GEC08 Science, Technology & Society Reviewer PDF

GEC08 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY REVIEWER 1ST SEMESTER│ SY: 2023 – 2024 BSCPE 1B INTRODUCTION: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY  Observation STS  Scientific method  Interaction between science...

GEC08 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY REVIEWER 1ST SEMESTER│ SY: 2023 – 2024 BSCPE 1B INTRODUCTION: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY  Observation STS  Scientific method  Interaction between science and technology and  Reasoning social, cultural, political, and economic contexts  Engaging students in examining a variety of real- MEANING OF TECHNOLOGY world issues and grounding scientific knowledge Technology as a PROCESS in such realities.  It is the application of science.  Global warming  The intelligent organization and manipulation of - The gradual heating of Earth’s materials for useful purposes. surface, oceans and atmosphere  The means employed to provide for human caused by human activity needs and wants. - Started in the industrial revolution  Focused on inventing new or better tools and when the annual temperature materials or new and better ways of doing things. increases by 1 degree Celsius.  A way of using findings of science to produce new  Water pollution things for a better way of living.  Animal testing  Search for concrete solutions that work and give - Used in cosmetics manufacturing wanted results.  Deforestation practices  Product innovation - Purposeful clearing of forested land  Process innovation  Covid-19 pandemic Technology as a PRODUCT  Enabling the students to formulate a critical  The complex combination of knowledge, understanding of the interface between science, materials, and methods, technology, and society.  Material products of human making or  Developing the students’ capacities and fabrication. confidence to make informed decisions and to take responsible action to address issues arising PURPOSE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY from the impact of science, in their daily lives.  To provide solution to our practical problems  To combat irrationality MEANING OF SCIENCE  To maintain the availability of natural resources Science as a PROCESS  Concerned with discovering relationships LIMITATIONS OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (boundary) between observable phenomena in terms of EPISTEMOLOGICAL CONCERNS theories.  It cannot help us with questions about God, the  It is determined by observation, hypothesis, ultimate good, and truth. measurement, analysis, and experimentation.  It cannot deny nor confirm the existence of God,  It is the description and explanation of the soul, heaven and other uncertainties. development of knowledge METAPHYSICAL CONCERNS  Conceptualization of new ideas, from the  Immaterial and transcendental nature beyond abstract to the particular the grasp of scientific inquiry  Kind of human cultural activity  The natural resources are limited  Laws  Not all its principles are applicable to different  Theories world phenomena  Principles  Needs human invention to carry out its functions  Concepts properly  Facts  It can predict forces of nature but cannot prevent Science as a PRODUCT the prevalence/occurrence.  Systematized, organized body of knowledge  Cannot guarantee an ultimate solution to any based on facts of truths specific problem  Set of logical and empirical methods which provide for the systematic observation of TECHNOLOGY AND THE QUALITY OF LIFE empirical phenomena Monitoring and Forecasting the Weather  Source of cognitive authority - Helps in saving lives  Concerned with verifiable concepts - Minimize property damage  A product of the mind - Helps farmer to plan for the planting and harvesting of their crops  Experiments Traffic Management System - Arche is APEIRON - Enable the movement of more people and goods - APEIRON in less time  boundless or unlimited Disadvantages of Technology  undefined and moving - Man has misused the technology and used in destructive purposes ANAXIMENES - Creating bad effect to children - Arche is AIR - Can create many harmful diseases - Air must be the original source of life and all - Natural beauty is decreasing physical things - Explained how air is part of a series of changes SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY: ANCIENT TIMES - Air would become thinner PRE-SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHERS - Most rarefied alteration of air would be fire - Exist before Socrates - Air was constantly in motion  RAREFACTION THALES o Moving far away to each other - First Greek Philosopher - Father of western philosophy  CONDENSATION - One of the SEVEN SAGES OF GREECE o Moving closer to each other - Arche (origin) is WATER - Earth rest on water - Earth’s shape is FLAT - Earthquakes occur when the water becomes turbulent. - Predicted the solar eclipse before it happened (May 28, 585 B.C.) - Rules in finding arche It has to explain  Existence  Change  Motion  Life ANAXIMANDER - Student of Thales - AIR mixture of different gasses - Astronomer - WIND condensed air - Geographer - AIR is an infinite material - Early biologist - AIR can produce the opposites in itself - First cartographer - The sun and stars, he held, were formed by the - Rejected Thales claim that the arche is water same processes of condensation and rarefaction, - Claimed that the origin of everything in the and the flaming nature of these bodies is merely universe is a mixture of two pairs of opposites- due to the velocity of their motions. APEIRON - Earth is a BROAD FLAT DISK FLOATING ON A - Earth was flat and it was made up of a CYLINDER CUSHION OF AIR where the diameter is three times the height of - Thunder and lightning result from wind breaking the cylinder out of clouds. - Sun, moon and stars were not objects but - Rainbows are the result of the rays of sun falling HOLLOW RINGS FILLED WITH FIRE, which is on clouds. covered with thick and dark clouds. - Earthquakes are caused by the cracking of earth when it dries out after being moistened by rain. - He gives an essentially correct account of hail as frozen rainwater. HERACLITUS - Son of Herakon - “Weeping Philosopher” or “Mournful Thinker” - Everything is in flux - Everything is constantly changing - UNITY OF OPPOSITES  Opposite things are transformationally equivalent  Something may change to its opposite and vice versa  Opposites are interchangeable   Opposites exist in harmony with one - Four roots of all things another  Fire - FLUX DOCTRINE can stimulate nihilistic despair  Air  Anything we value and all our  Earth spectacular achievements will ultimately  Water decay into dust - Eternal - CHANGE is the only constant in the world - Immutable (can’t change) - “One cannot step twice into the same river.” - Indestructible (indestructible, cannot be - The World is in LIVING FIRE generated)  Symbolic description of the world  The mingling of the roots  FIRE serves as an appropriate symbol for  Do not change quantitatively the ceaseless change and qualitatively  A man’s soul is fire  Mingle with each other o When a person exercises his  Produce many of things that reasons, his soul becomes pure exist in the cosmos fire hot and dry - TWO FORCES OF THE COSMOS o Dry soul is the wisest and best  LOVE o Wet soul is the worst o Force of attraction - War is the father of all o Exists when the roots mingle - Everything that comes into existence does the harmoniously destruction of something else  STRIFE - Fire lives the death of air, and the air of fire o Also mean hatred - Water lives the death of earth, earth that of o Force of repulsion water o Roots are repelled and seek their - “For soul’s (identified as fire) death is the birth of own kind water, for water’s death is the birth of Earth, o A force of repulsion and from Earth water is born, from water is soul” separation - The forces of Love and Strife make the universe PARMENIDES make so dynamic. - Change is impossible - COSMIC CYCLE - Everything that exists is permanent, The power of Love and Strife are engaged in an ungenerated, indestructible, and unchanging. eternal battle  Complete and perfect  STAGE 1: THE RULE OF LOVE  Cannot be regenerated o The roots mingled harmoniously  Whatever is, is o The cosmos is in its most divine Whatever is, must be state What is not, is not o Nothing happens and no things What is not, cannot exist exists  STAGE 2: THE ADVANCE OF STRIFE ANAXAGORAS o The roots began to separate - Everything is in everything under the influence of strife - Explained the scientific reasons behind natural o Causes of creations of different phenomena such as eclipses, rainbows, and things meteors. o The repulsive effects of strife - Moon reflects the sun’s light tend the roots to seek their own - Sun was a mass of red-hot metal kind a. There is no becoming and no passing away.  STAGE 3: THE RULE OF STRIFE  Fundamental substances have always o The roots are completely existed or always present separated b. Everything is in everything. o Nothing is created  Fundamental substances are inseparable  STAGE 4: THE ADVANCE OF LOVE  Fundamental substances differ in each o The things are in the cosmos we object or being live are connected when the c. The principle of predominance power of love advances  Thing’s appearance is determined by o The world like ours is created in whatever fundamental substance(s) either stage 2 or 4 dominate that thing’s makeup EMPEDOCLES - World is composed of the four primary elements, Earth, Water, Wind, Fire  THE BIG THREE OF GREEK PHILOSOPHY:  Form is UNCHANGING, concept not SOCRATES, PLATO, AND ARISTOTLE physical object, everlasting. - They use reason to search for the truth about  Forms are archetypes and characteristics important things like human life, God, and nature (roundness, beauty, justice, goodness) - Virtue is very important  PHYSICAL REALM - Without a virtue a person can never be o Subjective completely happy and fulfilled o The world which we live - Very curious about people and about the world o Changing and imperfect around them o Material world, perceived through the senses, that is SOCRATES imitation of the forms - Focuses on moral education, on how one ought o Everything is a copy or attempt to live to represent a form - Uses questions to examine the values, principles,  SPIRITUAL REALM and beliefs of students o Abstract - Can develop one’s critical and logical thinking o Invulnerable to the pains ang skills changes of the material world - SOCRATIC METHOD (reasoning method) o Perfect and unchanging  Performed by asking question after o The inspiration for the Christians question with the purpose of seeking to concept of heaven expose contradiction in one’s thoughts, guiding him/her to arrive at a solid, ARISTOTLE defensible conclusion. - Believed that the two fundamental kinds of  Humans learn through the use of motion are natural motion and violent motion reasoning ang logic - NATURAL MOTION - Accused of corrupting the youth of Athens and  Apparent movement of celestial objects of impiety, or heresy.  Not caused by force - Chose to defend himself in court, rather than  Objects seek their natural resting place present himself as wrongly accused  Typically, either straight up or straight - Declared he fulfilled an important role as a down gadfly, one who provides an important service to - VIOLENT MOTION his community by continually questioning and  Lifting an object challenging the existing state of affairs and its  Motion imposed on an object protectors  Always had an external cause - Suggested he be honored by the city for his  Result from the action of push or pull contribution to their enlightenment and be paid - Student of Plato for his services - Joined Plato’s Academy in Athens at the age of - Sentenced him to death by drinking a mixture of 17 until the age of 37 poison hemlock - Teacher of Alexander the Great - friends offered to bribe the guard so he could flee - Founded his own school, THE LYCEUM into exile - Claim that happiness is dependent on virtue - declined, stating he wasn’t afraid of death - Describes virtue as a disposition - loyal citizen of Athens, willing to abide by its laws - Defines virtue as the average, or “mean” - drank the hemlock mixture without hesitation between excess and deficiency - described his death as a release of the soul from - The idea of virtue is “all things in moderation” the body - Theorized the following about motion based on his observation PLATO  Heavy objects fall faster than lighter - Founded the first university in the western ones civilization called THE ACADEMY in Athens  Objects in the heavens move in circular  First Western University motion, without any external force - Famous in his THEORY OF FORMS compelling them to do so - Student of Socrates  Objects on Earth move in straight lines, - Teacher of Aristotle unless forced to move in a circular - 3 brothers and 1 sister motion - Emphasized the importance of science and mathematics ANCIENT GREEKS’ TECHNOLOGY - Offering formal instruction in mathematical, ASTROLABE philosophical, and political studies - Significant ancients Greece inventions - THEORY OF FORMS (IDEAS) - Instrument used to make astronomical  Physical world is not really the ‘real’ measurements like altitudes of celestial bodies world - Provided information about the location of the  Ultimate reality exists beyond our sun, planets and some of the stars physical world  - Used in the past by astronomers, astrologers, - Making it easier for economies to grow and for and navigators, mainly for companies to do business  Locating and predicting the positions of the sun, moon, planets, and stars  Determining local time given local SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY: MIDDLE AGES altitude and vice versa MIDDLE AGES  For triangulation and surveying - 5th – 15th centuries - Analog computer, that measures the altitude of - Also called as DARK AGES due to loss of stars and planets above the horizon, capable of technology of the Romans and Europe was working out several different kinds of problems dominated by superstitions in spherical astronomy - Began after the fall of Western Roman Empire OVERHEAD CRANE  476 AD (5th century) - Invented by the ancient Greeks  Ended on 1492 AD (15th century) - Designed to lift heavy objects off the ground  Lasted for about 1000 years CATAPULT  The influx of a barbaric horde - Invented by Dionysius the elder of Syracuse for  Took advantage of difficulties forcefully propelling stones, spheres or other existing in Rome projectiles o Government corruption - Use mainly as military weapon since ancient o Political instability times o Military overspending - Large bows made of wood, horn, and animal o Economic problems sinew EARLY MIDDLE AGES - 328 feet (100 meters) - “Fall of Rome” or “The Fall of Roman Empire” - Could beat any ancient armor the opponent was - Late Antiquity wearing - Occurred on the 5th to the 10th century - Not strong enough to breach fortifications - Begun during late classical antiquity WATER MILL  Population decline - Used for grinding grain, rolling and hammering  Decline of trade ANALOG COMPUTER  Increased in immigration - ANTIKYTHERA MECHANISM - Labeled as DARK AGES - Determining and forecasting important  Was not a time of ignorance and astronomical and calendar events, and even backwardness eclipses  Lack of advancement in science and - Used to predict the position of the planets and culture stars in the sky depending on the calendar  Characterized by feudalism, introduction month of plow in farming and the Black Death - Move many separate smaller gears to represent - Also known as “AGE OF FAITH” the motions of the planets, sun and moon  The rise of Christianity and Islam in CARTOGRAPHY Western Europe - Study and practice of making maps  Christianity flourished in Europe - Ancient Greeks created the earliest paper maps  Catholic church was the only centralized - Used for navigation, and to depict certain areas institution to survive of the Earth  The church consisted mainly of monasteries IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY IN THE GREEK’S SOCIETY  The Papacy evolved into a powerful - Advances in the history of technology stimulated political entity societies to adapt new ways of living and  Scholars concentrated on the Christian Faith governance  Recruited from the clergy - Ancient Greece influenced some of our modern-  Were not inclined to investigate scientific day technology, and formed many amazing ideas matter which were ahead of their time  Had no time for occupations like science - Made massive naval and travel ships and created  Had no access to the vast amount of main ingenious weapons and employed several scientific literature written in Greek ingenuitive war tactics  Greek was a lost language - Able to keep track the movement of the sum,  Latin prevailed in Western moon, planets and stars Christianity - Positively affected human life from antiquity until  Only vary few books written in or now translated in to Latin - Making it easier for different task to be  Plato’s works were translated to completed Latin - Made it easier to farm, more feasible to build cities, more convenient to travel - Effectively linking together all countries on Earth, helping to create globalization CHARLEMAGNE ALCUIN of YORK (732-804) - Was given the appellation “Charles the Great” - A monk, poet, and educator in England - In Latin, Charlemagne - Charlemagne met him in Italy on 778 and invited - Because of political, cultural and religious reform him to Aachean where became the head of the he implemented during his reign Palentine School.  King of Franks from 768 to 814 o Aachean is a place where Irish, English  King of the Lambards in 774 to 814 and Italian scholars are gathered  Crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope Leo III in the year 800  First Holy Roman Emperor ST. THOMAS AQUINAS  He founded the Holy Roman Empire - In 13th century, Christian Philosophers establish a  Worked hard to unite the church and university called Scholastic School and he one of state the founders of this school. o Engaged in warfare in order to - He argued that knowledge can be both obtained accomplish his goals through both religious faith and natural reason  Concerned in education and the - Believer (religion) – ultimately deciding what to preservation of culture believe what is true and on the basis of faith and o Decreed the establishments of by the revelation of God. schools in monasteries - Philosophers – start to ask questions based from o Obligated the children of nobles to what he observe and generating reasons and attend school stared to explain o Created school in the palace for his - children ARCHITECTURE o Helped set the feudal system deeply - CHURCH in place  Generally, are basilican type o Dominant social structure from 9th –  Rectangular buildings with a central 15th century NAVE flanked by two or more o People worked and fought for longitudinal aisle nobles who gave them protection  The APSE is a semi-circular area with a and the use of land in return vaulted ceiling often topped by a dome o There were more in lower class than  The CLERESTORY is a wall with windows in the upper class. exposed above the roof of the side aisle o Nobility held lands from the king in  A GABLE ROOF is a type of roof design exchange for military services where two sides slope downward o VASSALS were the tenants of the toward the wall nobles o PEASANTS (villeins of serfs) TECHNOLOGY IN EARLY MIDDLE AGES  Obligated to live on their Lord’s - Number of inventions were made in Europe land and give him homage labor - Reached the continent from china and products share in exchange - STIRRUPS for military services  Help warriors to maintain their balance  He gathered finest scholars from while fighting other places and later it was - HEAVY PLOUGH called as “scholasticism.”  Commonly known as “ard/scratch-  Instigated the cultural revival known as plough” the CAROLINGIAN RENAISSANCE  Drawn by working animals like oxen and o Late 8th and 9th centuries horses o Cultural and intellectual revival  It helps to loosen the soil or surface for o Centered on the recovery of preparation in planting classical Latin texts and learning,  Invented in 6th century strictly Christian setting  Plowed the heavy, clay soil of northern o Carried out by and for the clergy Europe much more efficiently  Literature  Led to higher yields in agricultural crops  Writing - 3-FIELD SYSTEM  Arts  One field was sown in spring (barley or  Architecture oats)  Jurisprudence  One in Autumn (wheat or rye)  Liturgy reforms  One was left fallow to restore fertility  Scriptural studies and used to feed livestock  HIGH MIDDLE AGES  Began in 1096 and ended in 1291 (195 - “Medieval Period” years) - Birth of new ideas, thinkers, philosophers,  Represented by northern and southern writers and artist France, Flanders, Germany and Southern  Going to the Renaissance Period Italy  Most powerful institution:  To stop the expansion of Muslim states  Monarch  To reclaim for Christianity, the Holy  Church Land in the Middle East  The revival of commerce  To recapture territories that had  Led to higher standards of living formerly been Christian  Vastly increased population  To be free from their sins  Increased in agricultural crop production  First crusade  Trading between cities was rekindled  Aug 15, 1906 to Aug 12, 1099  Helped rejuvenate Europe’s  Crusaders victory cities  Final crusade  Create a new class of merchants  Muslim’s victory and craftsmen  Crusaders’ territory near the  Rapid growth in public and private building East fell to Muslims’ armies  TYPE OF ARCHITECTURE  Impact of crusades in the society  CASTLES  Increased the power of the king o Fortified homes for kings and nobility  Spread of scientific and o Built to defend from the attack of philosophical knowledge enemies  Trading was improved o Built to prepare for launching an attack  The feudal system began to lose o Often built at the top of hills its hold on society  CHURCHES  ROMANESQUE TYPE LATE MIDDLE AGES  Church architecture in the 11th  European prosperity and growth came to a halt and 12th centuries  Cataclysmic events in the 14th century  Featured large rounded stone  The Black Death roof  Treated by bloodletting and boil-lancing  GOTHIC TYPE  Superstitious practices  Church architecture in the 13th  Healthy people did all they could to avoid the  Flying buttress sick  Vaulted roofs soaring skyward  Doctors refused to see patients to the heavens  Priest refused to administer last rites  Stained glass window  Shopkeepers closed their stores  Labor shortage TECHNOLOGY IN HIGH MIDDLE AGES  Shortage in agricultural product  HOURGLASS  Ended feudalism  Used to measure the speed of ships  Lasted from 1337 to 1453 (116 years)  Used as timer in early factories  Battle between the kings and kingdoms of  EYEGLASSES OR SPECTACLES France and England  Held by hand in place  Hundred Years War  THE CRUSADES  Farmlands were laid waste  Holy war against the “infidels” or  Greater expenditures in army damaged unbelievers” and disrupted  Series of religious wars between  Increased taxes Christians and Muslims  Populations fled or were massacred.  Organizes by western European Christians