STS-Unit-1.pdf

STSN11G – Lesson 1 Science and Technology in the World  Objectives 1. Understand how Science and Technology has changed over the past centuries. 2. Describe the roles of the different sectors of the society in the development of science across ag...

STSN11G – Lesson 1 Science and Technology in the World  Objectives 1. Understand how Science and Technology has changed over the past centuries. 2. Describe the roles of the different sectors of the society in the development of science across ages. 3. Enumerate the technological advancements from ancient age to date. 4. Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society and environment. 5. Explain the importance of social media sites to modern day living. 6. Be familiar with the important key elements in the communication process.  Definitions Science - A branch of knowledge that investigates the natural phenomena around us - Observation, drawing inferences, experimentation, drawing conclusions Technology - The application of the concepts of science for the benefit of humankind Society - Composed of people that are living in a community, having the same culture, economic status, and political authority Interrelation of Science, Technology, and Society  Ancient Age: Three-Age System - Introduced in the early 19th century by Christian Jurgensen Thomsen, a Danish archaeologist and curator of the National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen - Originally formulated to classify artifacts in the possession of the museum based on the materials they are made of - This gave birth to 3 chronologically prehistorical period: Stone, Bronze and Iron age.  Three-Age System: Stone Age - Period of weapons made of stone, wood, bone or materials that are not metals. Palaeolithic (“Old Stone”) Period Mesolithic (“Middle Stone”) Period Neolithic (“New Stone”) Period  Stone Age: Palaeolithic Period - Longest phase of human history - Evolution of human from an ape-like creature to a true Homo sapiens - Hunting and harvesting as means for survival - People live in small band - People migrate on places where food was available - Divided into three; Lower, Middle, Upper Palaeolithic Period  Palaeolithic Period: Lower - Marked the age of human evolution - Characterized by the development of simple tools - Include stone choppers believed to be made more than a million year ago; unearthed from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania - Comprised those 100,000 – 500,000-year old stone tools made by Homo erectus  Palaeolithic Period: Middle - Neanderthal man (neanderthalensis or Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) who existed 40,000 – 100,000 years ago - Use of fire, stone tools of flakes type for hunting and bone implements for sewing cloth of animal skins  Palaeolithic Period: Upper - Variety of cultures of Homo sapiens groups Cro-Magnon man, Grimaldi man, etc. - Period known for communal hunting, expensive fishing, supernatural beliefs, cloth sewing, sculpture, painting and making personal ornaments out of bones, horns and ivory - First manmade dwellings (pit houses) - Cave walls were decorated with carvings and paintings  Stone Age: Mesolithic Period - Involved the gradual change in the way humans lived that could be attributed to the retreat of glaciers and growth of forests and deserts in different parts of the world. - Fishing along rivers and lake shores, make pottery, and use bow  Stone Age: Neolithic Period - Based primarily on agriculture - Characterized by wide domestication of plants and animals, use of stone tools, and pottery and weaving in numerous settled villages - The end of this period is marked by the introduction of metal tools  Bronze Age - Tools and weapons were made with copper and bronze - Smelting process (Temp > 1,000 C) were done to shape bronze and copper - Life of humans became easier (bronze being lighter than stones and wood). - Bronze is also easy to shape according to how you would use them, unlike stones that requires much hammering. - During bronze age, there was an increase in technology. Wheel was developed and plows being used in agriculture were driven by ox.  Iron Age - Articles made of iron - Began when smelting pits advanced to high temperature to smelt iron. (Temp > 1,500 C) - Structures became more permanent - People have more time for other activities like trading and making other products  Middle Age - Subdivided into: Dark Age (450 – 1000 AD) High Middle Age (1000 – 1450 AD) - Major developments in science and technology in some parts of the world during this period  Middle Age: Dark Age - There were no scientific accomplishments - Referred to as the time of intellectual darkness - Time of violence (barbarism) - In medicine, Sicknesses are thought of as a result of sin, destiny and astral influences - Lack of progress Middle Age Social System  Middle Age: High Middle Age Economy: The Church provided the intellectual and Administrative expression of feudal system Education: Many universities were supervised by Catholic Churches. Higher learning has at least 3 courses: Medicine, Law or Theology Medicine: Higher middle ages medicine recognized that sicknesses can spread from person to person, lifestyle has an effect on health, some people were more prone to illness than others  Asian Civilization: INDIA INDIA - Indus River valley: rise of civilization - weapons and utensils (bronze and copper) Hinduism Three Gods rule the world. Brahma: the creator, Vishnu, the preserver and Shiva, the destroyer. Lord Vishnu did his job of preserving the world by incarnating himself in different forms at times of crisis. Buddhism Buddha (Siddharta Gautama): “The Enlightened One”. Greed and selfishness = human pain. - Ruler, Suits game (card game), Diamond mining, Ink, Flushing Toilets - Math: Fibonacci Numbers, Decimal System, Quadratic Formula, zero  Asian Civilization: CHINA CHINA - China is one of the oldest civilizations. - Agriculture and Economy: Farming largely began in Huang Ho and Yangtze Rivers (China’s cradle of civilization.) - Large silk production started. - Bronze production became more sophisticated - Confucianism is an ancient Chinese belief system, which focuses on the importance of personal ethics and morality. Whether it is only or a philosophy or also a religion is debated. - Inventions: Paper, Compass, Gunpowder, Guns, cannons, Mechanical clock, Animal harness, Water power  Middle East Contribution MIDDLE EAST - Rise of Islam in the 17th century - S&T flourished in Islamic world than in the West - Muslim rulers promoted the translation of Greek philosophy and science - “CRADLE OF CIVILIZATION” – oldest cultures and civilizations - Explorations in the following fields were encouraged: Mathematics Astronomy Medicine Pharmacology Optics Chemistry Physics  African Contribution AFRICA Medicine Salicylic acid Kaolin Extracts against bacteria Vaccination Autopsy Bullet removal Skin grafting Filling of dental cavities False teeth Anesthesia Tissue cauterization  Mesoamerican Contribution MESOAMERICA - Agriculture - Various cultivation techniques Combination of crop rotation Slash-and-burn technique Terraces Chinampas Irrigation techniques  Pre-Columbian America MAYAN CIVILIZATION Houses were made of poles and leaves of palms Cocoa beans were used as monetary units Mayan solar calendar was developed consisting of 365 days in a years comprising 18 months with 20 days AZTEC CIVILIZATION High temples were built A social calendar was developed with 365 days, total of 18 months INCAS CIVILIZATION Farming practice includes terraced fields with canals for irrigation Chili and Avocado were widely cultivated Clothes from llama and alpaca wools were made  Scientific Revolution Period that refers to the great scientific intellectual achievements that led to radical changes in scientific inquiries. Universe Model – Nicolaus Copernicus - Sun as the center of the universe, and that the earth and other planets revolve around it in circles. Law of Planetary Motion – Johannes Kepler - All the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical manner and not circular. Closer planets to the sun move faster than the others. Work of Motion – Galileo Galilei - Involves the discovery of the relations among distance, velocity, acceleration, and law of inertia.  Digital Age Computers – Discovered by Charles Babbage “Father of Computers”. Designed simply for computations, mathematical calculations and simple decision-making capabilities. Internet – Created by Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn. Developed in California, United States in the late 1960s. Internet was mostly used by scientists to communicate with other scientists. World Wide Web – Discovered by Sir Tim Berners-Lee in the 1990s basically for commercial purposes. Home pages were made by companies, business owners or corporation, in order to promote or sell their products. Electronic Mail – Discovery claimed by V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai. He started building the system in 1978 when he was 14 years old.  STSN11G – Lesson 2 Science and Technology in the Philippines  Objectives 1. Describe how Science and Technology in the Philippines has evolved over time. 2. Identify the influence of colonization to the Science and Technology of the country. 3. Describe the huge role of education in the development of Philippine Science and Technology  Precolonial Period - Before the arrival of Spaniards in 1521 - Information was based on: Archeological findings Accounts by early traders Narratives from Spanish missionaries - Technological advancements were simple, sufficient enough to meet the needs of the people - Early settlers (about 50,000 years ago) - Believed to be modern man (Homo sapiens) who came from mainland Asia and lived in Palawan and Batangas; spread to Sulu, Negros, Samar and regions in Luzon  Precolonial Period - Early settlers learned to make simple tools by sawing, drilling and polishing hard stones. They also produced seashell ornaments and pottery but were later on replaced by Chinese porcelain - Tools gradually shifted to copper, gold, bronze and iron. - Filipinos used caracoa for coastal trade. The expertise in building caracoa was later on utilized by Spaniards to fight against pirates and to support their galleons that sailed to Mexico  Precolonial Period By the 10th century: - Butuan and Mindoro inhabitants – trade relations with Vietnam & China - Mindanao inhabitants – traded with Borneo, Malacca and Malay peninsula - Cultural and technological influences reached and diffused in the country - Coastal areas (Manila, Mindoro, Cebu, Sulu and Southern Mindanao) – had more sophisticated technology because of their exposure to foreign trade - Farming, mining, producing wine, vinegar, salt and bee products - Shelters are made of woods & nipa  Spanish Regime - Considered to be the period of birth of modern science and technology - Religion had great influence on development Politics: Reduccion system used in Latin America: adopted in response to shortage of Spanish missionaries in the Philippines Datus and their hereditary successors served as heads of cabezas de barangay, the lowest level of local government Centralized political control was established all over the country - Tribute tax was imposed and collected - Compulsory labor services were enforced among natives. - Compulsory sale of local products to government was implemented  Spanish Regime Education: - Educational system was established with the help of religious orders. - Primary Education was mainly religious in nature. Jesuits Colegio de San Ildefonso, Cebu (1595) Colegio de San Ignacio, Manila (1595) Ateneo de Manila (1859) Dominicans University of Santo Tomas, Manila (1611) Colegio de San Juan de Letran, Manila (1640) Technological development and scientific researches were promoted.  Spanish Regime - Higher education was initially offered for priesthood and clerical positions in the government. - It was only during the 19th century that B.A. degrees in science subjects and that technical/vocational schools were offered and established by Spaniards. - Filipino students were able to go to Europe for professional advanced studies Jose Rizal – Medicine and specialization in Opthalmology (Spain and Germany) Graciano Apacible – Medicine (Madrid) Antonio Luna – Pharmacy (Madrid) Jose Alejandrino - Engineering (Belgium)  Spanish Regime - Several Spanish missionaries observed, catalogued and wrote about Philippine plants, especially those with medicinal values. - Schools of medicine and pharmacy were opened in 1871 in UST Leon Ma. Guerrero – among the first Pharmacy graduate, “Father of the Philippine Pharmacy” after his extensive work on Philippine medicinal plants. - 1887: Laboratorio Municipal de Ciudad de Manila was established to perform biochemical analyses for public health purposes and medico- legal cases - Studies on infectious diseases such as cholera, TB, leprosy and beriberi were conducted  Spanish Regime Agriculture - 1789, Philippines exported agricultural products and Philippine ports were opened - 1829, Agricultural production accelerated and modernized - 1889, Manila School of Agriculture opened Economy - 1565 – 1813, Manila – Acapulco trade (Galleon) - Direct involvement in the Galleon trade was limited to Spanish occupants of Manila - Domestic economy was affected by the trade which caused a negligence of local agriculture, mining and handicraft industries - 2nd half the 19th century, modern facilities were introduced in Manila Waterworks system, steam tramways, electric lights, newspapers, banking system - Economic development was unevenly distributed in the Philippines. Most of the areas outside Manila remained poor and underdeveloped.  American Regime - Marked the rapid advancement of science and technology - Contributing factors: Encouragement and support of the gov’t for extensive public education system Scholarship grants in science and engineering Science research agencies Science-based public services - Activities that paved way for the development of science and technology: Secularized public education Department of Public Instruction was established: free primary education with English as medium of instruction Philippine Normal School was put up to serve as training ground of Filipino teachers - Secondary schools were opened in 1902, followed by establishment of other professional and technical institution (later on became part of multidisciplinary University of the Philippines) - Advanced training abroad was availed by Filipinos leading to gradual replacement of foreign faculty  American Regime - An act to financially support high school students to take teaching, engineering, medical and law courses in the US was passed by Phil Commission in exchange of public service. - The demand for education increased. - Private School Act was enacted in 1917 to recognize increasing number of private schools as educational and not commercial institutions. - The Office of Private education was established to look into matters that would lead to the improvement of educational machinery. - The Bureau of Government Laboratories (Bureau of Science) was created in 1901 by the Phil Commission which served as the primary research institution. This was later on reorganized and renames as the Bureau of Science. - Offices that contributed to the development of scientific researches: - Bureau of Health - Bureau of Mines - Bureau of Forestry - Bureau of Agriculture - Weather Bureau - Bureau of Coast and Geodetic Survey - Bureau of Plant Industry - Bureau of Animal Industry  Commonwealth Period - The inauguration of the Philippine Commonwealth in 1935 marked the beginning of the country’s transformation to a politically independent nation. - Continuous expansion of public school system to address increasing number of children. Grade VII is the terminal grade for grade school. - Government-recognized private schools and universities were opened. - Establishment of National Economic Council was done to address the country’s economic & financial questions and to sustain the Philippine political independence. - Despite efforts, the goal of Commonwealth government of self-reliance was not attained due to foreign trade policies. - The Japanese occupation led to the destruction of various institutions  Period Since Independence - Support for scientific research and development was continued through education - Several state and private universities were established resulting to increased number of college graduates - Small proportion were into agriculture, science and engineering because of low opportunities - Birth of various science agencies of the government: Institute of Science (1947) Institute of Nutrition (1947) Science Foundation of the Phil (1952) Commission on Volcanology (1952) Institute of Science and Technology (IST) - National Science Development Board (NSDB) – Science Act of 1958 (RA 2067) Philippine Inventors Commission (1964) Philippine Coconut Research Institute (1964) Philippine Textile Research Institute (1967) Forest Research and Industries Development Commission (1969) Metals Industry Research and Development (MIRDC)  Period Since Independence - National Science Development Board (NSDB) was reorganized to become National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA) with 4 research and development councils: Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research and Development (PCARRD) Philippine Council for Industry and Energy Research Development (PCIERD) Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (PDHR) National Research Council of the Philippines (NRCP) - The increase in science institutions provided opportunities for local science manpower to conduct researches and to staff universities and colleges - 6 new institutes were opened: National Institute of Physics National Institute of Geological Sciences National Institute of Natural Sciences Research National Institute of Chemistry National Institute of Biology National Institute of Mathematical Science  Period Since Independence - In January 1987, the National Science Development Board (NSDB) was elevated to full Cabinet level by virtue of Executive Order 128. - Converted to Department of Science and Technology (DOST) to meet the increasing demand for inventions of science and technology in national development. - Today, the science and technology sector of the country is still represented in the government through DOST.  STSN11G – Lesson 3 Intellectual Revolutions that Defined Society  Objectives Prepared by: Ms. Lynzee Kaye G. Alvaran, RRT (2022) 1. Define intellectual revolution. 2. Identify intellectual revolutions that created paradigm shift. 3. Determine the components of personality. 4. Explain the stages of psychosexual development. 5. Compare the different civilizations and identify their greatest contributions to the society.  Intellectual Revolution - Term used to Greek speculation about “Nature” in the period before Socrates. - Also known as “Pre-Socratic”, “Non-Theological”, and “First Philosophy” - Period when Science and Technology changed people’s perceptions and beliefs - Showed how society was transformed by Science and Technology  Copernican Revolution - Named after Nicholas Copernicus - An astronomer and mathematician who proposed that the sun was stationary in the center of the universe and the earth revolved around it. - Before his work, principles of classical astronomy involving the four elements; Earth, Water, Air, and Fire were followed. - These put the earth at the center of the universe and the elements below the moon, its closest celestial body. - Copernicus adopted the Heliocentric Model where he proved the idea that the sun is the center of the solar system.  Darwinian Revolution - Theory of evolution by natural selection - “On the Origin of Species” (1859) - All living organisms are related - Common ancestor - Organisms change over time as a result of physical or behavioral changes inherited - Considered one of the strongest theories - SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST: refers not to an organism's strength or athletic ability, but rather the ability to survive and reproduce. - It is not the most intellectual of the species that survives; it is not the strongest that survives; but the species that survives is the one that is able best to adapt and adjust to the changing environment in which it finds itself.  Freudian Revolution - SIGMUND FREUD Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis Father of Psychoanalysis - Personality development presenting 3 fundamental structures of human mind: Id Ego Superego  Freudian Revolution ID - The quality of being unconscious and contains all that is inherited, present at birth and the instincts. - Driven by pleasure principle. - Immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs. - For example, if your id walked past a stranger eating ice cream, it would most likely take the ice cream for itself. It doesn’t know, or care, that it is rude to take something belonging to someone else; it would care only that you wanted the ice cream.  Freudian Revolution EGO - the quality of being conscious and responsible for controlling the demands of id. - Deals with reality. - Strives to satisfy the id’s desire in realistic and socially appropriate ways. - So, if you walked past the stranger with ice cream one more time, your ego would mediate the conflict between your id (“I want that ice cream right now”) and superego (“It’s wrong to take someone else’s ice cream”) and decide to go buy your own ice cream. While this may mean you have to wait 10 more minutes, which would frustrate your id, your ego decides to make that sacrifice as part of the compromise– satisfying your desire for ice cream while also avoiding an unpleasant social situation and potential feelings of shame.  Freudian Revolution SUPEREGO - Represents the influence of others. - Begins to manifest at the age of 5. - An individual’s sense of right and wrong. - similar to what many people call their ” conscience ” or their “moral compass”. - If your superego walked past the same stranger, it would not take their ice cream because it would know that that would be rude. However, if both your id and your superego were involved, and your id was strong enough to override your superego’s concern, you would still take the ice cream, but afterward you would most likely feel guilt and shame over your actions.  Information Revolution Alan Turing - British mathematician who considered information revolution as the 4th revolution following Copernican, Darwinian, and Freudian. - He contributed the Turing Test concerning the possibility of developing conscious and thinking machines in artificial intelligence. - Turing Test is a test of a machine’s ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to, or indistinguishable from that of a human. Science, Technology, and Society THANK YOU!