Ethical and Philosophical Perspectives (The Good Life) PDF

ETHICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES (THE THE NICOMACHEAN ETHICS GOOD LIFE) Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics is a foundational text in Western philos...

ETHICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES (THE THE NICOMACHEAN ETHICS GOOD LIFE) Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics is a foundational text in Western philosophy, focusing on the question of how THE GOOD LIFE humans should live to achieve a good life. Aristotle o The word "good" has a different meaning for every argues that the ultimate goal of human life is to achieve people however, there are some aspects of "Good Life" eudaimonia, often translated as “happiness” or that most people probably agree on such as: *Material "flourishing”. Comfort *wellbeing *Loving relationships (with partners, Aristotle explained that every action aims at some good family, and friends) o Instrumental Good - These are things we pursue o In the study of Science, Technology, and society (STS), not for their own sake, but because they help us several ethical and philosopical perspectives are achieve something else. significant on understanding the societal impacts of o Intrinsic Good - These are things we pursue for science and technology. Here are some of such their own sake, because they are valuable in perspectives, the Aristotles Virtue theory, themselves. Happiness is a classic example of an Nichomacheans Ethics, and Heideggerian Theory. intrinsic good EUDAIMONIA - The term eudaimonia originates from ARISTOTLE Ancient Greek. It is derived from the words “eu” Ancient Greek Philosopher (meaning “good” or “well”) and “daimon” (meaning Known for his natural philosophy, logic, and political “spirit” or “deity”). In essence, eudaimonia can be theory understood as “having a good spirit” or “being in a state One of the greatest thinkers in the history of western of good fortune. ” science and philosophy, making contributions to physics, Eudaimonia: The Ultimate Good - Eudaimonia is the metaphysics, ethics, politics, biology and so much more. highest good for humans, according to Aristotle. It is not ARISTOTLE'S VIRTUE ETHICS merely a fleeting feeling of happiness but a state of 1. Initially developed by Aristotle and further explored being that involves living in accordance with virtue. in his work called Nichomacheans Ethics Aristotle distinguishes between instrumental goods 2. It focuses on the development and improvement of (things we pursue for the sake of something else, like one’s moral character and cultivation of virtues like money) and final goods (things we pursue for their own courage, temperance, and wisdom, which guide sake, like happiness). Eudaimonia is the ultimate final behavior and contribute to personal and societal good because it is the end goal that all our actions aim to well-being. achieve. 3. It enables us individuals to act in ways that will lead Eudaimonia: Uniquely Human – Aristotle argues that to good life. eudaimonia is uniquely human because it involves the exercise of reason, which he considers the defining He strongly believed that we can achieved the good characteristic of human beings. Unlike animals, humans life through continuous cultivation of virtues and have the capacity for rational thought and can deliberate striving for eudaimonia which can be translated into about their actions. This rational activity is essential for flourishing or living well. achieving eudaimonia. Arête and Human Happiness - Arête (virtue or The Philosophers view of good life excellence) is central to Aristotle’s concept of Rationality - He believed that the good life involves eudaimonia. He believes that living a virtuous life is rational activity and fulfilling one’s intellectual potential, essential for achieving true happiness. Virtues are traits as described in his works like “Nicomachean Ethics.” or qualities that enable individuals to perform their Virtue Ethics - Aristotle emphasized that living a virtuous functions excellently. For example, courage, temperance, life—developing and practicing virtues—is key to and wisdom are virtues that help individuals navigate achieving eudaimonia. life’s challenges and make morally sound decisions. The Golden Mean - He said that virtue is a balance between excess and deficiency, exemplified by the TYPES OF VIRTUES concept of the Golden Mean. MORAL VIRTUES - These are virtues of character, like Community and Relationship - Aristotle acknowledged courage, temperance, and generosity. They are the social nature of humans and believed that developed through practice and habituation. For contributing to and engaging with the community is instance, consistently acting generously can make you a essential for a flourishing life. generous person. INTELLECTUAL VIRTUES - These are virtues of the mind, like wisdom and understanding. They are developed 10  through education and learning. For example, studying 1976 Copyright Act generally gives the owner of philosophy or science can help you develop intellectual copyright the exclusive right to reproduce the virtues. copyrighted work, to prepare derivative works, to distribute copies or phonorecords of the copyrighted HEIDEGGERIAN THEORY work, to perform the copyrighted work publicly, or to MARTIN HEIDEGGER (1889–1976) Martin Heidegger was display the copyrighted work publicly. a prominent 20th-century German philosopher whose work fundamentally challenged traditional philosophical INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW approaches. Heidegger's philosophical theory, often Intellectual property law deals with laws covering, referred to as Heideggerian theory, is a profound protecting and enforcing rights of the creators and exploration of the nature of being, human existence, and owners of inventions such us designs, music, unique the relationship between the individual and the world. names and brand names, industrial processes, and other works also known us Intellectual property KEY POINTS OF HEIDEGGERIAN THEORY BEING AND TIME Heidegger's major work delves into the INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION nature of being, particularly human existence (Dasein), Trademarks - protects a business' brand identity in the and its relation to time. marketplace. Ontology and Phenomenology Heidegger intertwines Service marks - brand names or logos that identify a ontology (study of being) and phenomenology (study of service provider. consciousness and experience) to understand being Trade/company name - an official name under which an through lived experiences. individual or company conducts business TRUTH AND BECOMING Heidegger explores truth and the process of becoming, offering insights into the DESIGNS - Design rights refer to a type of intellectual dynamics of existence. property protection that applies to a product’s visual EXISTENTIAL GIVENS Heidegger introduces existential design or appearance. This can include shape, givens that shape human existence, influencing how configuration, pattern, or ornamentation individuals perceive and interact with the world. COPYRIGHT - is the legal protection extended to the PRESERVATION OF BEING Heidegger emphasizes the owner of the rights in an original work. enduring nature of being and its significance in PATENTS - a legal right to an invention given to a person understanding human existence. or entity without interference from others who wish to replicate, use, or sell it. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS - a distinctive sign used to The term intellectual property refers broadly to the identify a product whose quality, reputation or other creations of the human mind. Intellectual property such characteristics relate to its geographical origin. relates to items of information or knowledge, which can TECHNOLOGICAL DISHONESTY - it is a broad and be incorporated in tangible objects at the same time in evolving concept, particularly relevant in our increasingly an unlimited number of copies at different locations digitalized and interconnected world. It spans across anywhere in the world, The property is not in those numerous fields and takes on many forms, all of which copies but in the information or knowledge reflected in involve the misuse or exploitation of technology to them. deceive, mislead or harm others. ACADEMIC DISHONESTY THROUGH TECHNOLOGY - In TYPES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY educational settings, technological dishonesty often 1. INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY - takes a range of forms. These takes the form of students using digital tools to cheat or include patents to protect inventions, industrial designs, deceive. This includes: which are aesthetic creations determining the o Plagiarism Detection Evasion appearance of industrial products. Industrial property o AI Assistance also covers trademarks, service marks, layout-designs of o Falsifying Research Data integrated circuits, commercial names and designations, CORPORATE AND BUSINESS DECEPTION - In the as well as geographical indications, and protection business world, companies or individuals sometimes against unfair competition. exploit technology to gain an unfair advantage or mislead consumers: 2. COPYRIGHT - a form of protection provided to the o Fake Reviews and Online Reputation author of "original works of authorship" including Management literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other o Misleading Product Descriptions intellectual works, both published and unpublished. The o Search Engine Manipulation 11