Science & Technology in Ancient Civilizations PDF

Science & Technology in Ancient Civilizations STS 0002 Science, Technology, and Society Weeks 1 - 2 Mr. Mark Lester M. Cabaluna Lecturer I Department of Physical Science, College of Science Overview ⚫ This chapter tackles the historical antecedents of...

Science & Technology in Ancient Civilizations STS 0002 Science, Technology, and Society Weeks 1 - 2 Mr. Mark Lester M. Cabaluna Lecturer I Department of Physical Science, College of Science Overview ⚫ This chapter tackles the historical antecedents of science and technology of early civilizations, ancient Mesopotamian (Sumerian and Babylonian), Egyptian, Greek, Roman and Chinese civilizations. Specific Objectives At the end of this chapter, you should be able to ⚫ Identify the relationship between science and technology ⚫ Determine the impact of science and technology in the society ⚫ Know the historical antecedents of science and technology ⚫ Cite the discoveries and inventions transpired during ancient times. Ancient Civilizations 1. Early Civilization 2. Sumerian Civilization 3. Babylonian Civilization 4. Egyptian Civilization 5. Greek Civilization 6. Roman Civilization 7. Chinese Civilization Things to Ponder 1. What is Science? Technology? Society? 2. How does the three of these terms interrelated? 3. Describe your future profession. What would be the role of your field in the society? 4. What would be the role of science and technology on your field, and vice versa? Science ⚫ cumulative inquiry into nature using the scientific method or system of verifiable concepts, methods, principles, theories and laws which seek to understand, describe, explain, and predict nature and its phenomena Technology ⚫ is the application of science  SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY Meaning Science is a methodical way of Technology alludes to the practical gaining knowledge on a particular application of the scientific knowledge subject, through observation and for various purposes. experiments. What is it? It is the process of exploring It is the use of laws of science to new knowledge. create new products. Effect It is useful It can be useful or harmful. Change May or may not be changed Changes continuously Stresses on Discovery Invention Deals with Study of structure and behavior Putting those premises into practice. of natural and physical world, to create premises. Method of Analysis, deduction and theory Analysis and synthesis of design. evaluation development Use Used to make predictions Simplify the work and fulfill the needs of people. Early Civilization  Early Civilization Nomads Basic Needs ⚫ Food ⚫ Shelter ⚫ Clothing Source:Alamy stock photo  Early Civilization Nomads ⚫ people who stay on the move looking for food ⚫ without a permanent home Source:Agefotostock.com  Early Civilization Nomads ⚫ lived in area of bountiful resources of foods ⚫ small tribes of hunter-gatherers Source:Alamy stock photo Early Civilization Nomads ⚫ used stone tools for survival ⚫ hunting fish and wild animals ⚫ preparing foods ⚫ making shelter ⚫ protect territory from invasion  Ancient Tools Source: https://sites.google.com/site/1ancientcivilizationsforkids Ancient Mesopotamia ⚫ The foundation of human civilization began in Mesopotamia. meso - middle potam - river Source: Pinterest Source: Pinterest Ancient Mesopotamia Sumerians Babylonians Sumerian Civilization Sumerian Civilization ⚫ the first people to settle in Mesopotamia Sumerian Civilization ⚫ created a civilization by the development of methods and technologies in ⚫ architectures ⚫ language ⚫ agriculture ⚫ governance Sumerian Civilization ⚫ Sumerians built cities along the rivers in South Mesopotamia in 4500 BCE ⚫ Eridu ⚫ Uruk ⚫ Ur ⚫ Larsa ⚫ Isin ⚫ Adab ⚫ Kullah ⚫ Lagash ⚫ Nippur ⚫ Kish Sumerian Civilization ⚫ City of Uruk - considered to be the first true city in the world  City of Uruk Source: https://www.crystalinks.com/uruk.html City of Uruk ⚫ No building stones used ⚫ Lumber was limited ⚫ Mud/clay from the river added with reeds and formed bricks ⚫ Houses made of sun-baked bricks Ziggurats ⚫ cities had corresponding king living in ziggurat ⚫ with temple at the top reserved for their high priests to serve their patron gods and goddesses. Source: thoughtcatalog.com  The Great Ziggurat of Ur “Mountain of God” ⚫ sun-baked bricks - inside structure ⚫ fired bricks - outside structure ⚫ no inner chambers ⚫ height of around 170 feet ⚫ took 12 years of excavation ⚫ primarily built as a temple to Nanna, the moon of god  Source: Odysseyadventures.ca Source: amusingplanet.com Source: Pinterest Source: Pinterest Source: Pinterest View of the Ziggurat of Ur, with mounds of weather-worn mud bricks Source: khanacademy.org Re-constructed Great Ziggurat of Ur, Iraq Agriculture ⚫ Sumerian agricultural products ⚫ wheat and barley ⚫ fruits and vegetables like grapes and onions ⚫ sheep, goats and cows  Irrigation System: Levees ⚫ Levees ⚫ Dug wide canals from rivers out to farms ⚫ Dug small ditches from canals to fields to water all the crops ⚫ Put gates on the ditches to control the amount of water Source: Google sites  Irrigation System: Levees ⚫ Levees ⚫ Brought water to farmland ⚫ Controlled flooding of the rivers Source: Pinterest  Levee Source: 123mesopotamia.weebly.com  Cuneiform ⚫ first writing system ⚫ pictures and triangular symbols ⚫ curved in mud/clay: tablet ⚫ using reed stylus Source: khanacademy.org Source: Pinterest  Cuneiform ⚫ trading ⚫ recording goods and livestock ⚫ temple activities ⚫ businesses ⚫ presenting stories, myths, and personal letters Source: 123mesopotamia.weebly.com Sumerian Cuneiform Alphabet Source: khanacademy.org Source: dreamstime.com Source: edsitement.nev.gov An artifact of Cuneiform writing  Sumerian Number System ⚫ Sexagesimal system ⚫ Base 60 Source: sciencesource.com Sailboats ⚫ Made of reeds ⚫ To travel along the river ⚫ To carry products for trading Source: Sutori ⚫ Skin-float or raft made of hides stretched over wood frames and a broad, short boat made of water-proof material Source: sites.google.com Source: Sutori Sumerian Sailboat  Wheel ⚫ The 1st wheels were not used for transportation but for farm work in 2000 BC Source: ancientcivilizationlist.com Used for transporting agricultural products Source: Pinterest.com Source: Pinterest.com SumerianWar Chariot Plow ⚫ Enabled the Sumerians to dig the soil land where seeds would be planted at faster pace. ⚫ Mass produced food without taking too much effort and time Source: link.springer.com Source: Pinterest.com Medicine ⚫ Sumerians believed that diseases were punishment from god ⚫ committed sins ⚫ wrong-doing ⚫ action of demons ⚫ bad spirits  Medicine ⚫ Priest - sufficient magic power to fight the mystic force of disease and illness Source: Pinterest.com ⚫ Diseases due to supernatural causes ⚫ Exorcists - drive away the spirits by charms and spells. Source: Pinterest.com ⚫ Sumerian civilization lasted for short of 2,000 years before the Babylonians took charge in 2004 B.C. Babylonian Civilization Babylonian Civilization ⚫ Emerged near theTigris and Euphrates rivers ⚫ Great builders, engineers and architects  Hanging Gardens of Babylon ⚫ It was said to be a structure made up of layers upon layers of gardens ⚫ Species of plants, trees and vines Source: travel.visualstories.com Source: edu.glogster.com Source: Pinterest.com King Nebuchadnezzar QueenAmytis  Hanging Gardens of Babylon ⚫ 75 feet high ⚫ approximately 8,200 gallons of water each day to keep the plants watered Source: Pinterest.com  Hanging Gardens of Babylon ⚫ No physical evidence to prove such existence ⚫ Exact location is also unknown ⚫ No records ⚫ Mythical place Source: ermakvaguscom Weapons ⚫ Babylonian civilization transpired during Bronze age ⚫ Weapons - bronze material ⚫ alloy of copper and tin Source: Pinterest.com Babylonian Number System Source: en.wikipedia.org Egyptian Civilization Egyptian Civilization ⚫ Egypt is located in NorthAfrica ⚫ Around 3200 BCE, the creation of the Egyptian civilization began with Egypt brought together under one ruler, King Narmer Temples ⚫ believed that temples were the homes of the gods and goddesses. ⚫ every temple was dedicated to a god or goddess ⚫ worshipped by temple priests and the pharaoh. Temples Everyday, temple priest ⚫ washed the god’s statues ⚫ changed cloths with fine linen ⚫ put jewelry ⚫ offered food and wine Temples ⚫ made of stone ⚫ walls were covered with scenes ⚫ brightly painted Source: Q-files  Ancient Egyptian Temples Source:Third hour Source:Touropia  Mummification ⚫ Egyptians believed in life after death ⚫ eternal life was only possible if the individual’s corpse remained intact ⚫ believed that if the body decayed, so as the soul ⚫ deceased’s soul should be Source: nbcnews.com recognized and returned in the next life Mummification Process 1. Washing of the body 2. Removal of the different internal organs by making a cut in the left side of the abdomen. (intestines, stomach, liver, and lungs) 3. Internal organs are placed in the corresponding canopic jar. Hapi Imsety Duamutef Qebehseneuf baboon-headed god human-headed god jackal-headed god falcon-headed god of the North of the South of the East of theWest Lungs Liver Stomach Intestines Mummification Process 4. Brain is removed through the nose by using hooked instrument then being thrown away Heart is untouched asbelievedto beused for intelligenceand emotion in thenext life Heart also revealed evidence of the deceased’s true character. Mummification Process 5. The inside of the body is rinsed with wine and spices. 6. Moisture from the body is eliminated 7. Application of a salt called natron for 70 days is done to preserve the body. 8. Lastly, the body is wrapped in linen cloth and placed in a sarcophagus. Source: Pinterest Source: Egypt Independent Source: Pinterest Hieroglyphics ⚫ Pictures of living creatures and symbols of objects used in daily living Source: Pinterest Hieroglyphics Source: medium.com  Hieroglyphics ⚫ Hieroglyphics writings were well-preserved since these were carved at the walls of pyramids and other structures Source: home-school.lovetoknow.com Medicine and Physician ⚫ knowledge of healing herbs ⚫ repairing physical injuries ⚫ knew how to stitch a wound ⚫ eye-surgery operation ⚫ knowledge ofAnatomy came from the practice of embalming the dead  Medicine and Physician ⚫ practiced dentistry ⚫ extracted teeth, ⚫ drained abscesses ⚫ made false teeth Source: reddit Ancient Egyptian DentalWork Source: surgicaltechnologyhistory.weebly.com Source: Pinterest Ancient Egyptian MedicalTools Irrigation System ⚫ Canals and Ditches ⚫ Shaduf Irrigation System ⚫ Shaduf – boom and basin irrigation strategy Source: Egypt Guide Mathematics ⚫ Addition ⚫ Subtraction ⚫ Multiplication ⚫ Division Mathematics ⚫ Fractions ⚫ Decimals ⚫ basic ideas of Geometry  Calendar ⚫ 12 months = 30 days each ⚫ 1 year = 360 days Source:Ancient Egyptian Facts Calendar ⚫ In 4000 B.C. added 5 extra days at the end of every year ⚫ Solar year = 365 days Wigs ⚫ Were worn for beauty, vanity and personal hygiene Source: solarey.net ⚫ Used to protect the shaved heads of the wealthy Egyptians from harmful sun rays ⚫ Symbol of social status ⚫ Used by both sexes Source: takealookatancientegypt.weebly.com  Source: Pillole di Storia Source: clbxg.com ⚫ made from human hair, sheep's wool or vegetable fibers.  Other Discoveries and inventions ⚫ Cosmetics Source: beautysecrets.com  Other Discoveries and inventions ⚫ Paper from papyrus Source: historyaanswers.co.uk Source: latour-marliac.com Greek Civilization Greek Civilization In 8th century BC ⚫ Government ⚫ Art ⚫ Architecture ⚫ Philosophy ⚫ Sport Greek Civilization ⚫ Polytheistic society ⚫ Believed in Mythology to explain natural mysteries ⚫ Greek Mythology Source:Realm of history  Theater ⚫ Art and Literature performances Source: ancient.eu Theater ⚫ large ⚫ open-air structures ⚫ tiered seating area - theatron ⚫ a circular space for the actors to perform - orchestra ⚫ stage - skene Source:Google Sites Source:TheTravel Company Water Mill ⚫ Was used in agricultural processes like milling of grains ⚫ Mass production of rice, cereals, flours and the likes Source:ancienthistorylists.com Greek Houses ⚫ Poor Greek - rural area or crowded urban slums ⚫ multi-story blocks of apartments Source:pinterest.com Ancient Greek Hillside Houses ⚫ Larger houses built around a courtyard Source:colourboxcom  For well-to-do craftsmen or farmers: ⚫ large and luxurious ⚫ accommodation for a large household including many slaves Source:sites google.com Trade ⚫ 150 years after 750 BC ⚫ Sea for their livelihood ⚫ Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea Source:sites ngc coin.com Coins for trading Greek Philosophers Socrates known to developed the "Socratic Method" of analyzing good and justice The problem is broken down into series of inquiries that would lead to answers to the problem. Plato bec ame student of Soc rates laid the foundationsof Western philosophy and scienc e. founded The Academy of Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Aristotle bec ame student of Plato developed Empirical approach in studying nature founed Theory of Four causes (material, formal, efficient , final) Greek Philosophers Thales believed that water was the only substance that was souce of all things Pythagoras made important c ontributionsin the field of mathematic s developed the Pythagorean Theorem Empedocles believed in the four fundamental elements (fire, air, earth and water) Democritus established the c onc ept of atomisim everything in nature is made up of indivisible elements called atoms Archimedes known for hisphysic al law of buoyanc y RomanCivilization Roman Cities ⚫ consist of forum - a large open plaza ⚫ surrounded by important buildings Source: gettyimages.com Roman Cities ⚫ main temple ⚫ markets ⚫ basilica where the town ⚫ latrines and public baths council met and town ⚫ fountains administration was carried ⚫ porticoes, colonnades, on) arches ⚫ the law courts (if separate from the basilica)  Source: alamy.com Source: trekearth.com Colonnades Porticoes Source: history.com Arches Source: gettyimages.com  Roman Architectures ⚫ Cathedrals ⚫ Basilicas ⚫ Coliseums ⚫ Amphitheaters ⚫ Aqueducts Source: pinterest.com Source: Inflyte Roman Architectures The Pantheon temple of all the Roman gods Colosseum largest amphitheater seating capacity of 50,000 Arch of Septimius Severus monumental arch built in recognition of Roman victories over Parthians Maison Carree the only temple that is completely preserved up to this day Source: Smarthistory Source: Pinterest The Pantheon Source: darkrome.com Source: realmofhistory.com Colosseum  Source: amusingplanet.com Maison Carree Source: Pinterest Arch of Septimius Severus Building Materials ⚫ volcanic stone native -Tufa ⚫ during 2nd century B.C.E. travertine white limestone was utilized as substitute for marble. ⚫ Sun-dried and fire-dried mud bricks Source: Quatr.us Stusy Guides Roman Aqueducts ⚫ Aqueducts -convey water from far away springs and mountains into cities and towns through gravity. Source: sites.google.com Roman Aqueducts To supply water in ⚫ fountains ⚫ gardens ⚫ public and private baths ⚫ latrines ⚫ houses of wealthy Romans ⚫ agricultural lands Roman Aqueducts Source: thinglink.com Source: Wikipedia Roman Aqueducts ⚫ AquaAppia – ⚫ 1st aqueduct built in 312 BC ⚫ connected the spring that was 16.4 km from Rome. ⚫ Rome had eleven aqueducts during 3rd century  Roman Numerals ⚫ Old number systems could not keep up with high calculations requirements due to increasing trade among nations ⚫ Roman numeral became the standard counting system for trade concerns Roman Numerals ⚫ symbols: I,V , X, L, C, D and M ⚫ Used for communication and trading Roman Numerals Source: alamy.com Source: featurePics.com Source: moruzzi.it Other discoveries and inventions ⚫ Bound books ⚫ record-keeping of politics, history, literature Source: Historyhit Early Roman codex from wood Bound books ⚫ Julius Caesar started the tradition of stacking papyrus to form pages of book Source: pinterest.com Bound books ⚫ Cover was made of wax but later on changed to animal skin Source: pinterest.com Wax tablet Other discoveries and inventions ⚫ Newspaper ⚫ used in politics and governance Source: ancient-origins.net Different sections ofAncient Roman newspaper ChineseCivilization Chinese Civilizations ⚫ Oldest civilization inAsia  Silk Source: knowrealchina.com Source: alamy.com  Silk ⚫ Naturally produced by silk worms Source: travelchinaguide.com Source: lunss.com  Source: ancient-origins.net Source: ancient.eu Source: tripchinaguide.com Tea Production ⚫ Tea leaves were harvested, processed and compressed into cake form. ⚫ The dried teacake known as brick tea was ground with the used of stone mortar. Source: China Highlights  Tea Production ⚫ Ancient tea was produced bypouring hot water to shredded or crushed tea leaves Source: tuulavintage.com Source: Quatr.us Study Guides Wheel-based mechanism for shredding tea leaves Great Wall of China ⚫ Saidto be the largest and most extensive infrastructure that such nation built. Source: sites.google.com Great Wall of China ⚫ Was constructed to protect Chinese from invaders ⚫ Controls borders of China Source: chinawhisper.com Great Wall of China ⚫ made out of stone, bricks, woods, tamped earth, etc ⚫ took 200 years before it was completed Source: History.com  Great Wall of China ⚫ 3,100 steps ⚫ 21,196.18 km length ⚫ 6 to 7m height Source: ancientchina.org.uk Source: Travel China Guide COLLEGE OF SCIENCE Source: readworks.org Gunpowder ⚫ Originally, it was developed by Chinese alchemists to achieve immortality Source: timetoast.com Gunpowder ⚫ used for fireworks to drive away evil spirits ⚫ used for artillery Source: php.scripts.psu.edu Gunpowder ⚫ 75% saltpeter (potassium nitrate) ⚫ 15% charcoal ⚫ 10% sulfur  Gunpowder ⚫ Accidentally invented black powder that generated large amounts of heat and gas in an instant. Source: kids.kiddie.com Compass an artificial magnetic pointing device made from lodestone the oldest south- pointing navigational device Source: whatchina.cn Compass during Han Dynasty (202 BC – 220AD) Compass Source: sciencesource.com Compass during Song Dynasty (960-1279) References : Abastillas, Jr.,V.N. (2006). STS (Science,Technology and Society).ACLCTrading Enterprises. U.P. ⚫ Campus Diliman, Quezon City. ⚫ Adhikari, S. (2019). Top10 magnificentancientRomanarchitectures. Retrieved from https://www.ancienthistorylists.com/rome-history/top-10-magnificent-ancient-roman- architectures/ ⚫ Alen, S. (2015). Theterm Mesopotamiaandgeographicalposition. Retrieved from https://www.shorthistory.org/ancient-civilizations/mesopotamia/the-term-mesopotamia-and- geographical-position/ ⚫ Antiquity Now. (2013). KIDS’BLOG!The invention of the wheel:Howthe ancient Sumerians got humanity rollin’!. Retrieved from https://antiquitynow.org/2013/08/20/kids-blog-the-invention- of-the-wheel-how-the-ancient-sumerians-got-humanity-rollin/ ⚫ Donn, L. (n.d.) Archaelogy for kids:stone,bronze,iron age. Retrieved from https://archaeology.mrdonn.org/stone_bronze_ironage.html ⚫ Dosoudil, J. and Haward, N. (2006). Science and technology historical timeline. Retrieved from http://www.bridge-online.cz/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/38_science_and_technology.pdf ⚫ Essential Humanities. (n.d.). The stone,bronze and iron ages. Retrieved from ⚫ http://www.essential-humanities.net/history-overview/stone-bronze-iron-ages/ References : ⚫ History.com editors. (2017). Sumer.Retrieved from https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-middle- east/sumer ⚫ History Learning. (2018). The history of RomanNumerals. Retrieved from http://historylearning.com/a-history-of- ancient-rome/history-of-roman-numerals/ ⚫ History on the net. (n.d). Mummies in ancient Egyptandthe processof mummification. Retrieved from https://www.historyonthenet.com/the-egyptians-mummies ⚫ History on the Net. (2000). Zigguratsand templesin ancient Mesopotamia. Retrieved from https://www.historyonthenet.com/ziggurats-and-temples-in-ancient-mesopotamia ⚫ Hom, E.J. (2013). RomanNumerals:Conversion,meaning&origins.Retrieved from https://www.livescience.com/32052-roman-numerals.html ⚫ Jarus, O. (2017). Ancient Babylon:Center of Mesopotamiancivilization. Retrieved from https://www.livescience.com/28701-ancient-babylon-center-of-mesopotamian-civilization.html ⚫ Jones, D. (n.d.).Abrief history of the plough. Retrieved from http://www.ploughmen.co.uk/about-us/history- of-the-plough ⚫ KhanAcademy (n.d.). ClassicalGreekculture. Retrieved from https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world- history/ancient-medieval/classical-greece/a/greek-culture ⚫ KhanAcademy (n.d.). Cuneiform. Retrieved from https:/ / w ww.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art- civilizations/ancient-near-east1/the-ancient-near-east-an-introduction/a/cuneiform References : ⚫ Klimczak, M. (2016). Changingbeauty:Theuseof elaboratewigsin ancientEgypt. Retrieved from https://www.ancient-origins.net/history-ancient-traditions/changing-beauty-use-elaborate-wigs-ancient-egypt- 005484 ⚫ Mark, J. (2011). Sumer. Retrieved from https://ww w.ancient.eu/sumer / ⚫ McNamara, D.,Valverde,V., &Belleno III, R. (2018), Science,technology and society.C &E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City. ⚫ Oxford Reference. (2019). Scienceand technology. Retrieved from http://www.oxfordreference.com/page/scienceandtech/science-and-technology ⚫ Potter, H. (2018). The Roman aqueductsin Rome.Retrieved from https://traveltips.usatoday.com/roman- aqueducts-rome-57048.html ⚫ Ramey, K. (2012). Technologyand society – impactof technology on society.Retrieved from https://www.useoftechnology.com/technology-society-impact-technology-society/ ⚫ RenegradeTribune. (2018). The ancient Sumerians:The GreatZigguratof Ur. Retrieved from http://www.renegadetribune.com/the-ancient-sumerians-the-great-ziggurat-of-ur/ ⚫ RomaeVitam. (n.d.). Ancient Roman aqueducts.Retrieved from https://www.romae-vitam.com/ancient-roman- aqueducts.html ⚫ Szczepanski,K. (2018). Where is Mesopotamia?Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/where-is- mesopotamia-195043 ⚫ World History Charts. (n.d.). Ancient Greek philosophers.Retrieved from https://www.worldhistorycharts.com/ancient-greek-philosophers/ Written Output #1 Essay: Make a synthesis on how the historical development of society is relatively driven by science and technology. Include the following as supporting examples for your synthesis: 1. Mummification 2. Writing Standards (e.g. cuneiform, hieroglyphics, etc.) 3. Archeological Structures (e.g. Ziggurats, Aqueducts, etc.) 4. Artifacts and Products (e.g. wigs, tea production, etc.) Provide detailed analysis and discussion on how scientific and/or technological the supporting examples. Essay/Report format file will be given. Deadline: February 15, 2024 TheEnd COLLEGE OF SCIENCE