STS Reviewer The Good Life PDF

STS Reviewer THE GOODLIFE believed that good for humans is the Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics and maximum realization of what was the Good Life unique to humans....

STS Reviewer THE GOODLIFE believed that good for humans is the Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics and maximum realization of what was the Good Life unique to humans. Eudaimonia: The Ultimate Good the good for humans was to reason Eudaimonia: Uniquely Human well. Arête and Human Happiness The task of reason was to teach humans how to act virtuously, and the WHAT IS MEANT BY GOODLIFE? exercise faculties in accordance with living in comfort and luxury with few virtue. problems or worries. characterized by happiness from HAPPINESS TO ARISTOTLE living and doing well "Happiness depends on ourselves." content central purpose of human life and a goal in itself. NICOMACHEAN ETHICS depends on the cultivation of virtue. Everyone is in pursuit of the good a genuinely happy life required the life fulfillment of a broad range of We do certain things that makes us conditions, including physical as well as happy and content mental well-being. The definition of a good life varies from one person to another "If wealth was the secret to happiness, then the rich would be dancing on the streets, but only poor kids In Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle wrote the do that. following line: "All human activities aim at some good. If power ensured security, then officials and Every art and human inquiry, and similarly every politicians would walk unguarded, but those who action and pursuit, is thought to aim at some good; live simply are the ones who have the soundest and for this reason the good has been rightly sleep. declared as that at which all things aim". If beauty and fame brought ideal relationships, then ARISTOTLE EXPLAINED THAT EVERY ACTION celebrities would have the best marriages. AIMS AT SOME GOOD. 1. instrumental good: good as a Live simply, walk humbly, love genuinely and life means of achieving something good will become easy & meaningful. 2. intrinsic good: good in itself the simple life Remember, all blessings are from the Almighty so EUDAIMONIA (n.) recognize them and HIM!" Lit "human flourishing"; a contented state of being happy and healthy and prosperous. EUDAIMONIA: UNIQUELY HUMAN Unique to humans for it is a uniquely WHAT IS EUDAIMONIA? human function came from the Greek word eu Aristotle's notion of tripartite soul meaning "good" and daimon meaning below illustrates a nested hierarchy of "spirit". functions and activities of the soul refers to the good life marked by Humans have rational soul capable happiness and excellence. of theoretical and practical functions flourishing life filled with meaningful Only humans are capable of a life endeavors that empower the human guided by reason person to be the best version of Thus, happiness is a uniquely himself/herself. human function for it can only be achieved through a rationally Eudaimonia: The Ultimate Good directed life The good life is characterized by happiness that springs from living and Arête doing well (eudaimonia; eu=good, "excellence of any kind" monia=spirit) "moral virtue" EudaImonia means happiness/welfare or human Arête & Human Happiness flourishing/prosperity Eudaimonia is only possible by living Eudaimonia is what defines the a life of virtue good life TWO TYPES OF VIRTUES Pleasure, wealth, fame and honor 1. Intellectual virtue are not ultimate good or virtue of thought is achieved through education, time, ARISTOTLE’S VIEW OF GOODLIFE and experience the activity of the soul in accordance key intellectual virtues are wisdom with virtue. and understanding Abuel, Jade Primrose L. I Anulacion, Winsly BSN 2-L STS Reviewer - This philosophy, just like materialism, rejects the 2. Moral virtue notion of an afterlife. or virtue of character -Obtaining and indulging in pleasure because life is is achieved through habitual limited. practice key moral values are generosity, 3. Stoicism temperance, and courage - The school of thought led by Epicurus, the Stoics espoused the faea that in order to be happy one Both intellectual and moral virtue should be in must learn to distance oneself and be apathetic. accordance with reason to achieve Eudaimonia - Apatheia means to be indifferent. - Happiness can only be attained by a careful Indifference with these virtues (for reasons that practice of apathy. are only for one's convenience, pleasure, 4. Theism satisfaction) leads humans away from eudaimonia - The ultimate basis of happiness for theists is communication with God. A virtue is ruined by any excess and - They find the meaning of their lives using God as deficiency in how one lives and acts a fulcrum of their existence. THE FULFILLED LIFE BY 5. Humanism ARISTOTLE - Humanism espouses the freedom of man to carve his own destiny and to legislate his own laws, free 1. Virtue - morally virtuous from the shackles of a God that monitors and controls. 2. Health - enjoy good health and - For them, a man holds the steering wheel as reasonably long life. captain of his own ship, seeking ways how to improve their lives. 3. Prosperity - comfortably off - The reason why Technology came across and (Aristotle - affluent enough so that they evolved don't need to work for a living doing something that they would not freely Summary choose to do) The good life in the sense of eudaimonia is the state of being happy, healthy, and prosperous in 4. Friendship - good friends; innately the way one thinks, lives, and acts social The good life is happiness (eudaimonia) brought about by living a virtuous life (Arête) 5. Enjoy respect of others The onward progress of S&T guided by virtue or 6. Need good luck, common sense ethical standards is also the movement towards the good life that will allow us to flourish in life. 7. Exercise their unique human abilities and capacities TECHNOLOGY Science and Technology and Good Life "Technology" came from the Greek words S&T is also the movement towards techne - art good life. logos - word S&T are one of the highest a discourse on art (Buchanan, 2010) expressions of human faculties. S&T allow us to thrive and flourish if a word with Greek roots, is defined as, "the we desire it. practical application of knowledge especially in a S&T may corrupt a person particular area" by Merriam- Webster. S&T with virtue can help an individual to be out of danger. Technology is a word used to define or portray the progressions, abilities, creation, happenings, 5 GOALS OF GOODLIFE interpretation, and knowledge of a singular group of 1. Materialism persons and as humans we execute certain - The first materialists were the atomists in Ancient functions for man and society. Greece. - In terms of human flourishing, the matter is what What is the primary purpose of technology to makes us attain happiness. humanity? - Material wealth is the primary source of meaning Advantages, in life. Disadvantages, and Limitation of Technology 2. Hedonism - The hedonists, for their part, see the end goal of Advantages of Technology life as acquiring pleasure. 1.Life has become easy through science and - Hedonists strongly believe in the quote "Eat, technology. drink, and be merry for tomorrow we die." 2. Travelling has become faster than before. Abuel, Jade Primrose L. I Anulacion, Winsly BSN 2-L STS Reviewer 3. Communication becomes easier, faster and * How far can they still go? cheaper. Is there a limit to technological progress? 4. Innovations in technology increased the standard What does this mean for humanity's distant of living. future? 5.Using various technology, man become advanced According to Sagan, (2004) today is a period 6.The impossible have become possible due to the where he called it "technological adolescence". progress in science and technology - Human beings are still delivering technology 7. Science and technology made a lot of things advancement and it all depends on how wisely they easy to do and comfortable for man are still delivering technological advancement and it all depends on how wisely they will use these Disadvantages of Technology "technological advancement", to reach into a 1. Humans had misused the technology and used mature human being with a reasonable chance of in damaging purpose. reaching and enjoy the quality of life until old age. 2.By the use of technology, man is doing illegal things. TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS IN 3. New technologies like mobile are generating bad SOCIETY consequences on children. 4. By means of modern technology, terrorist use it In one way or another, each person in the society for destructive purpose. is directly or indirectly affected by technology 5. Many illness are created due to the development whether he wills it or not. of atomic energy and atom bomb Most people survive their everyday lives with 6. Modern technology like nuclear energy have not great reliance to the different technological only affected man but it also affected plants and advancements already available to the masses. other creatures. Technology is already an inevitable part of 7. Natural beauty is decreasing due to the society. development of modern technology. Convenience Pleasure Limitation of Technology to Humanity Happiness One cannot live without these advancements but Communication these are certain limitations as to what humanity can apply it to almost everything they do. Anything too much is bad. Is there a specific limitation in these Technological Various ethical dilemmas involving the use of Advancement? or can humanity limit the use of technological devices. technology? Misuse or invention to produce bad results. These are the factors that define the limits of ETHICAL DILEMMAS technology: 1. Most parents would argue that these devices 1. The laws of physics make their children lazy and unhealthy 2.The laws of software 2. People are freely exposed to different things on 3.The challenges of algorithms televisions, mobile phones, computers and 4. The difficulty of distribution laptops. 5.The problems of design 6.The problem of functionality 7.The importance of organization ETHICS OF RESPONSIBILITY 8. The impact of economics "Responsibility" - in the sense of being 9.The influence of politics accountable for and accountable to is very appropriate to the ethics of technology. HUMANITY What ought to be allowed? Humanity is the human race, which includes everybody on earth. The Law of Physics a term for the qualities that make as human, such Software, quantum effects, and thermodynamics as the capacity to love, to sympathize, to be plays an important role when it comes to the law of creative, and not be a robot or alien. physics and technology. Humanity is from the Latin word "humanitas" which means "human nature, kindness". The Law of Software and Algorithms Humanity comprises all humans, also refer to the Limitations for algorithms is that there are also kind of emotions human frequently feel for each certain classes of problems that are on an a other. reasonable algorithm: data compression and photorealistic which renders two such problems like *Humankind is highly dependent on theoretical limits of compressing an image, a technology. waveform, video or some raw stream of bits, some Today, humanity is advanced. degree of information loss, hairy mathematics, Humans have come a long way from the cave some trial and error, lack of perfect knowledge but: adds complexity and compromise to our systems Abuel, Jade Primrose L. I Anulacion, Winsly BSN 2-L STS Reviewer The Difficulty of Distribution Leslie Lamport an American computer scientist From this equation, we can observe that the who observed, "A distributed system is one in complexity of a system can either be amplified by a which the failure of a computer you didn't even bad process or dampened by a good process and know existed can render your computer unusable." that the nature of a team and its tools are equal Building distribution systems is only moderately contributors to the performance of a project. harder than building a non-distributed one, but it is decidedly not, because the reality of the real world The influence of Politics intrudes. Investment in software development is the key to Peter Deutsch is an American politician who success; the political organization can influence its noted that there are eight fallacies of distributed progress and its limitation. computing: we'd like to believe that these are all Great thing could have provided if the influence in true, but they are definitely not. politics are on a positive side. The Problem of design Robotics and Humanity The design of any relevant Web-centric system consists of tens of thousands of lines of custom WHAT IS ROBOT? code on top of hundreds of thousands of lines of middleware code on top of several million lines of A-reprogrammable, multifunctional, manipulator operating system code. designed to make material , parts, tools or specialized devices through various programmed William Occam, a 14th- century logician and motion for the performance of a variety of tasks. Franciscan friar stated,"Entities should not be multiplied unnecessarily." ROBOT Isaac Newton an English physicist & An actuated mechanism programmable in two or mathematician projected Occams's work into more axes with a degree of autonomy, moving physics by noting, "We are to admit no more within its environment, to perform intended tasks. causes of natural things than such are both true and sufficient to explain their appearances" Put in Autonomy - ability to perform intended tasks contemporary terms, physicists often observe, based on current state and sensing without human "When you have two competing theories which intervention. make exactly the same predictions, the one that is simpler is the better." Finally Albert Einstein was a HIST0RY OF ROBOT German-born theoretical physicist declared that "Everything should be made as simple as possible, The word robot from the word ROBOTA meaning but not simpler." compulsory LABOR Defined by the robotic institutes of America as a The Problem of Functionality machine in the form of a human being that Brook writes: To consider the requirements, performs the mechanical functions of a human functionality, and non-functionality of a machine like being but lacks sensitivity. multi-engine aircraft, a cellular phone, or an Issac Asimov further elucidated the role of autonomous robot, has these limitations such as robotics in 1940 through short stories usability, survivability, and adaptability has these unrestrained, potentially, external requirements are ISSAC ASIMOV’S LAW OF ROBOTICS too complexity to design. THREE LAWS OF ROBOTICS The Impact of Economics Technological Advancement cost money. 1. A robot may not injure a human being or, through According to Barry Boehm (1981), in his classic inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. work on: software Engineering Economics, based upon 20 years of empirical evidence, concludes 2.A robot must obey orders given it by human that the performance of a project can be predicted beings except there such orders would conflict with according to the following equation: the 1s law. Performance = (Complexity**Process) * team * 3.A robot must protect its own existence as long as Tools such protection does not conflict the 1st and 2nd law. Where: Performance means effort or time ETHICAL DILEMMAS FACED BY ROBOTICS Complexity means volume of human-generated code 1. Safety Process means maturity of process and Who should be held accountable if someone's notion Team means skill set, experience, and safety is compromised by a robot? motivation Who should be blamed, the robot, the agent using Tools mean software tools automation the robot, or the maker/inventor of the robot? Abuel, Jade Primrose L. I Anulacion, Winsly BSN 2-L STS Reviewer Enabling patients and caregivers to interact 2. Emotional Component thereby reducing the frequency of personal visits It is not completely impossible for the robots to Collecting data and monitoring patients, develop emotions. emergencies such as heart failure and high blood What if robots become sentient? sugar level , could be avoided. Should they be granted robot rights? Assisting people with domestic tasks- many give up independent living because of arthritis. CHARACTERISTICS OF ROBOT Accuracy: robot once instructed can perform a task without fatigue and with accuracy, even after MOBILITY: It possesses some form of mobility long hour of operation PROGRAMMABILITY: It can be programmed to accomplish a large variety of tasks. After being 1.Help with heavy lifting. programmed, it operates automatically. Care giver injuries are common and lead to missed work for the caregiver and sometimes SENSORS: able to sense the environment and leaves an older adult without a caregiver. give the useful feedback to the device. 2. Serve as a communication tool. MECHANICAL CAPABILITY: Enabling it to act 3. Provide reminders. on its environment rather than merely functions as To take medications, go to appointments, eat, a data processing or computational device(a robot exercise, and anything else relevant to each is a machine). individual person. Sure, people make lists but too FLEXIBILITY: It can operate using a range of often they forget to check them. programs and transports material in a variety of 4. Help with monitoring. ways ▪ Home monitoring has proven benefits in diseases such as heart failure and diabetes. APPLICATION OF ROBOT ▪ Robots might monitor many medical conditions and relay that data back to a nurse or doctor who Industry could then have a more informed meeting — in Animatronics person, or via robo-chat — with the patient Safety 5. Preserve dignity ▪ People find help with toileting humiliating – bad if Space from a stranger, often worse from a family member. Healthcare 6. Promote independence A robot that helped with basic chores might The nursing robot system is designed to serve delay or diminish the need for unwanted human bedridden patients by performing simple services help. such as operating electrical appliances or bringing 7.Decrease burden on family and friends. patient’s bedside according to the patients spoken request. Many patients report that their greatest source of The nursing robot, however , is not supposed to distress is the burden they feel they place on their apply any medical treatment to the patient. families. The workplace of such a robot would be usually If robots could help so that families spent more confined to one room, either in a hospital or in the time enjoying each other’s company 9. Offer patient’s room. endless patience. When a person has dementia, they often ask the ROBOTICS same question over and over. is the engineering science and technology of Most humans lose patience answering 5, 15 or robots, and their design, manufacture, application, 40 times. A robot doesn’t. and structural disposition. 10. Provide companionship Robotics is related to electronics, mechanics and This is the most controversial function of robots. software. But the goal is not to replace humans; it’s to SUPLLEMENT AND COMPLEMENT them. WHY ROBOTICS? Compared with humans, robots are quicker to DISADVANTAGES train, cheaper to maintain, easier to refuel and repair and less prone to be bored by repetitive 1.COST OF THEM: tasks. Like anything else, with good comes bad. They could help the elderly and chronically ill to One disadvantage of Nursebots is the cost of remain independent, reducing the need for careers them. and the demand for care homes. Nursebots are not being produced in multiples yet. ADVANTAGES 2. SURVEILLANCE: This surveillance could lead to ethical issues of Addressing cognitive decline: for example privacy. reminding patient to drink, take medicine or of an 3.COMPARISION WITH HUMAN: appointment. One last disadvantage of the Robotic Nurses that brings great debate to this topic is the fact that Abuel, Jade Primrose L. I Anulacion, Winsly BSN 2-L STS Reviewer many people feel a robot will never compare to a A bed bath where the nurse or family member human. uses a soapy sponge to clean off patients skin, can actually be an awkward social situation, making USE OF ROBOTIC IN HEALTHCARE both the caregiver and patient uncomfortable. Surgery Having a robot carrying out hygiene tasks offers Procedure huge advantages. Treatment (pre and post) HYBRID ASSISTIVE LIMB (HAL) planning cyber dyne has developed the hybrid assistive Simulation limb(HAL), which is robotic exoskeleton that could Guiding Surgery greatly improve the mobility of elderly or disabled people who wear it. RIBA HAL is expected to be widely used in various RIBA is the first robot that can lift up or set down a application including support to assist the mobility real human from or to bed or wheelchair. of the elderly with muscle weakness and the people RIBA does this by using its very strong human like with impaired motor functions. arm and by novel tactile guidance method using high accuracy tactile sensors. ROBOTIC NURSING ASSISTANT (RONA) SYSTEM ROBOTIC HEALTH ASSISTANT: To develop a human-safe, heavy-lifting robotic A robotic care giver can handle the laundry and system that is useful in any clinical environment. household chores, while the patient is sleeping and Robotic Patient Lifting System—an autonomous the patients awakes would be greeted by kind robotic nursing assistant capable of helping humanlike voice. healthcare providers maneuver and lift patients If the patient ambulatory, the robot can assist weighing up to 500 pounds. with getting the patient moving. Many elderly patients take multiple medicine Features and Benefits allowing for mistakes in taking the right dose at Rona will deliver a positive increase in benefits right time. commonly associated with traditional safe patient lifting methods, including: A caregiver robot could make sure that medicine ✓Reduced incidence of clinician workplace injuries, requirement is met. associated workers' compensation claims and lost for those failing eyesight, the robot could read to work time the them. ✓ Fewer patient falls and injuries due to improper GIRAFFPLUS: or unsafe lifting “Giraffplus” a humanoid robot that serve as a ✓ Improved clinician staff retention and satisfaction vacuum cleaner, standing mirror a video chat ✓ Improved patient satisfaction ✓Increased patient android that stands in for family time and doctor referrals visits and health metrics monitor that can measure a record key variables such as a blood pressure RONA OFFERS OTHER DISTINCT and temperature. ADVANTAGES Giraffplus consists of a network of sensors which ✓Mobility and maneuverability can measure blood pressure or detect if someone ✓Telepresence support falls. ✓Patient safety The data then interpreted in term of activities, ✓Employee injury, worker compensation, and health and well being, such as if the person is premature retirement reduction. relaxed or need to go to bed. can trigger alerts or reminder to a healthcare CONCLUSION provider. The development of medical welfare robot is not necessarily harmful rather than it can be promoted CARE-O-BOT since it used in providing health care services are What makes the robot unique is that they are not beneficial to people with disabilities and incurable only focusing on physical assistance but also on diseases. social assistance. By offering stimulating and It is an important issue in nursing practice to engaging in empathic interaction, they increasing recognize and live with advanced sciences. social connectivity preventing social isolation and loneliness. SERVICE ROBOT The care-o-bot is programmed to be charming, to A robot that performs useful tasks for humans or express emotion and to follow the rules of etiquette. equipment excluding industrial application The objective to remove cold exterior of a robot by A robot may be classified according to its introducing empathy. Using simple gesture and intended application as an industrial robot or emotions. service research CODY PERSONAL SERVICE ROBOT is robotic nurse designed to give bath to elderly. "service robot for personal use Abuel, Jade Primrose L. I Anulacion, Winsly BSN 2-L STS Reviewer Used for noncommercial task, usually by laypersons. Examples: domestic servant robot automated wheelchair, personality mobility assist robot, pet exercising robot. PROFESSIONAL SERVICE ROBOT Service robot for professional Used for commercial task, usually operated by a proper trained operator. Examples: cleaning robot for industrial cleaning public places, delivery robot, firefighting robot, rehabilitation robot, surgery robot. Abuel, Jade Primrose L. I Anulacion, Winsly BSN 2-L