Science, Technology and Society Past Paper PDF

**Science, Technology and Society** History of science and technology in the Philippines What can you say about the state of science and technology before the Spaniards colonized the Philippines? Is it already progressive? If yes, why it is so? -The term that we think is more suitable to describe...

**Science, Technology and Society** History of science and technology in the Philippines What can you say about the state of science and technology before the Spaniards colonized the Philippines? Is it already progressive? If yes, why it is so? -The term that we think is more suitable to describe the science and technology of the Philippines in the Pre-colonial period is resourceful as the early Filipino men and women are able to adopt to their environment. -One primary example of this is the famous rice terraces, and one thing we found interesting in this agricultural method is their ability to circulate spring water in the entirety of the structure. \- Weaving, pottery making and glass ornaments during the Ist century A.D. to as big as making boats for coastal trade and warships which are called \'caracoa in the 10th century A.D. What are the important contributions of the Spaniards and Americans to the development of science and technology in the Philippines? -Spaniards have also contributed to our engineering by constructing government establishments, churches, bridges, and forts. They also introduced/ taught religion which is the Catholicism. **Government Policies and Programs on Science and Technology** **Department of Science and Technology (DOST) POLICIES** **Research and Development**: Policies to support scientific research and promote collaboration between academic institutions and industry. **Technology Transfer**: Initiatives to facilitate the commercialization of research outputs and support startups. **Disaster Risk Reduction**: Programs to use science and technology for disaster preparedness and response. **S&T Services:** Policies to enhance public access to scientific and technological services, including testing and calibration. **Modernization Act**: This policy strengthens the capacity of the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) to provide accurate and timely weather forecasts and disaster risk warnings. **National Innovation Strategy**: This policy framework aims to create an enabling environment for innovation in the Philippines by promoting collaboration between government, academia, and industry, and fostering a culture of research and development. **Balik Scientist Program**: This program encourages Filipino and technologists to return and reside in the Philippines and share their expertise for the development of the country. **Science for Change Program (S4CP**): This initiative focuses on accelerating science, technology, and innovation through increased investments in research and development (R&D) **Technology Transfer and Commercialization Program:** This initiative aims to bridge the gap between research and industry by promoting the commercialization of technologies developed by researchers and academic institutions **Small Enterprise Technology Upgrading Program (SETUP**): It provides assistance to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) through technology upgrading, training, and consultancy. **Philippine Science High School (PSHS) System**: The PSHS system offers a specialized education for academically gifted students in science and mathematics. **FAMOUS FILIPINOS IN SCIENCE** **Ramon Cabanos Berba** -research on tissue culture on mangoes **Lourdes Jansuy Cruz** -research on sea snail venom **Fabian Miliar Dayri** -research on herbal medicine **Lillian Formalejo Patena** -research on plant biotechnology **Rafael Dineros Guerrero III** -research on tilapia culture **Jose Bejar Cruz Jr.** -intemationally known in electrical engineering **Marijo Panganiban Ruiz** -outstanding educator and graph theorist **Gregory Ligot Tangonan** -research on communications technology **Enrique Mapus Ostrea Jr.** -inventing meconium drugs testing **Josefino Cacas Comiso** -observing characteristics of Antarctica **SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES** **Teaching Science** -It involves exploring theories and models in pedagogy for teachers to effectively deliver classroom instruction. **Understanding Science** -It pertains to the development and application of science process skills and scientific literacy in understanding the natural world. **Philippine Science High School (PSHS) System**- It is a government program for gifted students in the Philippines who have interest in studying science. **Central Visayan Institute Foundation**- It pioneered the prominent school-based innovation known as Dynamic Learning Program (DLP). **Five dimensions of the students\' perception:** 1\. Learner-Centered Pedagogy 2\. Science Inquiry Activities 3\. Positive Affect and Attitudes 4\. Grades as Feedback 5\. Support for Self-Learning and Effort STEM Exploration Lab (for Grades 1-5) DSL- Developing Self Learning The Young Inventors Club (Grades 6- 8) Environmental Science and Sustainability Initiative (For All Grades) Science Outreach and Community Programs (For All Ages) **Science Education** deals with the development of people in science, which is the heart of science, technology, and society. It deals with teaching and learning of science and in helping the public develop science literacy. **Teaching Science** means exploring pedagogical theories and models in helping teachers teach scientific concepts and process effectively. **Learning Science** includes both pedagogy and the most interesting aspect, which is helping students understand and love science. **Understanding science** implies developing and applying science-process skills and using science literacy in understanding the natural world and activities in everyday life. **John Dewey** -stressed the importance of utilizing the natural environment to teach students. **Science Education in Basic and Tertiary Education** **Basic Education:** Science education helps students learn important concepts and facts that are related to everyday life including important skills such as process skills, critical thinking skills, and life skills that are needed in coping up with daily life activities. **Tertiary Education:** **Science education** deals with developing and students\' understanding and appreciation of science deals and scientific works. This is done through offering basic science courses in the General Education curriculum. **Philippine Science High School System (PSHS)** -This is a government program for gifted students in the Philippines. -Republic Act No. 3661Also known as the Philippine Science High School (PSHS) System Act. **Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES) Project** -This project is a pursuance to DepEd Order no. 73 s. 2008 and DepEd Order no. 51 s. 2010. -It started in June 2007 with 57 identified elementary schools that participated or were identified as science elementary schools in the country. **Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES) Project** **Aims:** To develop Filipino children equipped with scientific and technological knowledge, skills, and values. **Mission:** -Provide a learning environment to science-inclined children through a special curriculum that recognizes the multiple intelligence of the learners; -Promote the development of lifelong learning skills; -Foster the holistic development of the learners. **Quezon City Regional Science High School** -The school was established on Sept. 17. 1967. Originally it was named Quezon City Science High School and turned into a regional science high school for the National Capital Region in 1999. **Manila Science High School (MSHS)** -The first science high school in the Philippines **HUMAN FLOURISHING ARISTOTLE\'S EUDAIMONIA** -According to **Aristotle**, \"human flourishing" pertains to \"good spirited\" which can be achieved as a result of phronesis, friendship, wealth and power. **Eudaimonia** is a Greek term coined by Aristotle which is often referred to **human flourishing**. The Greek Aristotelian view aims for human flourishing as the telos. **Falsifiability** states that a discipline is science if it can be confirmed or interpreted when an alternative hypothesis is accepted. In terms of human flourishing, western civilization tends to be more individualistic while eastern civilization is Collectivist. If one is pursuing human flourishing, it would necessitate him to pursue it Holistically and not only focusing on one aspect. 1\. DISCUSS BRIEFLY YOUR UNDERSTANDING ABOUT HUMAN FLOURISHING. -Human flourishing is about living a life filled with purpose, meaning, and well-being. It\'s about feeling connected to something bigger than yourself, whether it\'s your community contributing positively to society and personal satisfaction or fulfillment, your passions, or your values. 2\. PROVIDE EXAMPLES OF MANIFESTATIONS OF HUMAN FLOURISHING. Courage Generosity Self-awareness Community engagement 3.HOW HUMAN FLOURISHING CAN BE ACHIEVED BY SOCIETY? -Human flourishing requires a society that empowers individuals to reach their full potential, fosters strong communities, and promotes equality and opportunity. This involves encouraging kindness, honesty, and responsibility, recognizing the inherent dignity of all people, and working together to create a world where everyone can thrive. TECHNOLOGY AND REVEALED TRUTH ABOUT HUMANITY **Heidegger\'s Profile** MARTIN HEIDEGGER -Born on September 26, 1889, in Messkirch, Germany -Best known phenomenology. existentialism for contributions to hermeneutics, and \- Explored topics like ontology, technology, art, metaphysics, humanism, and language Died on May 26, 1976 (age 86) -One of the most influential philosophers of the 20th century, especially in the Continental tradition. **WHAT IS THE ESSENCE OF TECHNOLOGY?** **-ESSENCE OF TECHNOLOGY:** According to Heidegger, the essence of technology is not merely about tools or machinery but rather reflects a deeper human engagement with the world. HEIDEGGER\'S ANALYSIS OF TECHNOLOGY THROUGH ARISTOTLE\'S FOUR CAUSES -**Material cause (Causa materialis)**: the physical components or materials, (e.g., hardware). **-Formal cause (Causa formalis):** The structure or design (e.g.. algorithms). **-Final cause (Causa finalis):** The intended purpose (e.g., fostering human connection). **-Efficient cause (Causa efficiens):** the agent or creator responsible for bringing the technology into being. (e.g., coders or users). **POTENTIAL PROBLEMS OF TECHNOLOGY:** Heidegger warns that modern technology can lead to a disconnection from its original intent, causing people to become overly reliant on technological systems. This reliance can obscure the genuine human relationships and interactions, reducing complex experiences to mere data points. **HEIDEGGER\'S MESSAGE** In \"The Question Concerning Technology,\" Heidegger argues that technology is more than a collection of tools: it is a way of revealing that shapes our understanding of the world and ourselves. He stresses the importance of critically examining the role technology plays in our lives, urging individuals to consider who controls technological systems and to question whether these systems genuinely serve human needs and values. According to Aristotle\'s Nicomachean Ethics, how will you define \"highest good" or what he called \"eudamonia\"? -In Aristotle\'s Nicomachean Ethics, the highest good is referred to as eudamonia, which is often translated as \"happiness\" or \"flourishing". However, for Aristotle, eudaimonia is more than just a fleeting feeling of pleasure, it is the ultimate goal of human life, indicating a life lived in accord with reason and virtue. **According to Aristotle, how oneself con achieve \"eudomonia\"?** -Aristotle\'s concept of \"eudamonia", or flourishing, is achieved by living a life of virtue aligned with reason. This means practicing moral virtues like courage, temperance, and justice, along with intellectual virtues such as wisdom and understanding. **How philosophers viewed \"good life\"?** -A **good life** can be understood as a balance between meaningful experiences and personal fulfillment. The myth of Sisyphus illustrates this idea well; Sisyphus, condemned to roil a boulder up a hill only for it to roll back down, represents the struggle and resilience we all face. **Robert Nozick\'s** experience machine challenges us to consider whether mere pleasure is enough for happiness. It raises the question of whether we would choose to live in a simulated world of bliss or prefer authentic experiences, no matter how challenging. HUMANITY WITH TECHNOLOGY TRUE 1. In the Philippines, 92% of urban homes and 70% of rural homes own at least one television set according to Kantar Media, one of the most trusted television audience measurement providers. FALSE 2. The Philippines is the fastest- growing application market in Southeast Asia. -The Philippines is not the fastest-growing application market in Southeast Asia. TRUE 3. More than half of the Filipino population own at least one mobile phone. FALSE 4. Filipinos spend approximately 3.2 hours on mobile and 5.2 hours on desktop daily. -Filipinos spend approximately 4 hours and 15 minutes on mobile and 5 hours on desktop daily. TRUE 5. There are now more than 47 million active Facebook accounts in the Philippines. **Gerd Leonhard** introduces concepts related to the intersection of technology and humanity, such as the need for ethical considerations in technological development, the impact of automation on employment, and the importance of maintaining a balance between technological progress and human values. **Ethics, norms, and values** play a crucial role in ensuring that technological advancements are used responsibly and for the benefit of humanity. Gerd Leonhard\'s video \"Technology vs Humanity - The Future is Already Here\" explores the complex relationship between technological advancement and their effects on humans. It explores the advantages and disadvantages of developments in fields such as Al, biotechnology, and IoT, emphasizing the relevance of ethical considerations and human values. **The Information Age** Also called the **Digital Age** and **New Media Age**, it is a period when information became effortlessly accessible through publications and through management of Information by computers and computer networks. **INFORMATION AGE** He proposed the Theory of Information Age stating that Information Age is a true new age based upon the interconnection of computers via telecommunications, with these information systems operating on both a real-time and as needed basis. **JAMES R MESSENGER** **Robert Harris** wants the article entitled **THE THRUTH OF INFORMATION AGE** which detalled some facts on the Information Age. **COMPUTER** is an electronic device that stores and processes data information and runs on a program that contains the exact, step-by-step directions to solve a problem. **PERSONAL COMPUTER** were first known as microcomputers since they were a complete computer but built on a smaller scale than the enormous systems operated by most businesses. **LAPTOP** are portable computers that integrate the essentials of a desktop computer in a battery-powered package, which are somewhat large than a typical hardcover book. **WEARABLE COMPUTERS** involve materials that are usually integrated into cellphones, watches, and other small objects or places. **CLAUDE SHANNON** is an American mathematician who was considered as the "Father of Information Theory" **THE INTERNET** is a worldwide system of interconnected networks that facilitate data transmission among innumerable computers. **BIOINFORMATICS** is the application of information technology to store, organize, and analyze vast amount of biological data which is available in the form of sequences and structures of proteins-the building blocks of organisms and nucleic acids- the information carrier. **THE DE-DEVELOPMENT OF RICH COUNTRIES - JASON HICKEL** IN JASON HICKEL\'S ARTICLE FROM THE GUARDIAN, he critiques the UN\'S new sustainable development goals (sdgs) aimed at eradicating poverty by 2030. despite the grand celebrations and involvement of high- profile figures, hickel argues that the main strategy of growth remains unchanged and ineffective. **THE DE-DEVELOPMENT OF RICH COUNTRIES** \- JASON HICKEL Growth Vs. Poverty Environmental Impact Rethinking Development Cultural Shift Urgency And Action **Claude Elwood Shannon** (1916-2001), **-"Father of the Information Age,\"** was an American mathematician, electronic engineer, and cryptographer. In 1948, he published \"A Mathematical Theory of Communication,\" which established what has come to be known as information theory. **Information theory** is a mathematical framework for quantifying information, developed by Claude Shannon. It deals with the transmission, processing, and storage of information, focusing on concepts like entropy, data compression, and error correction. The Greek philosopher Plato proposed that there are two aspects of reality: the world of forms and THE WORLD OF MATTER Plato\'s student, ARISTOTLE believed that there is only one reality and that is the external world that we observed. **Existentialism** advocates free will, that man is in control of his life and the world around them. **HEDONISM** is a school of though that believes that the end goal of life is acquiring and indulging in pleasure. In 18th century, **John Stuart Mill** declared the when he said that an action is right if it maximizes the attainment of happiness for the greatest number of people. INDIGENOUS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES **INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE** -Local or indigenous knowledge refers to the cumulative and complex bodies of knowledge, know- how, practices and representations that are maintained and developed by local communities, who have long histories of interaction with the natural environment (UNESCO, 2012). **INDIGENENOUS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY** -It is an indigenous science composed of traditional knowledge practiced and valued by people and communities. -The indigenous technologies emerge from the implicate order to reflect the art of skills, creativity, in which the bodies of knowledge employ the precision and vigor. -It helps the people to understand the natural environment and in coping with everyday life. **INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM** -It is embedded in the daily life experiences of young children as they grow up. Children live and grow in a society where the members of the community prominently practice indigenous knowledge. Example: Predicting weather conditions and seasons using knowledge in observing animals\' behavior and celestial bodies Using herbal medicine Preserving foods Classifyng plants and animals into families and groups based on cultural properties Preserving and selecting good seeds for planting **ETHNOMEDICINE / ETHNOMEDICAL TECHNIQUE** -The wide range of health care system, herbs and food to heal a disease. -Traditional Chinese medicine like herbal therapy, acupressure, acupuncture. -Use of ayurvedic medicine such as oils, massage as laxatives to help restore a person\'s harmony, balance and cleanse the body. -Ethnomedical techniques include yoga, Taichi, meditation, sorcery/magical incantations, dance and music, aromatherapy. **INDIGENOUS FARMING METHOD/TECHNOLOGY** **1. CROP ROTATION** -Practice of growing different crops on the same land, no bed of seed the same crop in succeeding seasons. -The practice increase crop rotation in successive seasons. **2. MIXED INTERCROPPING** -It is a system of cropping in which farmers sow more than two crops at the same time. -The farmers can maximize land use while reducing the risks associated with single crop failure. -It creates biodiversity which attracts variety of beneficial predatory insects to minimize pests, increase organic matter, fumigate the soil and suppress weed growth. **3. POLYCULTURE** -Polyculture systems involve growing many plant of different species in the same area, often in a way that initiates nature. -It promotes diet diversity in local communities, provides better soil quality less soil erosion and most stable yields than monoculture system. -It improves water conservation, provide essential ecosystem services. -It increases food security and conserve natural resources. **4. WATER HARVESTING** -It involves a variety of method such as collecting water from roof tops, from swollen streams and river during monsoon seasons, or from artificially constructed earthquake. -It ensures that farmers have substantial amount of water stored up in case of drought or limited rainfall thus sustain food security. **The TEK (Traditional Ecological Knowledge),** the cumulative body knowledge of ecological relationship, provided insight into environmental change, wildlife population monitoring, sustainable harvesting practices, behavioral ecology and relationship and the like. **FOLK ASTRONOMY** -Study how ancient cultures interpret, used and viewed the heavenly bodies (e.g. sun, sky, moon, phases of the moon, seasons, weather) in regards to daily life. **Stars** The stars to determine the weather and when it was - time to farm For the Bagobo, the appearance of **Balatik** in the night sky in December signaled the beginning of Kaingin. **Marara,** another constellation where they could see the resemblance of man with one hand and one foot signifies the planting season. **Pogot,** a star in Bicol used as a sign for fishing and incoming storms. **Soag,** a four stars that resemble a four side figure, signals the beginning of night time. **Torong,** three stars that show an approaching storm. **Sipat and Tudong** known as kentan, conducted by an ethnic group in the Cordillera to bless rice seedlings. Made by: RCC