STS Midterm PDF

Module 4: Technology as a Mode of Revealing It is an instrumental and Human Flourishing in Science and anthropological definition of technology Technology...

Module 4: Technology as a Mode of Revealing It is an instrumental and Human Flourishing in Science and anthropological definition of technology Technology What is technology? Technology is instrumental What is Flourishing? Martin Heidegger -Correct but not true -Pursue true through the correct Where people experience positive Heidegger notes that the root of the emotions, positive psychological word ‘technology’ is techne. Technology as a Mode of Revealing functioning and positive social functioning, most of the time, “living The word techne according to Everything we perceive or think of or within an optimal range of human Heidegger then means a mode of interact with “emerges out of functioning” knowing. concealment into unconcealment”, by entering a particular relation with What is human flourishing? He strongly opposes the view that reality, reality is ‘revealed’ in a specific technology is “ a means to an end” way. An effort to achieve self-actualization or “a human activity.” and fulfillment within the context of a Does the idea that technology is larger community of individuals, each Means to an end/getting things done = poeisis apply to modern with the right to pursue his or her own Instrumental technology? such efforts. Human activity = anthropological Human Flourishing according to Modern Technology Aristotle Technology, according to Heidegger Challenges forth must be understood as “a way of Very aggressive in its activity Human flourishing can be captured by revealing” as it shows so much more Sets or brings about a setting the term eudaimonia. about the person and the world upon It is defined as a contented state of (Heidgger 1977, 12) Expedites unconcealment of being happy, healthy, and prosperous. nature It is also known as "an effort to attain Revealing Stores that which is extracted self-discovery and fulfillment within the from nature setting of society, each with the right to pursue his or her effort to achieve such The translation of the Greek word state." (McNamara, et al. 2020). alètheuein, which means ‘to discover’ - Modern Technology to uncover what was covered over. Age of switches Human Flourishing in the Christian Standing reserve Perspectives Related to this verb is the independent Stockpiling for its own sake Human person can as both the bearer noun alètheia, which is usually and beneficiary of science and translated as “truth’, through Enframing technology. Heidegger insists that a more Ways of revealing modern adequate translation would be technology Human flourishes and finds meaning in “un-concealment”. In Heidegger’s Views nature as orderable the world that he/she builds. paper, he urges us to question and calculable system of technology and see beyond peoples information In the pursuit of a good life, human common understanding of it. Conceals poiesis may unconsciously acquire, consume Modern physics is the herald or destroy what the world has to offer. The essence of a thing is of enframing considered what the thing is Science and Technology must be We ask the question Why is technology not a human treated as part of human life that concerning technology when activity? needs reflective and meditative we ask what it is. thinking. According to Heidegger, there is something wrong with the modern Reflective thinking How can technology be ‘a way of technological culture we live in today. Meditative thinking revealing’? The ‘age of technology’ reality can only To be able to appreciate the fruits of Common understanding of Technology be present as a raw material (as a science and technology they must be ‘standing reserve’) examined not only for their function -Means to an end and instrumentality but also for the -Human activity Understanding of ‘being’, according to greater impact on humanity as a -Practical application of science Heidegger, is to be seen as the whole. ultimate danger The technological way of revealing - Though we have consigned was not chosen by humans technology as a tool, it belongs to the realm of truth Our understanding of the world - our as a way of revealing understanding of ‘being’, of what it - Technology as something that means ‘to be’ - develops through the defines what we do science is aition ages - Though enframing happens, it cannot snuff out the poetic Humans will also interpret themselves character of technology as raw materials Modern technology views the Earth as a huge gas station representative of Every attempt to climb out of the extraction, drilling and rape of the technology throws us back in Mother Nature Does the idea that technology is The waste land grows. Woe to him poeisis apply to modern who harbors the wasteland. Our earth technology? is not an earth of calculation. If this remains such, only God can save us. -Friedrich Nietzsche Human Person Swallowed by Technology The essence of technology is nothing technological Arts as a Way out of Enframing Nature is art par excellence Nature is the most poetic Technology is poetic in the primordial experience There is a difference between technology and modern technology Primordial - you intend to use it for its instrumentality It is in questioning that we build a way. Questioning is the piety of thought. Piety so radically distinct from the stance of control Technology is normally thought of that which solves problems, but Heidegger asserted that it is something we must question The Greek experience of cause is aition, indebtedness, not cause and effect E.g., I am indebted to the Sun not because the sun is the cause of energy on Earth. Aition is responsible for bringing forth Module 5: consumer research. Human Flourishing as Reflected in Progress and Development People sense there is something wrong with the dominant model of economic progress and they hungry How do we know that we are for an alternative narrative. progressing? What are the indicators of development? More The problem is that the pundits. often than not, development is Promoting this kind of transition are equated with growth and greater using the wrong language. They use consumption. The more that a terms such as de-growth, zero growth or worst of all de-developement. Which population is able to consume, the are technically accurate but off-putting wealthier it is. Likewise, the more for everyone who’s not ready for that a person is able to buy stuff, board. Such terms are repulsive the higher he/she is on the because they run against the deepest development scale. frames we use to thing about human progress, and indeed, this purpose of Growth has been the main object of life itself. It’s like asking people to stop development for the past 70 years, moving positively thorough life, to stop despite the fact that it is not working. learning, improving, growing. Orthodox economists insist that all we need is yet more growth. More Perhaps we might take a cue from progressive types tell us that we need Latin Americans, who are organizing to shift some of the yields of growth alternative visions around the from the richer segment of the indigenous concept of buenvivir, or population to the poorer ones, evening good living. The west has its own things out a bit. tradition of reflection on the good life and its time we revive. At current levels of average global consumption, we’re overshooting our Robert and Edward Skidelsky take planet’s bio-capacity by more than us down this road in his book, how 50% each year. much is enough? Where they lay out the possibility of interventions such as In other words, growth isn’t an option banning advertising, a shorter working anymore – we’ve already grown too week and a basic income, all of which much. Scientists are now telling us that would improve our lives while reducing were blowing past planetary consumption. boundaries at breakneck speed. And the hard truth is that this global crisis is Either we slow down voluntarily or due almost entirely to climate change will do it for us. We overconsumption in rich countries. cant go on ignoring the law of nature. But rethinking our theory of progress is Economist James Hickel argues that not only an ecological imperative, it is instead of pushing poorer countries to also a development one. If we do not “catch up” with rich ones, we should act soon, all our hard – won gains thinking to get rich countries to “catch against poverty will evaporate, as food down” to more appropriate level of system collapse and mass famine re – development. We should look at emerges to an extent not seen since societies where people live long and the 19th century. happy lives relatively low levels of income consumption not as basket This is not about giving up. And it’s cases that need to be developed certainly now about living a life of towards western models, but as voluntary misery or imposing harsh exemplars of efficient living. limits on human potential on contrary, it’s about reaching a higher level of In light of this, perhaps we should understanding and consciousness regard such countries not as about we’re doing here and why. underdeveloped, but rather as appropriately developed. And maybe we need to start calling on rich countries to justify their excesses The idea of “de-developing” rich countries might be prove to be a strong rallying cry in the global south. But it will be tricky to sell to westerners. Tricky, but now impossible. According to recent Module 6: For Aristotle, ultimate 5 Norway (7,488) The Good Life happiness would be 6 Netherlands (7,449) contemplation 7 Sweden (7,353) 8 New Zealand (7,300) The good life is a term for the life that Hedonia 9 Austria (7,294) one would like to live, or for happiness 10 Luxembourg ( 7,238) Presence of positive mood Associated with Aristotle’s eudaimonia 11 Canada (7,232) Absence of negative mood (in his Nicomachean Ethics) 12 Australia (7,223) Satisfaction with various 13 United Kingdom (7,165) Eudaimonia is a term that means domains of life 14 Israel (7,129) happiness and is a central aim of stoic Global life satisfaction 15 Costa Rica (7,1721) philosophy 16 Ireland (7,094) Eudaimonia 17 Germany (7,076) -“if… we take the characteristic activity 18 United states ( 6,940) of a human being to be a certain kind Sense of control or autonomy 19 Czech Republic (6,911) of life; and if we take this kind of life to Feeling of meaning and 20 Belgium (6,864) be activity of the soul and actions in purpose accordance with reason… and a Personal expressiveness characteristic activity to be Feelings of belongingness Happiest Countries in the World accomplished well when it is Social contribution Ranking of the world’s happiest accomplished in accordance with the Competence countries by index value (2020-22) appropriate virtue; then if this is so, Personal growth human good turns out to be activity of Self acceptance 1 Finland - 7.80 the soul in accordance with virtue.” 2 Denmark - 7.59 Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics 3 Iceland - 7.53 Virtue play a significant role in living 4 Israel - 7.47 and attainment of the good life According to Aristotle, happiness is the 5 Netherlands - 7.40 (McNamara, D., et.al. 2018) ultimate end of human action 6 Sweden - 7.40 (McNamara, D., et. al., 2018) 7 Norway - 7.32 Two kinds of virtue: intellectual and 8 Switzerland - 7.24 moral (McNamara, D., et.al. 2018) Happiness consists in achieving, 9 Luxembourg - 7.23 through the course of a lifetime, all the 10 New Zealand - 7.12 Virtues we must practice to achieve goods – health, wealth, knowledge, 15 United states - 6.89 happiness (Aristotle): intelligence friends, etc. leading to perfection of 19 United Kingdom - 6.80 and scientific knowledge; practical human nature and enrichment of wisdom; temperance; generosity human life. and friendship; courage and Distribution of self-reported life contemplation Happiness defines a good life. satisfaction by world region (McNamara, D., et. al., 2018) International Happiness Day ( March Life satisfaction were reported on 20, 2019) Theme: Happier together Happiness/Well-being scale from 0 to 10 (with 10 representing the highest satisfaction). -Eudaimonia - Psychological Each colored distribution corresponds well-being - Focus is on living life in a Self-reported Life Satisfaction, 2018 to a different world region. For each full and deeply satisfying way Life satisfaction is self reported as the region the world distributionhas been -Hedonia - Subjective well-being - the answer to the following question: overlaid (blue markers). In every case, focus is on happiness the presence of the height of the bars is proportional to positive affect and the absence of “Please imagine a ladder, with steps the frequency of answers at each negative affect numbered from 0 at the bottom to 10 score. at top. The top of the ladder would you Hedonia say you personally feel you stand at Seek pleasure and this time?” Key Variable used to explain satisfaction happiness differences among Self-reported life satisfaction, 2022 countries and through time Avoid pain and discomfort “Please imagine a ladder, with steps Income Focus on self present numbered from 0 at the bottom to 10 Healthy life expectancy moment at the top. The top of the ladder Social support represents the best possible life for Life events Focus on consuming what you. On which step of the ladder would Freedom one needs and wants you say you personally feel you stand Trust ( absence of at this time?” corruption in business and Eudaimonia government) Ranking of Happiness 2017-2019 Reliant on Maslow’s ideas of self actualization 1 Finland (7,809) Adopts self-determination 2 Denmark (7,646) theory(Keyes et.al., 2002; 3 Switzerland (7,560) Deci & Ryan, 2000) 4 Iceland (7504) 8 Likely reasons why the Philippines is the 8th smiliest Country in the World 1 Food is great here 2 The happy gene 3 Our land is ridiculously abundant 4 What government connot provide, our family and friend often do 5 Democracy makes us happy 6 The Happiness that Jollibee brings 7 Vitamin D from all the sunshine 8 We’re Musical People Pathway to happiness from positive psychology view: (Peterson, et al) 1. Pleasure 2. Engagement 3. Meaning If you want to live a happy life, tie to a goal, not to people or objects. - Albert Einstein Module 7: We are becoming less social, less UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF When Technology and Humanity compassionate, and more isolated. HUMAN RIGHTS Cross How Technology is changing It explicates the fundamental human Introduction Humanity? rights in 30 articles that are vital in the pursuit of good life. What is Technology? Others believe that technology is actually helping us to connect with These are the freedoms everyone is It is the application of scientific each other in new and innovative entitled to and guaranteed by virtue of knowledge for practical purposes, ways. being human. especially in industry. They argue that we are using What are these 30 Articles? In general, it refers to the use of tools, technology to express ourselves in machines and processes to solve new and creative ways, and that it is The Universal Declaration of Human problems or create new products. actually bringing us closer together. Rights What is Humanity? How Technology is changing (Summary of Articles) The character or quality of being Humanity? humane. Article 1: Right to Equality However, it is clear that technology is Behavior or disposition towards having a profound effect on humanity. Article 2: Freedom from others such as befits a human discrimination being. As we continue to advance technologically, it is important to be Article 3: Right to Life, Liberty, aware of both the potential benefits Personal Security What is the relationship between and the potential drawbacks of these technology and Humanity changes. Article 4: Freedom from Slavery Technology and human life cannot be What is Good Life? Article 5: Freedom from Torture and separated. Degrading Treatment It entails living in a just and We use technology, depend on progressive society whose citizens Article 6: Right to Recognition as a technology in our daily life and our have the freedom to flourish. Person before the Law needs and demands for technology keep on rising. The human person has the Article 7: Right to Equality before autonomy to make choices which the Law Humans use technology to travel, to enable the flourishing of his self communicate, to learn, to do business and society. Article 8: Right to Remedy by and to live in comfort. Competent Tribunal UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF How Technology is Changing HUMAN RIGHTS Article 9: Freedom from Arbitrary Humanity? Arrest and Exile A Declaration adopted by the United Technology is changing the way we Nations General Assembly in Article 10: Right to Fair Public live, work, and Communicate. December 10, 1948. Hearing It is becoming increasingly difficult to Drafted by a committee chaired by Article 11: Right to be Considered disconnect from technology. Eleanor Roosevelt. Innocent until Proven Guilty While there are many benefits to this UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF Article 12: Freedom from technological advances, there are also HUMAN RIGHTS Interference with Privacy, Family, some drawbacks. Home and Correspondence It has the power of ideas to change How Technology is changing the world. Article 13: Right to Free Movement Humanity? in and out of the Country It inspires us to continue working to Some experts believe that as we ensure that all people can gain Article 14: Right to Asylum in other become more reliant on technology, freedom, equality and dignity. Countries from Persecution we are losing some of our essential humanity. Article 15: Right to a Nationality and any kind, such as race, color, sex, to a fair and public hearing by an the Freedom to Change It language, religion, political or other independent and impartial tribunal, in opinion, national or social origin, the determination of his rights and Article 16: Right to Marriage and property, birth or other status.” obligations and of any criminal Family charge against him.” Article 17: Right to Own Property The Right to Life We’re Always Innocent Till Proven Guilty Article 18: Freedom of Belief and “Everyone has the right Religion to life, liberty and “Everyone charged with a penal security of person.” offence has the right to be presumed Article 19: Freedom of Opinion and innocent until proved guilty according Information No Slavery to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for Article 20: Right of Peaceful “No one shall be held in his defence.” Assembly and Association slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be The Right to Privacy Article 21: Right to Participate in prohibited in all their forms.” Government and in Free Elections “No one shall be subjected to arbitrary No Torture interference with his privacy, family, Article 22: Right to Social Security home or correspondence, nor to “No one shall be subjected to attacks upon his honour and Article 23: Right to Desirable Work torture or to cruel, inhuman or reputation. Everyone has the right to and to Join Trade Unions degrading treatment or punishment.” the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.” Article 24: Right to Rest and Leisure You Have Rights No Matter Where You Go. Freedom to Move Article 25: Right to Adequate Living Standard “Everyone has the right to “Everyone has the right to freedom of recognition everywhere as a movement and residence within the Article 26: Right to Education person before the law.” borders of each state. Everyone has the right to leave any country, Article 27: Right to Participate in the including his own, and to return to his Cultural Life of Community We’re All Equal Before country.” the Law Article 28: Right to a Social Order Right toAsylum that Articulates this Document “All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to “Everyone has the right to seek and to Article 29: Community Duties equal protection of the law. All are enjoy in other countries asylum from Essential to Free and Full entitled to equal protection against any persecution. This right may not be Development discrimination in violation and against invoked in the case of prosecutions any incitement to such discrimination.” genuinely arising from non-political Article 30: Freedom from State or crimes or from acts contrary to the Personal Interference in the above Your Human Rights Are Protected purposes and principles of the United Rights by Law Nations.” “Everyone has the right to an effective Right to a Nationality We Are All Born Free & Equal remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the “Everyone has the right to a “All human beings are born free fundamental rights granted him by the nationality. No one shall be and equal in dignity and rights. constitution or by law.” arbitrarily deprived of his They are endowed with reason and nationality nor denied the conscience and should act towards No Unfair Detainment right to change his one another in a spirit of brotherhood.” Nationality.” “No one shall be subjected to arbitrary Don’t Discriminate arrest, detention or exile.” Marriage and Family “Everyone is entitled to all the rights The Right to Trial and freedoms, without distinction of “Men and women of full age, “Everyone is entitled in full equality without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, “Everyone has the right to work, his rights and freedoms, everyone have the right to marry and to to free choice of employment, to shall be found a family. ” just and favourable conditions of subject only to such limitations as are work and to protection against determined by law.” Right to Own Things unemployment.” “Everyone has the right to own Human rights can’t be taken away property alone as well as in Right to Rest and Holiday association with others. No one “Nothing in this Declaration may be shall be arbitrarily deprived of “Everyone has the right to interpreted as implying for any State, his property.” rest and leisure, including group or person any right to engage in reasonable limitation of any activity or to perform any act Freedom of Thought & Religion working hours and periodic aimed at the destruction of any of the holidays with pay.” rights and freedoms set forth herein.” “Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience Right of Social Service HUMANS VS ROBOTS and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion “Everyone has the right to a standard "The Fourth Industrial Revolution or belief, and freedom.” of living adequate for the health and (4IR)” is a technological revolution that well-being of himself and of his family, is blurring the lines between the Freedom of Expression including food, clothing, housing and physical, digital, and biological medical care.” spheres. “Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression such as Right to Education Klaus Schwab freedom to hold opinions without -founder of the World Economic interference and to seek, receive “Everyone has the right to education. Forum, an organization seeking to and impart information and ideas Education shall be free, at least in the influence people to make decisions through any media.” elementary and fundamental stages. that benefit the global community. Elementary education shall be The Right to Public Assembly compulsory. Technical and The Fourth Industrial Revolution is professional education shall be made leading to a “supply-side miracle.” “Everyone has the right to generally available and higher There’ll be long-term gains in freedom of peaceful education shall be equally accessible efficiency and productivity, lower assembly and association. to all.” transportation and communication No one may be compelled costs, more efficient logistics and to belong to an Right of Cultural and Art supply chains, all of which will drive association.” economic growth. “Everyone has the right freely to Right to Democracy participate in the cultural life of the Industrial Revolutions community, to enjoy the arts and to “Everyone has the right to take part in share in scientific advancement and -mark changes in industry, the government of his country, directly its benefits.” economy, transportation or through freely chosen and social structure. representatives.Everyone has the right Freedom around the world of equal access to public service in his 1st Industrial Revolution country.” “Everyone is entitled to a social (1760-1820) and international order in which Right to Social Security the rights and freedoms set forth -marked by the rise of steam engine. in this Declaration can be fully “Everyone, as a member of society, realized.” 1st Industrial Revolution (1760-1820) has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national Subject to Law -The steam engine was one of the effort and international co-operation most important technologies of the and in accordance with the “Everyone has duties to the community Industrial Revolution. organization and resources of each in State.” which alone the free and full - It was a simple device that used development of boiling water to create mechanical his personality is possible. In the motion to be utilized in useful work Right to Work exercise of 2 nd Industrial Revolution intelligence include mimicking everyone in our pursuit of the good life. human cognitive activity. (1820-1900) WHY FUTURE DOES NOT NEED US -use of electricity - Researchers and developers in the field are making surprisingly "Our most powerful 21st-century 3rd Industrial Revolution rapid strides in mimicking technologies—genetic engineering, (1900’s) activities such as learning, nanotech, and robotics (GNR),—are -age of computers reasoning, and perception, to the threatening tomake humans an extent that these can be concretely endangered species." 4th Industrial Revolution defined. -marked by intelligence that -co-founder of Sun Microsystems, streamlines the interactions of -To Filipinos, it seems like the published an article in Wired magazine physical, digital and biological aspects stuff in science fiction movies. in April 2000 entitled “Why the Future of our lives. It’s use in the country is gaining Doesn’t Need Us.” ground especially in the business 4th Industrial Revolution process outsourcing (BPO) WHY FUTURE DOES NOT NEED US Technologies Industry. He also voices concerns about -are used in robotics, smart -Investors and business people find as increasing computer power. buildings, genetic engineering, a sure return of investment the use of His worry is that computers autonomous vehicles, cybersecurity, business analytics provided by AI. will eventually become more clean power, virtual reality, 3D printing, Business analytics is a means by intelligent than we are, leading smart farming and space travel. which consumer and industry data are to such dystopian scenarios as used to come up with better decision robot rebellion. Making. 4.0 - 4th revolution WHY FUTURE DOES NOT NEED US Cyber physical system -As of August 2017, it is estimated that a million Filipino BPO workers The underlying message in his 3.0 3rd revolution may be affected and lose their jobs article was clear: The rate and Electronic and IT systems. Automation with the adoption of AI. direction of technological innovation over time will lead to a world where 2.0 2nd revolution Unemployment - One of the many humans are unnecessary and Mass production and electricity ethical consideration of the widespread machines will be able to do without us. use of AI 1.0 1st revolution WHY FUTURE DOES NOT NEED US Mechanization, steam and water HUMANS VS. ROBOTS power Humans should have learned In the future, when machines and the lesson in the atomic Machines - May render human robots become more human-like, bombings of the Japanese useless people should also consider ethical cities in Hiroshima and treatment for AI. Nagasaki in 1945 that killed Manual Labor - Machinery over a hundred thousand people. -As machines and robots Robots - Perform complex repetitive or approach having a human- WHY FUTURE DOES NOT NEED US dangerous tasks like nature, humans have also the tendency to become J. Robert Oppenheimer With the development of artificial machine-like. Humans begin intelligence - Robots may eventually to function like automatons. (1904-1967) was an American act and decide like humans theoretical physicist. Internet - Become as instant go to tool What is Artificial Intelligence (AI) ? for answer to questions He is often known as the “Father of -It is based on the principle that Internet - As it gets more intelligent, we the Atomic Bomb.” human intelligence can be defined are danger of becoming so. in a way that a machine can easily WHY FUTURE DOES NOT NEED US mimic it and execute tasks, from The development of society along the most simple to those that are with science and technology give rise J. Robert Oppenheimer even more complex. to more and more complex issues. Oppenheimer joined the Manhattan What is vital is that we are able to Project, a nationwide effort to build -The goals of artificial protect and exercise human rights for an atomic bomb before the Nazis developed one, in 1942. WHY FUTURE DOES NOT NEED US A definite testament to success of science and technology, the atomic bomb was also a fatal reminder of its destructive power. WHY FUTURE DOES NOT NEED US Now with GNR (Genetics, Nanotech, and Robotics), we are called to be circumspect and questioning of technology. WHY FUTURE DOES NOT NEED US GNR (Genetics,Nanotech, and Robotics) - Is accessible to small groups and individuals and does not require funding and facilities as huge as those needed by nuclear weapons GNR (Genetics,Nanotech, and Robotics) - This make it more prone to accidents and abuses especially when placed in the hands of extremist groups. WHY FUTURE DOES NOT NEED US Human nature may be corrupted when the powers of our mind, our rationality, and our science and technology come into existence. If we are not able to rein in the vanity and arrogance that such power unleash, then we are on the way to destroying the world.