STS Module 2: STS in Philippine Contexts PDF

MODULE 2 STS in Philippine Context Sources: https://slw.univie.ac.at/en/studying/master-programmes/science-technology-society-master/ https://lizardpoint.com/geography/philippines-quiz.php Week Covered: Weeks 3 and 4 Lesson Objectives: At the end of this module, the students are expecte...

MODULE 2 STS in Philippine Context Sources: https://slw.univie.ac.at/en/studying/master-programmes/science-technology-society-master/ https://lizardpoint.com/geography/philippines-quiz.php Week Covered: Weeks 3 and 4 Lesson Objectives: At the end of this module, the students are expected to: 1. explain and analyze the historical timeline and developments of Science and Technology in the Philippines; 2. discuss the role of science and technology in the context of Philippine Nation Building; 3. evaluate government policies pertaining to science technology in terms of their contributions to a nation building; 4. identify actual science and technology policies of government and assess their impact on the development of the Filipino nation; 5. discuss the concept of indigenous science and its contributions in the development of science and technology in the Philippines; 6. discuss the concept of science education; and, 7. as a class, create a vlog containing STS in Philippine Context. Lawsin, N. et.al. (2020). Science, Technology, and Society. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Improving STS Teaching Practice through Transversal Competencies (TVCs) Towards Seamless Blended Digital Learning (SBDL) 15 EXPECTED OUTPUT FROM THIS MODULE: Vlogging STS in Philippine Context Instructions: 1. Using the material below, your entire class is tasked to create a vlog for this subject which contains the STS in Philippine Context. It should cover all the topic in this module. 2. The vlog should not exceed 20 minutes and it should be uploaded in one YouTube channel. 3. Submit the link of your video to your course instructor. 4. The criteria for grading are as follows: 4.1. Accuracy of the content ………………………………………. 40 points (resources, citation, relevance) 4.2. Creativity in the video presentation ……………………… 40 points (editing, way of presentation, props) 4.3. Timeliness of submission …………………………………... 20 points 100 points 5. Tips: Assign an overall leader for this task and two assistant leaders who will be working on the content and presentation of the vlog. You can use this template Course, Year and Section: ______________________ Overall class leader: ____________________ Asst. Leader for the Content: ________ Asst. Leader for Video-editing: ______ Members Members 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4. 5. 5. 6. 6. 7. 7. 8. 8. 9. 9. 10. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Note: Be creative in assigning tasks by maximizing the efforts of your staff plus your resources. Some can work on the mini-videos, some can collect these videos for editing, etc. 6. It is strictly advised that everyone is required to participate. Your instructor will be constantly consulting you for this two-week activity. 7. Please be mindful of deadlines. Week 3 Lawsin, N. et.al. (2020). Science, Technology, and Society. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Improving STS Teaching Practice through Transversal Competencies (TVCs) Towards Seamless Blended Digital Learning (SBDL) 16 The Science and Technology in the Philippine Society Early Filipinos already had their own culture and traditions before the coming of the colonizers. Their own systems of belief and indigenous knowledge helped them to thrive and survive their lives and communities for many years. The scientific knowledge of Filipino people before the pre-Spanish times were incorporated already to their way of life such as in planting their crops that provide them food, in taking care of animals to help them in their daily tasks, and in their food production. https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1372/a-small-collection-of-fernando-amorsolos-paintings https://pensievemindniche.wordpress.com/2014/11/01/planting-rice-1951-by-fernando-amorsolo/ Early and Indigenous sciences were used by Filipinos in preparing the soil for agricultural purposes, interpreting movements of heavenly bodies to predict seasons, documenting the uses of medical plants https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/363665738659699545/ https://filipiknow.net/facts-about-pre-colonial-philippines/ Technology is used by people in building houses, irrigations, and in developing tools that they can use in everyday life. They developed tools for planting, hunting, cooking, and fishing; for fighting their enemies during war or tribal conflicts; and for transportation, both Lawsin, N. et.al. (2020). Science, Technology, and Society. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Improving STS Teaching Practice through Transversal Competencies (TVCs) Towards Seamless Blended Digital Learning (SBDL) 17  on land and on waterways. They also developed technologies in creating musical instrument. o https://www.bioversityinternational.org/news/detail/plowing-with-buffaloes-in-the-philippines-an-interview-with- one-of-the-photo-contest-winners/ o https://www.pinterest.ph/panteii/filipino-weapons/ o http://www.positivelyfilipino.com/magazine/an-ilongot-murder-mystery o https://gutomna.com/filipino-culture-traditions/ During Metal Age, artifacts were also found in different regions of the country which signify that Early Filipino utilized these tools on their daily living. http://arttistik.blogspot.com/2014/01/ancient-artifacts-found-in-philippines.html https://www.filipiknow.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/The-Manunggul-Jar.jpg https://www.pinterest.ph/Clickerheels/filipinism/ Lawsin, N. et.al. (2020). Science, Technology, and Society. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Improving STS Teaching Practice through Transversal Competencies (TVCs) Towards Seamless Blended Digital Learning (SBDL) 18  The sophisticated designs of gold and silver jewelry, ceramics, and metal tools proved that their technological ideas helped in the development of different tools. Also, trading with China, Indonesia, Japan, and other nearby countries have influenced their lives by providing different opportunities for cultural and technological exchange. https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/507640189231488638/ https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/224476362649230484/ https://www.pinterest.ca/pin/749216087980651176/ All these ancient practices in science and technology are considered now as indigenous science or folk science. When the Spaniards colonized the country, they brought with them their own culture and practices. They established schools for boys and girls and introduced the concept of subjects and disciplines. It was the beginning of formal science and technology in the country, known now as school of science and technology. https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/470133648572981033/ https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/history-of-education-in-the-philippines Learning of science in school focuses on understanding different concepts related to the human body, plants, animals, and heavenly bodies Technology focuses on using and developing house tools used in everyday life. Life during the Spanish era slowly became modernized, adapting some Western technology and their ways of life. The Filipinos developed ways to replicate the technology Lawsin, N. et.al. (2020). Science, Technology, and Society. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Improving STS Teaching Practice through Transversal Competencies (TVCs) Towards Seamless Blended Digital Learning (SBDL) 19  brought by the Spaniards using indigenous materials. Medicine and advanced science were introduced in formal colleges and universities established by the Catholic orders. The galleon trade has brought additional technology and development in the Philippines. Although it is only beneficial for the Spaniards, these trades allowed other ideas, crops, tools, cultural practices, technology, and Western practices that reach the country. Some Filipino students who were able to study in Europe also contributed to the advancement of medicine, engineering, arts, music, and literature in the country. https://ericpgranada.wordpress.com/2015/05/ http://www.pinoystop.org/14-september-1815/ The Philippines, being one of the centers of global trade Southeast Asia during that time, was considered to be one of the most developed places in the region. Although the country is blessed with the developments, the superstitious beliefs of the people and the Catholic doctrines and practices during the Spanish era halted the growth of science in the country. The Americans have more influence in the development of science and technology in the Philippines compared to the Spaniards. They established the public education system, improved the engineering works and the health conditions of the people. They established a mode research university, the University of the Philippines, and created more public hospitals than the former colonial master. https://philippines1900.tumblr.com/post/264595846/education-as-a-colonial-tool Lawsin, N. et.al. (2020). Science, Technology, and Society. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Improving STS Teaching Practice through Transversal Competencies (TVCs) Towards Seamless Blended Digital Learning (SBDL) 20  The mineral resources of the country were also explored and exploited during the American times. Transportation and communication systems were improved though not accessible throughout the country. The Americans did everything to “Americanize” the Philippines. They reorganized the learning of science and introduced it in public and private schools. In basic education, science education focuses on nature studies and sanitations, until it became a subject formally known as “Science”. The teaching of science in higher education has also greatly improved and modernized. Researches were done to control malaria, cholera, and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Clw5rCDKqjA tuberculosis and other tropical diseases. The desire of the Americans to develop the human resources of the Philippines to serve their own interests is, somehow, beneficial in the country. These allowed American scholars to introduce new knowledge and technology in the country. However, World War II has destabilized the development of the country in many ways. Institutions and public facilities were turned into ashes, houses were burned, and many lives were destroyed. The country had a difficult time to rebuild itself from the ruins of the war. https://niemanreports.org/articles/an-orgy-of-mass-murder-in-a-new-book-james-m-scott-nf-07-investigates- world-war-ii-atrocities-in-the-philippines/ https://www.military.com/off-duty/2018/11/05/forgotten-world-war-ii-horror-philippines-revealed- rampage.html The human spirit to survive and to rebuild the country may be strong but the capacity of the country to bring back what was destroyed was limited. The reparation funds focused Lawsin, N. et.al. (2020). Science, Technology, and Society. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Improving STS Teaching Practice through Transversal Competencies (TVCs) Towards Seamless Blended Digital Learning (SBDL) 21  on building some institutions and public facilities like schools, hospitals, and transportation systems. The reparation money from Japan was also concentrated on building highways and in providing technological training and human resource development in the country. https://www.spot.ph/arts-culture/65120/photos-manila-during-the-world-war-ii-and-today-20160203 Since the establishment of the new republic, the whole nation has been focusing on using its limited resources in improving its science and technological capability. It has explored the use of ODA or Overseas Development Allocations from different countries to help the country improve its scientific productivity and technological capability. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/third-republic/ Human resource development is at the heart of these efforts focusing on producing more engineers, scientists, technology experts, doctors, and other professionals in the country. The development of science and technology in the Philippines, based on its brief history, is shaped by several factors and influences. Like in the history of science in other countries, it is always shaped by human and social activities, both internal and external. Science and technology may have a significant impact on the lives of the people and in the development of the Philippine society. However, improving the quality of science education still remains as a big challenge in the country. School science basic education to graduate education is improving slowly, and there are only few students enrolling in science and technology courses. Lawsin, N. et.al. (2020). Science, Technology, and Society. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Improving STS Teaching Practice through Transversal Competencies (TVCs) Towards Seamless Blended Digital Learning (SBDL) 22 ACTIVITY#1: Watch this short clip by accessing its YouTube link and then answer the succeeding questions. 1. What are the main goals of this project, Smarter Philippines of Department of Science and Technology? 2. What are the 6 components of this project and how will it help in promoting science and technology and in the nation building agenda of the government? Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_jICN2IKKJg&t=123s Government Policies on Science and Technology The Philippine government introduced and implemented several programs, projects, and policies to boost the area of science and technology. The goal is to prepare the whole country and its people to meet the demands of a technologically driven world and capacitate the people to be in a world driven by science. Padilla-Concepcion reported that in 2015, in response to the ASEAN 2015 Agenda, the government, particularly the Department of Science and Technology (DOST), has sought the expertise of the National Research Council of the Philippines (NRCP) to consult various sectors in the society to study how the Philippines can prepare itself in meeting the ASEAN 2015 Goals. As a result of the consultation, the NCRP is expected to recommend policies and programs that will improve the competitiveness of the Philippines in the ASEAN Region. The NRCP clustered these policies into four, namely: 1. Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International Policies and Governance Integrating ASEAN awareness in basic education without adding to the curriculum Emphasizing teaching in the mother tongue Developing school infrastructure and providing for ICT broadband Local food security 2. Physics, Engineering, and Industrial Research in Earth and Space Sciences, and Mathematics Emphasizing degrees, licenses, and employment opportunities Outright grants for peer monitoring Review of RA 9184 Harnessing science and technology as an independent mover of development 3. Medical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Lawsin, N. et.al. (2020). Science, Technology, and Society. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Improving STS Teaching Practice through Transversal Competencies (TVCs) Towards Seamless Blended Digital Learning (SBDL) 23  Ensuring compliance of drug manufacturing firms with ASEAN-harmonized standards by full implementation of the Food and Drug Administration Creating an education council dedicated to standardization of pharmaceutical services and care Empowering food and drug agencies to conduct evidence-based research as pool of information Allocating two percent of the GDP to research Legislating a law supporting human genome projects 4. Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry Protecting and conserving biodiversity by full implementation of existing laws Use of biosafety and standard model by ASEAN countries Promoting indigenous knowledge systems and indigenous people's conservation Formulation of common food and safety standards There are also other existing programs supported by the Philippine government through the DOST. Some of these projects are the following: Providing funds for basic research and patents related to science and technology. The government funds basic and applied researches. Funding of these research and projects are also from the Overseas Development Aid (ODA) from different countries. Providing scholarships for undergraduate and graduate studies of students in the field of science and technology. Saloma (2015) pointed out that the country needs to produce more doctoral graduates in the field of science and technology, and produce more research in these fields, including engineering. Establishing more branches of the Philippine Science High School System for training young Filipinos in the field of science and technology. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fbleP4nn3Fg Creating science and technology parks to encourage academe and industry partnerships. Lawsin, N. et.al. (2020). Science, Technology, and Society. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Improving STS Teaching Practice through Transversal Competencies (TVCs) Towards Seamless Blended Digital Learning (SBDL) 24  Balik Scientist Program to encourage Filipino scientists abroad to come home and work in the Philippines or conduct research and projects in collaboration with Philippine-based Scientists. Developing science and technology parks in academic campuses to encourage academe and industry partnerships. The establishment of the National Science Complex and National Engineering Complex within the University of the Philippines campus in Diliman. These aimed to develop more science and technology and engineering manpower resources needed by the country. They also aimed to produce more researches in these fields. The Philippine-American Academy of Science and Engineering (PAASE, 2008) identified several capacity-building programs such as: o Establishment of national centers of excellence. o Manpower and institutional development programs, such as the Engineering and Science Education Program (ESEP) to produce more PhD graduates in science and engineering. o Establishment of regional centers to support specific industries that will lead the country in different research and development areas. o Establishment of science and technology business centers to assist, advise, and incubate techno-preneurship ventures. o Strengthen science education at an early stage through the Philippine Science High School system. In the field of education, several science-related programs and projects were created to develop the scientific literacy of the country. Social science classes were organized and special science elementary established in different regions. Aside from these, science and n basic education were continuously improved. The current K to 12 education programs included Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) as one of its major tracks in the senior high program to encourage more students to enroll in science-related fields in college. Lately, the Commission on Higher Education launched its Philippine-California Advanced Research Institutes (PICARI) Project to allow several higher education institutions in the Philippines and some US based laboratories, research institutes, and universities to work on research and projects related to science, agriculture, engineering, health, and technology. This project is hoped to strengthen the STEM competitiveness of the country. There are many other areas and fields that the country is looking forward to embark various research and projects. The following are some Lawsin, N. et.al. (2020). Science, Technology, and Society. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Improving STS Teaching Practice through Transversal Competencies (TVCs) Towards Seamless Blended Digital Learning (SBDL) 25 of them: 1. Use of alternative and safe energy 2. Harnessing mineral resources 3. Finding cure for various diseases and illness 4. Climate change and global warming 5. Increasing food production 6. Preservation of natural resources 7. Coping with natural disasters and calamities 8. Infrastructure development The Philippine Congress has also created various laws related to science and technology. These laws serve as a legal framework for science and technology in the country. These laws vary according to different themes such as: conservation, health-related, technology-building, and supporting basic research, among others. Some laws and policies are in line with international treaties such as the United Nations (UN). United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and other international agencies. Development of Policies in the Philippines As shown in the diagram, the development of policies in science and technology is shaped or influenced by several variables policies need to se aligned to national goals, consider international commitments based on legal frameworks, and respond to various social needs, issues, and problems, Science and technology policies ensure that the whole country and all people will experience the progress that science can bring. Policies are guides to direct all alerts to a goal of developing a scientifically advanced country Lawsin, N. et.al. (2020). Science, Technology, and Society. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Improving STS Teaching Practice through Transversal Competencies (TVCs) Towards Seamless Blended Digital Learning (SBDL) 26 Famous Filipinos in the field of Science School science is filled with names of foreign scientists: Einstein, Galileo Galilei. Newton. Faraday, Darwin, and many other Western scientists. We rarely hear of Filipino scientists being discussed in science classes. Lee Chua (2000) identified 10 outstanding Filipino scientists who have made significant contributions in Philippine science. These scientists are also famous abroad especially in different science disciplines: agriculture, mathematics, physics, medicine, marine science, chemistry, engineering and biology. The Filipino scientists are: 1. Ramon Cabanos Barba - for his outstanding research on tissue culture in Philippine mangoes o http://mangoworldmagazine.blogspot.com/2014/08/dr-ramon-barba-science-against-all-odds.html o https://www.asianscientist.com/2016/05/features/8-scientists-philippines-research-and-development-stem/ 2. Josefino Cacas Comiso - for his works on observing the characteristics of Antarctica by using satellite images 3. Jose Bejar Cruz Jr. - known internationally in the field of electrical engineering; was elected as officer of the famous Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering 4. Lourdes Jansuy Cruz - notable for her research on sea snail venom Lawsin, N. et.al. (2020). Science, Technology, and Society. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Improving STS Teaching Practice through Transversal Competencies (TVCs) Towards Seamless Blended Digital Learning (SBDL) 27  5. Fabian Millar Dayrit - for his research on herbal medicine. 6. Rafael Dineros Guerrero Ill - for his research on tilapia culture 7. Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr. - for inventing the meconium drugs testing 8. Lilian Formalejo Patena - for doing research on plant biotechnology https://businessdiary.com.ph/14617/philippines-to-revive-garlic-production-as- plant-breeders-use-tissue-culture-to-boost-garlic-production/ 9. Mari Jo Panganiban Ruiz - for being an outstanding educator and graph theorist. 10. Gregory Ligot Tangonan - for his research in the field of communications technology There are other outstanding Filipino scientists who are recognized here and abroad for their outstanding contributions in science; Caesar A. Saloma - an internationally renowned physicist Eduardo Gomez - famous scientist in marine science William Padolina - chemistry and president of the National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST)-Philippines Angel Alcala - marine science There are other scientists in the Philippines who were not identified in the list. Yet, the Philippines still need more scientists and engineers, and there is a need to support scientific research in the country. The University of the Philippines-Los Baños is a science paradise for agriculture, forestry, plant and animal science, and veterinary science. It has produced numerous scientists and various research in the fields mentioned. The University of the Philippines-Visayas is also a national center for marine science, fisheries and other related sciences. The University of the Philippines-Manila is a center of excellence and has produced many researchers, doctors, health professionals, and scientists in the area of medical and public health The University of the Philippines-Diliman also has established a national Lawsin, N. et.al. (2020). Science, Technology, and Society. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Improving STS Teaching Practice through Transversal Competencies (TVCs) Towards Seamless Blended Digital Learning (SBDL) 28 science and engineering complex to develop more research and produce more scientists and engineers in the country. The government must find ways to establish more research laboratories and research institutes. There is also a need to find ways on how their researches are disseminated to the public. Many of these Filipino scientists are products of good school science. It means they were taught and inspired by great teachers. Their interests in science started to manifest during their childhood years. Their natural environment ignited their curiosity to learn more about the natural and physical environment. Schools and the laboratories where they studied and worked nurtured this. Factors that Influence the Development of Filipino Scientists Many Filipino scientists, whether they are in the country or abroad, always excel in their job. The Filipino spirit in their souls has never faded. They continue to bring honor to the country. They make ordinary things in an extraordinary way. They are always at par with other scientists in spite of the limited facilities we have here in the country. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS 1. Identify several issues in the Philippines. What science- and technology-related policies could be developed and implemented to solve these issues? 2. What can you say about the implementation of some science and technology policies and projects in the country? ACTIVITY#2: MY SCIENTIST! 1. Identify one Filipino scientist who was not mentioned above. Research on their contributions in the field of science and be ready for an online presentation. 2. There will be a Facebook thread to be posted in your group which you will comment your chosen Filipino Scientist. It means that no one will work on the same scientists in our class. Lawsin, N. et.al. (2020). Science, Technology, and Society. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Improving STS Teaching Practice through Transversal Competencies (TVCs) Towards Seamless Blended Digital Learning (SBDL) 29 Week 4 INDIGENOUS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES This lesson focuses on indigenous science and technology in the Philippines. Filipinos, especially during the early times, tried to invent tools that will help them in everyday life. They also developed alternative ideas in explaining various phenomena and in explaining the world around them. This system of knowledge, which is the foundation of indigenous science. Indigenous Knowledge System Indigenous Knowledge is embedded in the daily life experiences of young children as they grow up. They live and grow in a society where the members of the community prominently practice Indigenous Knowledge. Their parents and other older folks served as their first teachers and their methods of teaching are very effective in transmitting cultural Knowledge in their minds. The lessons they learned are intimately interwoven with their culture and the environment. These lessons comprised of good values and life stories of people on their daily life struggles. Their views about nature and their reflections on their experiences in daily life are evident in their stories, poems, and songs. predicting weather conditions and seasons using knowledge in observing animals’ behavior, and celestial bodies; using herbal medicine; preserving foods; classifying plants and animals into families and groups based on cultural properties; preserving and selecting good seeds for planting; using indigenous technology in daily lives; building local irrigation system; classifying different types of soil for planting based on cultural properties; producing wines and juices from tropical fruits; and keeping the custom of growing plants and vegetables in the yard. Indigenous Science Indigenous science is part of the indigenous knowledge system practiced by different groups of people and early civilizations (Gribbin, 2001; Mkapa, 2004; Sibisi, 2004). It includes complex arrays of knowledge expertise, practices, and representations that guide human societies in their enumerable interactions with the natural milieu: agriculture, medicine, naming and explaining natural phenomena, and strategies for coping with changing environments (Pawilen, 2005). Ogawa (1995) claimed that it is collectively lived in and experienced by the people of a given culture. According to Cajete (2004), indigenous science includes everything, from metaphysics to philosophy and various practical technologies practiced by indigenous peoples both past and Lawsin, N. et.al. (2020). Science, Technology, and Society. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Improving STS Teaching Practice through Transversal Competencies (TVCs) Towards Seamless Blended Digital Learning (SBDL) 30 present. Iaccarino (2003) elaborated this idea by explaining that science is a part of culture, and how science is done largely depends on the cultural practices of the people. Indigenous beliefs also develop desirable values that are relevant or consistent to scientific attitudes as identified by Johnston (2000), namely: (1) motivating attitudes; (2) cooperating attitudes; (3) practical attitudes; and (4) reflective attitudes. These cultural beliefs therefore can be good foundation for developing positive values toward learning and doing science and in bringing science in a personal level. Pawilen (2005) explained that indigenous science knowledge has developed diverse structures and contents through the interplay between the society and the environment. According to Kuhn (1962), developmental stages of most sciences are characterized by continual competition between a number of distinct views of nature, each partially derived from, and all roughly compatible with the dictates of scientific observation and method. Sibisi (2004) also pointed out that indigenous science provides the basics of astronomy, pharmacology, food technology, or metallurgy, which were derived from traditional knowledge and practices. Indigenous science uses science process skills such as observing, comparing, classifying, measuring, problem solving, inferring, communicating, and predicting. Indigenous science is guided by culture and community values such as the following: o The land is a source of life. It is a precious gift from the creator. o The Earth is revered as "Mother Earth." It is the origin of their identity as people. o All living and nonliving things are interconnected and interdependent with each other. o Human beings are stewards or trustee of the land and other natural resources. They have a responsibility to preserve it. o Nature is a friend to human beings-it needs respect and proper care. Indigenous science is composed of traditional knowledge practiced and valued by people and communities such as ethno-biology, ethno-medicine, indigenous farming methods, and folk astronomy. Lawsin, N. et.al. (2020). Science, Technology, and Society. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Improving STS Teaching Practice through Transversal Competencies (TVCs) Towards Seamless Blended Digital Learning (SBDL) 31  The concept of Indigenous Science INDIGENOUS SCIENCE uses guided by composed of Science Process Community Culture Traditional Skills and Values Knowledge Pawilen (2006) developed a simple framework for understanding indigenous science. Accordingly, indigenous science is composed of traditional knowledge that uses science process skills and guided by community values and culture. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS: 1. Do you think indigenous science should be considered science? 2. What is the role of indigenous science in the development of science and technology in the Philippines and in the world? 3. How will the concepts of indigenous science be used in developing sustainable development mindset? REFERENCES Bautista, D.H.S, et.al. (2018). Science, Technology, and Society. MaxCor Publishing House Inc. Quezon City, Philippines Cajete, G. (2004). “A Multi-contextual Model for Developing Culturally Responsive Indigenous Science Curricula.” Paper presented at the Science and Mathematics in Pacific Rim Nations Conference. University of Hawaii – Manoa. October 14- 17, 2004. Concepcion, G.P. (Editor). (2012). Science Philippines: Essays on Science by Filipinos Volumes 1-3 Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. Concepcion, G.P., Padlan, E.A. & Saloma, C.A. (Editors). (2008). Selected Essays on Science and Technology for Securing a Better Philippines. Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. Gribbin, J. (2003). Science: A History. London, UK: Penguin Books. Lawsin, N. et.al. (2020). Science, Technology, and Society. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Improving STS Teaching Practice through Transversal Competencies (TVCs) Towards Seamless Blended Digital Learning (SBDL) 32 Iaccarino, M. (2003). Science and Culture. EMBO Reports, 4, 220–223. Johnston, J (2000). “Making sense of the National Criteria.” In Science 3-6: Laying the foundation in the Early Years. ( pp. 7–14). Baldock, UK: Association for Science Education. Kuhn, T. S (1962). The structure of scientific Revolution. (3rd. Ed.) Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Lee-Chua, Q. (2000). 10 Outstanding Filipino Scientists. Quezon City: Anvil Publishing. Mkapa, B. (2004). “Indigenous Knowledge – A Local Pathway to Global Development.” In Indigenous Knowledge Local Pathways to Global Development: Making five years of the World Bank Indigenous Knowledge Development Program. (pp. 1–3).Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. Padilla-Concepcion, G. (2015). Science Philippines: Essays on science by Filipinos Volume III. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. Pawilen , G.T. & Sumida, M. (2005). “Using Indigenous Knowledge as a Foundation for Developing a Science-Based Curriculum for community Kindergarten School in Northern Philippines.” Published in the International Journal of Early Childhood Education. 1, 2. 31–50. Philippine-American Association for Science and Engineering. (2008). “Science and Technology in Economic Development.” In Selected Essays on science and Technology for securing a Better Philippines. 1. 6-9 Serafica, J.P.J, et.al. (2019). Science, Technology, and Society 1st Edition. REX Bookstore, Inc. Quezon City, Philippines Sibisi, S. (2004). “Indigenous Knowledge and Science and Technology: Conflict, Contradiction or Concurrence?” In Indigenous Knowledge Local Pathways to Global Development: Making Five Years of the World Bank Indigenous Knowledge Development Program. (pp. 34—38). Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. Date Retrieved: July 30, 2020 Lawsin, N. et.al. (2020). Science, Technology, and Society. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Improving STS Teaching Practice through Transversal Competencies (TVCs) Towards Seamless Blended Digital Learning (SBDL) 33