Structures-of-English_Midterm (1).docx

Word -- Basic unit of Language\ - smallest unit of grammar\ Morphology -- formation of words\ Semantic -- meaning of words\ \ 13 Mechanisms of Word\ 1. Derivation -- adding affixes (prefix,infix,suffix) to an existing word to create new words.\ Ex. Teach + er = Teacher\ 2. Back Formation -- creating...

Word -- Basic unit of Language\ - smallest unit of grammar\ Morphology -- formation of words\ Semantic -- meaning of words\ \ 13 Mechanisms of Word\ 1. Derivation -- adding affixes (prefix,infix,suffix) to an existing word to create new words.\ Ex. Teach + er = Teacher\ 2. Back Formation -- creating a new word by removing or extracting the supposed affixes from another words.\ Ex. Editor = Edit\ 3. Compounding -- combining two or more words to create a new word.\ Ex. Snow+Ball= Snowball\ \ TYPES OF COMPOUND\ Hypenated Compound -- formed by connecting two or more word with "- "to create a single concept\ Ex. Self-Esteem\ Open Compound- formed by two or more words that are written separately to convey a single concept or idea.\ Ex. High School\ Closed Compound- formed by joining two or more words together without any spaces/hyphens.\ Ex. Rainbow\ \ 4. Repurposing -- Taking a word from one context and applying it to another\ Ex. Mouse, Virus, Junk\ 5. Conversion- Taking a word from one class and transplanting it to another\ Ex. I saw a giant dog just outside our house\ 6. Eponyms- words named after a person or place\ Ex. Watt from james watt (Scottish inventor and mechanical Eng.)\ 7. Abbrevations- Shortening of the forms of words lengthy phrases. 3 MAIN SUBTYPE\ Clipping -- words that are formed by clipping or removing one or more syllables from a larger word. 4 Types of Clipping\ Back Clipping -- removes the end part of a word\ Ex. Ad -- Advertisement Exam -- Examination\ Fore Clipping -- removes beginning part of a word\ Ex. Motorbike -- Bike\ Middle Clipping -- reserve the middle position Ex. Fridge -- Refrigerator\ Complex Cliping -- removes multiple pieces from multiple words\ Ex. Sci-fi Science Fiction, Forex -Foreign Exchange\ \ Acronym -- forms from the first letter of each word in a phrase and the newly formed letters create a new word that help us speedy communication\ Ex. Asap -As Soon As Possible\ Initialism -- is an acronym that is pronounced as individual letters\ Ex. ATM -- Automated Teller Machine\ CD -- Compact Disc\ \ 8.Loanwords -- Borrowing or adopting of words from a foreign language. Most words are from French, latin, and Greek\ Ex. Grammar from Greek, Algebra from Arabic\ 9.Onomatopeia -- Creation of a word by imitation of the sound\ Ex. I knew we had finally left the city when I could hear the gentle "moo" of the cows in the field\ 10.Reduplication -- The repetition or near repetition of a word or sound\ Ex. Zig-zag, Chit-chat, Flip-flap\ 11.Nonce Words -- Word pulled out of thin air, bearing a little relation to any existing form\ 12.Error -- Misspellings, Mishearings, Mispronounciatition, and Mistranscriptions rarely produce new words in their own right, but often lead to new forms in conjunction with other mechanisms\ 13.Blending -- two or more words are merge into\ one so that the blended constituents are either clipped, or partially overlap Part of Speech\ Nouns -- represent a concrete and abstract thing\ -name of a person\ \ 2 Major Types of Nouns\ Proper Nouns - a particular name of something or someone\ Common Nouns - does not name a particular thing, person, or place\ Collective nouns- name of a group\ - acceptable to use singular verb with plural noun\ - acceptable if you wish to emphasize a member of that group\ - hard to identify if its plural or singular, it depends on the context\ - acting as one\ - use plural to emphasize plural\ Concrete Nouns -it points physical object\ - names an object which can be perceived by sense\ Abstract noun- it cannot be touch\ - names a quality, characteristics, or an idea Countable Noun -can be counted\ Non-countable nouns- cannot be counted Compound nouns - combination of two or more words.\ Verbs- expresses a state of action\ Linking verb- is, was, were , are\ Infections - "inflectere\" in Latin meaning \"to bend\".\ - process of changing words to crat new and specific meaning\ - For the base form and to be flexible when we use it\ Categories\ a. conjugation - inflection of verb\ 12 tenses - time the action happens (pass, present, future)\ 4 aspect - the manner on how the action happened\ Aspects of verb\ 1. Simple Tense\ 2. Progressive / continuous Tense\ 3. Perfect Tense\ 4. Perfect Progressive Tense /Perfect Continous Tense\ \ Simple Present Tense\ Sarah goes to park by train\ Form: subject+ verb (1) + s/es + object\ Simple Past Tense\ Sarah went to park by train\ Form: subject + v 1) + d/ed + object\ Simple Future Tense\ Sarah will go to park by train\ Form: Subject + will/shall + verb (1) + object\ \ Affirmative sentence- more on declarative\ Negative sentence -negative/ negation\ Interrogative sentence -questioning/interrogation\ \ Negative sentence (-)\ Simple Present Tense\ I do not eat pizza\ Form: Subject + do/does not +verb (1) + object\ Simple Past Tense\ I did not eat pizza\ Form: Subject + did not + verb (1)+ object\ Simple Future Tense\ I will not eat pizza\ Form: subject + will not + verb (1) + object\ \ Interrogative Sentence (?)\ Simple Present Tense\ Do I eat pizza?\ Form: do/does + subject + verb (1) + object\ Simple Past Interrogative\ Did I eat pizza?\ Form: did + subject + verb (1) + object\ Simple Future Interrogative\ Will I eat pizza?\ Form: will + subject + verb (1) + object\ \ Progressive/Continuous Tense\ Present Progressive Tense\ Sarah is going to park by train\ Form: subject + is/am/are + verb (1) + object\ Past Progressive Tense\ Sarah was going to park by train\ Form: subject + was/were + verb (1) + ing + object\ Future Progressive Tense\ Sarah will be going to park by train\ Form: subject + will be /shall be + verb (1) + ing + object\ \ Negative Sentence (-)\ Progressive Present Tense\ I am not eating pizza\ form: subject + am/is/are + verb 1 + ing +object\ Progressive Past Tense\ I was not eating pizza\ form: subject + was/were + not + verb 1 + ing +object\ Progressive Future Tense\ I will not be going to eat pizza\ Form: subject + will + not + be + verb 1 + ing + object\ \ Interrogative Sentence\ Present Progressive Interrogative\ Am I eating pizza?\ form: is/am/are +subject + verb 1+ ing + object\ Past Progressive Interrogative\ Was I eating pizza?\ Form: was/were + subject + verb1 +ing + object\ Future Progressive Interrogative\ will I be eating pizza?\ Form: will + subject + verb 1 + ing + object\ \ Present Perfect Tense\ Sarah has gone to park by train\ Form: subject + has/have + verb 3 + object\ Past Perfect Tense\ Sarah had gone to park by train\ Form: subject + had + verb 3 + object\ Future Perfect Tense\ sarah wil have gone to park by train\ Form. Subject+ will have + verb 3 + object\ \ Negative Sentence (-)\ Present Perfect Tense\ I have not eaten pizza\ Form: subject + has/have + not + verb 3 + object\ Past perfect tense\ I had not eaten pizza\ Form: subject + had + not + verb 3 + object Future perfect tense\ I will not have eaten pizza\ Form: subject + will+ not + have+ verb 3 + object\ \ Interrogative Sentence (?)\ Present perfect Interrogative\ Have i eaten pizza?\ Form: Have/ has + subject+ verb 3+ object Past perfect Interrogative\ Had i eaten pizza?\ Form: had+ subject + verb 3+ object\ Future perfect Interrogative\ Will i have eaten pizza?\ Form: will + subject + have + verb3 + object\ \ Perfect Progressive Present\ perfect Progressive\ Sarah has been going to park by train\ Form: subject + has/have + been + verb 1 + ing + object\ Past perfect Progressive\ Sarah had been going to park by train\ Form: subject+ had + been + verb 1+ ing+ object\ Future Perfect progressive\ Sarah will have been going to park by train Form: subject+ will+ have+ been+ verb 1 + object\ Negative Sentence (-)\ Present Perfect progressive negative\ I have not been eating pizza\ Form: subject + have/ has + not + been+ verb 1 + ing + object\ Past Perfect progressive negative\ I had not been eating pizza\ Form: subject + had + not + been+ verb1 + ing + object\ Future Perfect progressive negative\ I will not been eating pizza\ Form: subject + will + not+ been + verb 1 + ing + object\ \ Interrogative Perfect Progressive\ Present Perfect Progressive Interrogative Have i been eating pizza?\ Form: have/ had + subject + been + verb 1 + ing + object\ Past Perfect Progressive Interrogative\ Had i been eating pizza?\ Form: had + subject + been + verb 1 + ing + object\ Future Perfect Progressive Interrogative\ Will i have been eating pizza?\ Form: will + subject + have + been + verb 1 + ing + object\ \ \ Mood of a Verb\ -the form of a verb takes to show whether it is a fact a command, a wish, etc.\ 1.Indicative mood (Fact) - states a Fact or asks a question ex. Marian Rivera has an angelic pave?\ 2) Imperative Mood ( command)-expresses an ordered\ ex. Keep away from the sunlight\ 3) Subjunctive mood (wish) - snows a wish, a suggestion, or possible condition.\ ex. If I were alive, I will be partying all night. Declension - inflection. of nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs:\ - makes possible to express number, gender, case\ Gender OF Nouns\ Masculine - male ex.mister\ Feminine - Female ex. mistress\ Neuter - inanimate objects ex building Common - eitheir ex. excousin\ Number of Nouns (zero plural/zero noun - it doesnt change or add s rules even if it is S or P)\ in forming the plurality of nouns\ Examples:\ - pea - peas hily- lilies\ Kennedy - Kennedys VIP - VIPs\ potato - potatoes a hero - heroes\ Kiss - kisses ox - oxen\ mouse - mice salmon - sheep\ antenna - anten\ 1-add s les\ 2. IF acronym add little s\ 3. Change y to ies\ 4. borrow words retain their foreign plural\ Invariable Nouns\ - not changing\ - constant\ - uncountable and proper nouns have, only one form.\ - not capable to change\ Singular\ - take singular verbs\ - concrete uncountable nouns, abstract, uncountable nouns, proper nouns, some nouns with suffix\"s\".\ Plural\ - take plural verbs\ - proper collective nouns, some nouns derived by the SUFFIX "s", proper noun in \"s\". words that refer to people.\ \ Cases OF Nouns\ - indicates the action or Function OF the noun win the sentences\ 1. Nominative Case. - IF noun or pronoun is used as the subject of the verb\ a. subject of a verb\ ex. People seek freedom\ b. Predicate Nominative\ - the noun that completes a linking and mean the same as a subject\ ex. The Anti Terrorism bill is already a law\ c. Appositive\ -a noun that explains, another noun it Follows ex. Father Randy, our Friend, is a priest.\ 2. Objective Case\ - nouns that are used as the object of the verb.\ a. Dative (indirect object)\ ex. I bought them a box of doughnuts\ b. Accusative (direct object)\ ex. They like him.\ C. Object of a preposition\ ex. The bouquet of Flower is from me\ 3. Possessive Case\ - nouns that show possession or ownership\ ex.the girl paintings - The girl\'s paintings. - one girl Rules.\ 2. The Girls High Schrol - The Girls\' High school - many girls\ \ Rules\ 1. Forming Possessive of Singular Nouns.\ ex this is my friend car → This is my - Friend\'s car.\ 2. Forming Possessive of Proper Nouns ex.James → James Jackie - Jackie\'s\ 3. Forming Possessive of Plural Nouns\ eX. Friends → Friends\' students → students\' 4. Forming Possessive ofIrregular Plural nouns -- w/os\ ex: Children → children\'s women → women\'s\ 5. Forming. Possessive of Compounds Nouns- whether 's' or 'p' add (') at the end ex. vice- principal o vIce principal\'s\ 6.Forming Possessive of two Joined nouns together\ ex.Jade and Allen → Jade and Allen\'s 7.Forming Possessive of Two nouns w/ septrate ownership\ ex. Jade and Allen → Jade\'s and Allen\'s\ \ \ Adjectives\ - can use as modifier\ 12 Orders of Adfectives\ 1 Article - The\ 2. Quantity - 38\ 3.Opinion- loud\ 4.Size - large\ 5. Physical Quality -- gorgeous\ 6. shape\ 7. Age -- early adulthood\ 8. Color\ 9. Origin/ Religion\ 10. Material\ 11. Type\ 12. Purpose - to study\ \ 12 Types / Classes\ 1.Coordinate Adjectives. - (comma)\ - Used to refer to adjectives that can be written in any order.\ - have cases, number, and person\ Example: She wore a blue and white blouse yesterday\ 2. Demonstrative Adjectives - (these that, those, this)\ - refer to \" Which\" noun or pronoun you are speaking about - It comes before all the ads. in the nown phrase\ Example: would you like these Shoes?\ 3. Descriptive Adjectives - It generally modifies a noun\ - They give the noun a quality or attribute Example. He hurt her Feelings when he called her lying witch\ 4. Distributive Adjectives (any, each, eitheir) - shows that the members of a group are to be treated seperately, rather than as a group\ - they stand before the noun they modify Example: I don\'t like to hear any news about COVID -19\ 5. Indefinite Adjectives (Few, many, several)\ - Points to non-specific items\ Example: I don\'t like to hear any complaints from you. there are no teachers in the faculty room.\ 6. Interrogative Adjectives (5WH and How) -pose a question and need a noun or pronoun by their side\ Example: What brand do you prefer for a laptop\ 7. Possessive Adjectives (Their, His, Her) pronoun w/ s\ - show possession or ownership\ Example: Is that their house?\ 8. Predicate Adjective (is, am)\|\ - they come after a linking verb\ Example: She is intellegence\ 9. Proper Adjectives - capitalized adjectives derived from proper noun\ Example: I love Filipino cuisine\ 10.Quantitave, Numeral, Cardinal Adjectives\ - describes the quantity of something\ - answer the question \"how much?\ Example: She has 10 siblings\ 11. Sequence Adjective\ - describe the quantity of somethina\ - also called \" ordinal adrectives\" (1^st^, 2nd) Examples: This is my third take for the licensure examination.\ 12. Articles as Adjectives\ - A, an, the act as adjectives\ - Stand beside their noun\ Example: She is the daughter of the president Just saw a comet Fall.\ \ \ \ Comparison of Adjectives\ - adjectives often describe the degree of modification\ -positive, comparative, and superlative\ 1. Positive Degree\ - use to describe one item, group or person example: The boy is tall\ 2. Comparative Degree (add er)\ - desribe two items, groups or people\ - the word "than\" is used often\ Example: That girl is taller than the other\ 3. Superlative Degree ( add est)\ - describe 3 or more items, three or more groups of people\ Example: Alex is the youngest player in the team\ - the use of "the" before the adj.