitudes b. Cooperating attitudes c. Practical attitudes d. Reflective attitudes - Has developed diverse structures and contents through the interplay between society and the environment. - Provides the basics of astronomy, pharmacology, food technology, or metallurgy uses Science Process Skills guided by Community INDIGENOUS Culture and Values SCIENCE composed of Traditional knowledge Figure 6. The Concept of Indigenous Science Paliwen (2006) -Indigenous Science is a simple framework composed of traditional knowledge that uses science process skills and guided by community values and culture. 1. Indigenous Science uses science process skills such as observing, comparing, classifying, measuring, problem-solving, inferring, communicating, and predicting. 2. Indigenous Science is guided by the culture and community values such as: - The land is a source of life - The Earth is revered as “Mother Earth.” - All living and non- living things are interconnected and independent with each other. - Human beings are stewards or trustees. - Nature is a friend of human beings. 3. Indigenous Science is composed of traditional knowledge practiced and valued by people and communities such as ethnobiology, ethnomedicine, indigenous farming methods, and folk astronomy. Activity 1. SIGNIFICANT or NOT SIGNIFICANT Read the following statements. Write “SIGNIFICANT” if the statement is correct and “NOT SIGNIFICANT” if it is wrong. ______1. The early inhabitants of the archipelago had their own culture and traditions. ______2. During the Spanish, schools for boys and girls were established. ______3. Medicine and advanced Science were formally introduced in Colleges and universities headed by Protestant orders. ______4. Americans have more influence on the development of Science and Technology in the Philippines. ________5.ODA or Overseas Development Allocations from different countries helped the  country improve its scientific productivity and technological capability. ______6. The Philippine government introduced and implemented several programs, projects, and policies to boost the area of Science and technology. _____ 7. Philippine Science High School System (PSHSS) is a government program for gifted students in the Philippines. ______8. The NRCP clustered these policies into five. ________9.Indigenous Science is a simple framework composed of traditional knowledge that uses science process skills and guided by community values and culture. ______10. The Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES) Project pursuance to DepEd Order No.73 s.2008 and DepEd Order No.51 s.2010. A. Give the significant contributions of the following Filipino Scientist. 1. Ramon Cabanos Barba- 2. JosefinoCacasComiso 3. Jose Bejar Cruz. Jr.- 4. Lourdes Jansuy Dela Cruz- 5. Fabian Millar Dayrit- 6. Rafael Dineros Guerrero III- 7. Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr.-. 8. Lilian FormalejoPatena- 9. Mari-Jo Panganiban Ruiz- 10. Gregory LigotTangonan- II. Answer the following questions: 1. What can you say about the implementation of some science and technology policies and projects in the country? 2. What is the role of indigenous Science in the development of Science and technology? References Concepcion, G.P. (Editor). (, 2012). Science Philippines: Essays on Science by Filipinos Volumes 1-3.Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. Concepcion, G.P., Padlan, E.A. &Saloma, C.A (Editors). (, 2008).Selected Essays on Science and Technology for Securing a Better Philippines. Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. Lee-Chua, Q. (2000).10 Outstanding Filipino Scientists.Quezon City: Anvil Publishing. Padilla-Concepcion, G. (2015).Science Philippines: Essays on Science by Filipinos Volume III.Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. Philippine- American Association for Science and Engineering. (, 2008). "Science and Technology in Economic Development." In Selected Essays on Science and Technology for Securing a Better Philippines.1.6-9. Central Visayas Institute of technology.(2013)”Science Curriculum for K-12.” Accessed January 26,2017.http://cvifawardspace.com/Department of Education Department of Education. (, 2002). The 2002 Basic Education Curriculum. Department of education Order 57 s. 2011. “Policy Guidelines in the Implementation of the Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES) Project.” Lind, K.A. (1997).” Science in the Developmentally Appropriate Integrated Curriculum.” In C.H. Hart, D.C. Burts, and R. Charlesworth, (Eds.), Integrated Curriculum and Developmentally Appropriate Practice: Birth to Age Eight. (pp. 75-101). New York: State University of New York Press. Mkapa, B. (2004). “Indigenous knowledge -- A Local Pathway to Global Development.” In Indigenous knowledge, Local Pathways to Global Development: Making Five years of the World Bank Indigenous Knowledge Development Program. (pp.1, —3). Washington, D.C.; The World Bank. Pawilen, G.T.& Sumida, M. (2005).”Using Indigenous Knowledge as a Foundation for Developing a Science-Based Curriculum for Community Kindergarten Schools in Northern Philippines.”Published in the International Journal of Early Childhood Education.11,2. 31-50 Sibisi, S. (2004). "Indigenous Knowledge and Science Technology: Conflict, Contradiction, or Concurrence?" In Indigenous knowledge, Local Pathways to Global Development: Making Five years of the World Bank Indigenous Knowledge Development Program. (pp.1, —3). Washington, D.C.; The World Bank. Course Code and Title: GE 106 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, and SOCIETY Week 7 Topic: THE HUMAN FLOURISHING IN TERMS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Introduction: Flourishing is the highest good of human attempt to achieve his/ her goal. Every individual may become what he ought to become. He/she tries to apply different steps and undertaking to achieve a good life. Learning Objectives: 1. Differentiate between western and eastern philosophy about human flourishing. 2. Enumerate the steps of the scientific method in solving problems. 3. Identify the importance of diversity and collaboration in the scientific community towards human flourishing. Pre- Assessment Directions: Fill in the missing information. Math Column A with Column B. Column A Column B A. Thomas Huxley ___1. It is a series of steps used to solve problems. B. Aristotle ___2. It means being a good-spirited. C. Scientific Method ___3. It is a tentative explanation of a problem. D. Hypothesis ___4. The good is what is good for the purposeful and goal-directed entities. E. Eudaimonia ___5. The man of science has learned to believe in justification, not by faith, but by verification. Content: What is “Eudaimonia”? “ Eudaimonia" means good-spirited is a term that is connected to Aristotle, a Greek philosopher. He tried to explain how the peak of human happiness can be attained. Flourishing is attained, but the question is, how? Aristotle's human flourishing arises when a person acquires different factors such as phronesis, friendship, wealth, and power. In this  effect achieving these qualities will cause a person to join in the greater notion of what we call the Good. Aristotle’s view of the Good 1. The good is what is good for the purposeful and goal-directed entities. The good of each species is finality existing to that species. A fundamental fact about human nature is individual human beings, each with rational minds and free will. All individuals' highest and most general aim is to live happily, successfully, and well. 2. One’s own life is the only life a person must live. Egoism is an integral part of Aristotle's ethics. The "good" is what is objectively good for a person. A person's eudaimonia is the pursuit of his good or flourishing. 3. Egoism, rationality, and the value of life are the key ideas to achieve happiness and wellbeing. According to Aristotle, each person has a natural obligation to achieve, become, and make something of himself/herself by pursuing his/her true end goals in life. EASTERN VS. WESTERN IDEAS REGARDING SOCIETY AND FLOURISHING Western society is more focused on individuals, while those from the East society are more community-centric. Individual flourishing as an end then is primarily more of the concern of western civilization. Eastern civilization considers the community over individualism. The highest regard is being put forth and that an individual should carry out a sacrifice for the greater good of society. TECHNOLOGY AS A WAY OF REVEALING Do you have questions that even science cannot answer? Have we ever wondered about something in which we turn into searching? According to Thomas Huxley, "The man of science has learned to believe in justification, not by faith, but by verification." Science is a way to explore the world around us and even beyond the universe. The longer the people are exploring science, the more people become dissatisfied because science cannot answer all its queries. In this regard, human flourishing is always linked to goal setting relevant to science and technology. The goals of science and technology and human flourishing are on the same ground, seeking the good and the truth. Science and technology have changed the world in terms of living, thinking, and working. Technoscientific discoveries and inventions have greatly affected well- being of individuals, nations, and the Earth. STEPS OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD Science is a systematized body of knowledge based on facts. It is an organized way of solving problems and finding answers to our questions. The scientific method is a series of steps or procedures necessary to carry- out to answer questions in a wide variety of disciplines. There are basic methods of gaining knowledge that is common to all of science. At the heart of science is the scientific investigation, which is done by following the scientific method. A scientific investigation is a plan for asking questions and testing possible answers. https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book %3A_Introductory_Biology_(CK- 12)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Biology/1.01%3A_Scientific_Investigation Figure 1 WHY ARE DIVERSITY AND COLLABORATION IN THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY IMPORTANT TOWARDS HUMAN FLOURISHING 1. Collaboration and diversity balance possible biases. Scientists should not be impartial but objective in their assessments of scientific issues because scientists may benefit from other beliefs, cultural backgrounds, and values. Check and balance is kept when a diverse scientific community is involved in the scientific world. 2. Diversity and collaboration stimulate problem-solving A thinking community is better than a one-person show. A diverse community can generate new research methods, explanations, and ideas, which can help science over challenging circumstances that will lead to a better society. 3. Diversity and collaboration facilitate specialization. Individual differences result in different questions, different approaches, and different ways to test the hypothesis. Each scientist has their way of solving problems using different methods, strategies, and approaches. 4. Diversity and collaboration are inspiration and motivation. Interactions in society encourage innovation and development of ideas about proofs, new applications, new inventions, and alternate explanations to technology. Competition among scientists can be a motivation for him/her to perform more. Being recognized by other scientists is also bringing a thrilling effect to a scientist. 5. Diversity and collaboration divide labor The intersection of different fields in doing research is conducting between and among scientists. This leads to a division of labor because science is too wide to be handled by an individual on his/her own. 6. Collaboration and diversity balance possible biases. Scientists should not be impartial but objective in their assessments of scientific issues because scientists may benefit from other beliefs, cultural backgrounds, and values. Check and balance is kept when a diverse scientific community is involved in the scientific world. 7. Diversity and collaboration stimulate problem-solving A thinking community is better than a one-person show. A diverse community is better able to generate new research methods, explanations, and ideas, which can help science over challenging circumstances that will lead to a better society. 8. Diversity and collaboration facilitate specialization. Individual differences result in different questions, different approaches, and different ways to test the hypothesis. Each scientist has their way of solving problems using different methods, strategies, and approaches. 9. Diversity and collaboration are inspiration and motivation. Interactions in society encourage innovation and development of ideas about proofs, new applications, new inventions, and alternate explanations to technology. Competition among scientists can be a motivation for him/her to perform more. Being recognized by other scientists is also bringing a thrilling effect to a scientist. 10. Diversity and collaboration divide labor The intersection of different fields in doing research is conducting between and among scientists. This leads to a division of labor because science is too wide to be handled by an individual on his/her own. Activities/Exercises Activity 1 Do the following to ensure mastery of the big ideas presented in this module. 1. Meaning of human flourishing. Cite some instances by which human flourishing are observed. ______________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ 2. Differentiate between Eastern and Western Philosophy in terms of human flourishing. Which of the two philosophies would you consider better? Explain your answers. _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ 3. Using the concept of scientific method. Think of a problem that you commonly encounter then try to assume series of steps that you are to undertake to solve the problem. Note: Follow the steps of the scientific method. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ REFERENCES Prieto, Nelia G., Vega, Violeta A., Felipe, Elizabeth F., Menesis, Julius L., (2019) “ Science, Technology and Sociey, Lorimar Publishing, Cubao, Quezon City Philippines Figure 1. Retrieved August 20, 2018 https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A _Introductory_Biology_(CK12)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Biology/1.01%3A_Scientific_I nvestigation Prieto, Nelia G., Vega, Violeta A., Felipe, Elizabeth F., Menesis, Julius L., (2019) “ Science, Technology and Sociey, Lorimar Publishing, Cubao, Quezon City Philippines Course Code and Title: GE 106 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, and SOCIETY Week 8 Topic: THE GOOD LIFE Learning Objectives At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: 1. Examine what is meant by good life; 2. Discover the different schools of thought, which aim for a good and happy life; and 3. Recognize the role of technology in achieving a good life. Pre- Assessment I. FACT OR BLUFF DIRECTIONS: Write the word FACT if the statement describes a true statement about the good life, and write the word BLUFF if it describes a false statement. (1 point each) _____1. The Greeks had a saying, "Call a man happy, and he's dead." _____2. According to Plato, “It is much better to suffer wrong than to do it.” _____3. Catholics believe that good deeds and intentions will be rewarded, and wrongdoings and desires will be punished, either in this life or in the future. _____4. Pleasure is what makes life worth living is known as hedonism. _____5. Aristotle’s idea of what it means to live well is objectivist rather than subjectivist. II. MATCHING TYPE DIRECTIONS: Match Column A to Column B. Write the letter of your choice on in the space provided before the number.. (1 point each) COLUMN A COLUMN B ____1. The world needs to be explored and to be discovered. A. Hedonism ____2. Judgment should be based on acts on behavior rather than words. B. Humanism ____3. The end goal of life is a pleasure. C. Materialism ____4. Comfort, pleasure, and wealth are the highest goals. D. Stoicism ____5. Communion with God is the ultimate basis of happiness E. Theism Introduction According to Aristotle, “Happiness depends on ourselves." It was not just Aristotle who tried to unlock the old philosophical question, “What is the good life?”, “How should one live well?” How does it take to be considered having a good life? Is it about morals? It is said that a person with good virtues has a good life. The morally good person enjoys inner harmony while a crooked no matter how rich they are, they experience trouble and dissatisfaction. Another thing that may be considered a good life is having the pleasures of life. Buying valuable things for us could bring joy and fun. Fulfilling is another way of experiencing happiness. When one achieved something, then he may celebrate. But it does not end there because humans never become contented. The Greeks had a saying, "Call a man happy until he's dead." For sometimes, a man seems to have a fine life, but upon checking and scrutinizing his virtues, prosperity, friendship, respect, etc., you may find it does not look like what it may seem. Sometimes the happiness and good life we show are superficial. We will understand more about achieving a good life as we study the concepts of this module. Content What is meant by a good life? In an article published in 2018, Emrys Westacott explained how we could define a “good life." These are the Moral Life, Life of Pleasure, and Fulfilled Life. The “good life” or “living well” can be understood in at least three ways: 1. The Moral Life When we refer to the term "good," we mean to express moral approval. A good person possesses traits like courage, honesty, trustworthiness, generosity, selflessness, loyalty, principles, etc. It  is someone who is devoted to helping others and many others that will bring welfare to many. Socrates and Plato both gave absolute priority to being a virtuous person over all other supposedly good things like pleasure, wealth, or power. In one of Plato’s encounter, he argued that " It is much better to suffer wrong than to do it; that a good man who has his eyes gouged out is tortured to death is more fortunate than a corrupt person who has used wealth and power dishonorably. Many religions also conceive the good life in moral terms as a life lived in terms of God's commandments. Christian martyrs are singing to death, confident that they have a place in heaven. As for Hindus, good deeds and intentions will be rewarded, and wrongdoings and desires will be punished, either in this life or in the future—Law of Karma. 2. The Life of Pleasure Epicurus, an Ancient Greek philosopher, was of the first to declare bluntly that what makes life worth living is that we can experience a pleasure. Pleasure is what makes life worth living is known as hedonism. A hedonist in its negative connotation means that the person devoted himself/ herself to “lower” pleasures such as sex, food, drink, and sensual indulgence. Epicurus loved all kinds of pleasures, but he did not advocate us to lose ourselves in sensual debauchery for various reasons:  Doing so will more likely reduce pleasures in the long run since overindulgence will lead to health problems.  The so-called “higher" pleasures such as friendship and study are at least as important as "pleasures of the flesh."   The good life is too virtuous.  The hedonistic concept of the good life is dominant in the Western culture to be "living the good life" with enjoyment in recreational activities.  Hedonistic conception emphasizes subjective experiences. 3. The Fulfilled Life Aristotle views the good life more comprehensively. According to him, “We all want to be happy." Aristotle's idea of what it means to live well is objectivist rather than subjectivist. It isn't just a matter of how a person feels inside, but it is also important that certain objective conditions be satisfied. BIRTH OF SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT FOR GOOD LIFE 1. MATERIALISM Leucippus and his disciple Democritus believed in materialism. Comfort, pleasure, and wealth are the only highest goals. The atomist philosophers thought the universe and matter are made up of indivisible particles called "atomos." 2. HEDONISM Epicurus continued the theory of materialism, which does not buy any notion of an afterlife. The end goal of life is to achieve pleasure. 3. STOICISM Zeno of Citium Athens founded this school of thought. It asserts that virtue is happiness, and judgment should be based acts on behavior rather than words. People do not have any control and do not need to rely on external events. This philosophy can help a person to overcome destructive emotions and acts on what can be acted upon. 4. THEISM Communion with God is the ultimate basis of happiness. It is a belief that one or more gods exist within the universe and that gods are often  omniscient (all-knowing), omnipotent (all-powerful), and omnipresent (all-pervasive). This belief incorporates Monotheism (belief in one God) and Polytheism (belief in many gods). Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism are all Abrahamic faiths that are all theistic. 5. HUMANISM Human beings have the right and responsibility to give meaning and to mold their own lives. It is not theistic and does not accept supernatural views of reality. Humanists see themselves not just as stewards of creations but as well as individuals with control of themselves and the world around them. Scientists in this philosophy believe that the world is a laboratory to discover and to explore. Technology is used to ease the difficulty of life, that is, to live comfortably. THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN ACHIEVING GOOD LIFE According to Vergragt (2006), “Technology could contribute to a sustainable world, technology will support and enhance a “good life" for all citizens without compromising the earth's ecosystem or the prospects of later generations." He further noted that technological innovations could threaten good life depending on how people influence decisions and institutions. The technology was used in many forms like tampering with time and space, improved communications, using biochemicals, altering the components of life, and many others. It is how we decide on what kind of technology to use or not to use, and the balance between the good life, ethics, and technology must achieve. Assessment/ Activities Activity 1 Do the following to ensure mastery of the big ideas presented in this module.  A. Watch the documentary film entitled “That Sugar Film” (2015) B. Read “The Concepts of the Public Good: A View from the Filipino Philosopher by Rolando Gripaldo TASK: Write a reflection paper on how the two topics relate to the lesson about “The Good Life” support your stand. References Prieto, Nelia G., Vega, Violeta A., Felipe, Elizabeth F., Menesis, Julius L., (2019) “ Science, Technology and Sociey, Lorimar Publishing, Cubao, Quezon City Philippines Figure 1. Retrieved August 20, 2018 https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A _Introductory_Biology_(CK12)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Biology/1.01%3A_Scientific_I nvestigation Prieto, Nelia G., Vega, Violeta A., Felipe, Elizabeth F., Menesis, Julius L., (2019) “ Science, Technology and Sociey, Lorimar Publishing, Cubao, Quezon City Philippines