Structure of English PDF

STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH Noun of Direct Address (identifies the person being directly spoken to) ex: “Joan, come over here” PARTS OF SPEECH...

STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH Noun of Direct Address (identifies the person being directly spoken to) ex: “Joan, come over here” PARTS OF SPEECH Object Complement (follows and modifies – Building blocks of language. the direct object) ex: “We made him the leader” Nouns Pronouns Appositive (follows another noun in order to Verbs define or clarify it) ex: The CEO, a friend of Adjectives mine Adverbs PRONOUNS Prepositions Conjunctions Personal (specific) ex: I, you, he, she, it Interjections Possessive (show ownership) ex: my, mine, NOUNS yours Common (general, unspecific) ex: Demonstrative (points) ex: this, that, these, Dog, City those Proper (specific) ex: Sarah, Paris Interrogative (asks) ex: who, what, when, Count (Countable) ex: Watch, Book where Non-count (uncountable) ex: Water, Blood Relative (links) ex: who, whom, that, which Concrete (senses) ex: Apple, Monkey Indefinite (unspecified) ex: all, another, any, Abstract (intangible) ex: Love, Justice anyone Collective (Grouped) ex: Team, Herd Possessive (Possession) ex: Rey’s, Reflexive (subject-object are the same) ex: Girl’s myself, yourself FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS Intensive (special emphasis) ex: myself, yourself Subject (doer) VERB Direct Object (doer or described by the predicate) “I hate small wieners” Action (ex: run, swim) Indirect Object (indirectly receives the action) Linking/Stative/Copular (ex: is, are) ex: “She wrote me a letter” Auxillary- express mood, voice (ex: be, have, Predicate Nominative (w/ linking verb and will) renames/provides more information about Modal- express necessity, possibility (ex: can, the subject) ex: “They are monsters!” might, should) Object of the Preposition (follows a preposition) ex: “Gina sat on the table” Transitive- have DO (ex: “She loves Direction: Identify what type of adjective is chocolate”) the underlined word. Intransitive- lack DO (ex: “He arrived) 1. She is a skittish lot. descriptive Regular- regular conjugation pattern (ex: 2. What puppy are you going to adopt? look, looked) interrogative Irregular- not follows conjugation pattern 3. They are a lovely French couple. cumulative (ex: go, went, gone) 4. Don’t buy me those ugly sweaters. Ditransitive- subset of transitive verbs (ex: demonstrative “They must push her into the ravine”) 5. I have two dollars left in my old billfold. Ambitransitive-Both intransitive/transitive, quantitative, descriptive may or may not require DO (ex: “I cooked 6. Fidel’s car broke down because it’s cheaper Sinigang”, “I cooked nonstop”) than mine. possessive, comparative ADJECTIVES 7. He is gorgeous. predicate Descriptive (ex: gay morose) Quantitative (ex: any, several) Direction: Identify what type of verb is the Demonstrative (ex: this, that, these, those) underlined word. Possessive (ex: my, your) 1. She is a skittish lot. linking Proper (ex: Filipino, Machiavellian) 2. What puppy should I adopt? modal Interrogative (ex: which, that) 3. They send me to heaven. Ditransitive Distributive (ex: each, every) 4. He bought that ugly sweater still. transitive Comparative (ex: bigger, juicier) 5. I have stolen two dollars. auxiliary Superlative (ex: longest, girthiest) 6. Fidel’s car suddenly stopped because it’s cheaper than mine. intransitive, linking Predicate- follow a linking verb (ex: I am gorgeous) 7. He kisses me. action/transitive Compound (ex: good-looking, high-quality) Coordinate- appear in sequence (ex: They Direction: Identify the function of noun in the live in a big, beautiful house) underlined word. Cumulative- appear in particular order (ex: 1. Tayo meets Susan, the girl of his dream. She was a young British girl) appositive *** 2. Susan, why don’t you see Tayo? direct Directions- Refer to the direction in which address something moves or travels. Ex: We sauntered along the road. 3. Susan finally meets Tayo. direct object Movement- Indicate movement from one 4. Tayo cheats on Susan. subject place to another. Ex: She ran into the brick 5. Susan is a victim of cheating. predicate wall. nominative 6. Susan puts Tayo into her suitcase and CONJUNCTIONS dumps him in the sewer. object of preposition, direct object Coordinating- Connect words, phrases, and clauses of equal grammatical rank in a 7. People regard Tayo a martyr. object sentence. Ex: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. complement Subordinating- Join independent and *** dependent clauses. Ex: because, since, as, although, though, while, and whereas. ADVERB Correlative- Pairs of conjunctions that work together. Ex: either/or, neither/nor, and not Frequency- Tell us how often something only/but also. happens. Ex: always, often, rarely Conjunctive- Connect two independent clauses or sentences. Ex: therefore, however. INTERJECTIONS Focusing- Used to emphasize a particular Primary- Words or sounds that can only be part of a sentence. Ex: She only eats used as an interjection. Ex: Ugh! That’s gross. vegetables for dinner. Secondary- Words that are typically used as Interrogative- Used to ask questions. Ex: How another part of speech that can also be used did you answer this literature question? as an interjection. Ex: Goodness! Volitive- Express desires, wishes, requests, and intentions explicitly. Ex: Please! PREPOSITIONS Emotive- Used to express strong emotions or Time- Show when something is happening. feelings, such as surprise, excitement, or Ex: We will be meeting on Wednesday frustration. Ex: wow, oh no, and hey Place- Denote the position or location of an Cognitive- Used to express cognitive or object in the sentence. Ex: I left my key at mental processes. They can be used to your house. express doubt, realization, or to draw attention to something. Ex: Aha! Hmm… SENTENCE STRUCTURE Exclamatory- Express strong emotion. Ex: Ouch! Subject- The person, thing, or idea that is doing or being something in the sentence. Conditional- Express hypotheses. Ex: If I go to Ex: Love takes time. heaven, you’ll follow soon Predicate- The part of the sentence that tells us what the Predicate subject does or is. Ex: I SENTENCE MOOD was heartbroken. Indicative- Used to express facts, opinions, Object- Receives or responds to the action of and general statements. Ex: I did the laundry the verb. Ex: Object They gave me joy. today. Complement- Completes the meaning of an Imperative- Used to express commands, expression. Ex: Hans is strong. They voted orders, and requests. Ex: Run for your lives! him the new CEO Interrogative- Used for asking questions. Ex: Adjunct- Optional part of a sentence that Why is it massive? adds additional information about the subject, verb, or object. Ex: Jack arrived on Subjunctive- Used to express various states time. of unreality such as doubt, possibility,necessity, or action that has not Phrase- Group of words that work together yet occurred. Ex: If I were a witch, I would to convey a particular concept. Ex: in the make you mine. building Conditional- Expresses a condition or a Clause- Group of words that contains a hypothetical situation. Ex: If you touch me, I subject and a predicate. Ex: Jim pays well. will freeze. Since the day he left… *** Modifier- Words, phrases, or clauses that provide description in sentences. Ex: She quickly tumbled over the sturdy obstacle. Direction: Identify what part of sentence the underlined word is. SENTENCE TYPES 1. Pepe is a strong man. complement Declarative- Make a statement or express an 2. Fifi bumped into Pepe. subject opinion. Ex: Today is the beginning of my life. Interrogative- Ask a question. Ex: How come you’re here? 3. Fifi’s and Pepe’s eyes locked. predicate Imperative- Give a command or make a 4. Despite their hesitation the two fell in request. Ex: Get here love. phrase/modifier 5. Pepe wanted to marry Fifi right away. 5. Moving on is inevitable, ___ I must do it. adjunct before 6. Fifi told Pepe she wanted a baby. object 6. I need to find someone else ___ I go crazy. so 7. Miracles happened that very night. clause 7. Please let me have ___ joy ___ peace. I need them. both…and Direction: Identify the mood of the sentence. 1. Carl wished he were a super Saiyan. Direction: Identify the type of adverb in the subjunctive sentence. 2. When the sun sets, we will rise again. 1. Toyo is so in love with Adrian. degree conditional 2. Adrian wanted to have baby soon. time 3. They rose indeed and terrorized Carl. indicative 3. Toyo and Adrian suddenly made love. manner 4. “Why can’t I transform?” asked Carl. interrogative 4. Their baby was born in the cave. place 5. Don’t you dare bite me! imperative 5. Why was the baby born there? focusing 6. Carl attempted to flee but still met his 6. The cave is dark; however, it is conducive. demise. indicative conjunctive 7. Had Carl become a Saiyan, he’d still be 7. Toyo only wanted the cave as a refuge. alive. clause interrogative *** Direction: Choose the right conjunction to complete the sentence. VERB TENSES 1. I love her ___ she wants something bigger. Present- Used to express actions happening but now, general truths, and habitual actions. Ex: 2. ___ my love is pure, she is not having it. I swim every day. although Past- Used to express actions that have 3. ___ you ___ they can console me ___ she’s already happened. Ex: I died yesterday. the only one I need. neither…nor, because Future- Used to express actions that will happen in the future. Ex: I will explode 4. ___ the time is right, I’ll get over her. tomorrow. when/if Simple Tense I dance. DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH Past I danced. Direct- When you quote someone’s exact words. Ex: The president said, “I will travel Future I will dance. again to Pluto.” Indirect- Also known as reported speech. Continuous Tense When you report what was said without I am dancing. using the speaker’s exact words. Ex: The president said that he would travel again to Past I was dancing. Pluto. Future I will be dancing. MODAL VERBS Perfect Tense Core- Most commonly used modal verbs. Ex: I have danced before. can, could, may, might, will, shall, would, should, and must Past I had danced before he left. Semi-modal- Can function either as main I will have danced tomorrow before I turn go verbs or as modal auxiliaries depending on crazy. the context. Ex: dare to, need not, ought to, used to Perfect-Continuous Tense Less Common- Less frequently used. Ex: had better. I have been dancing since this morning. Epistemic- Relate to speculation or Past I had been dancing before you passed probability. Ex: might, must out. Deontic- Relate to ideals or regulations. Ex: I will have been dancing “Gento” by the time should, must you tell me you love me. Dynamic- Relate to performance. Ex: can, will VOICE OF VERB #Must (likelihood) Active- The subject performs the action expressed by the verb. Ex: I touch the balls. #Might (Possibility) Passive- The subject receives the action #Can/Can’t (Ability) expressed by the verb. Ex: The balls are #Permission (May) touched by me #Request (Could) CONDITIONALS Binomial- Involve two parts that work together or in contrast to construct an Zero- To talk about things that are generally expression. Ex: black and white true, especially for laws and rules. Ex: If you drink bleach, you die. Partial- Contains a literal part and a non- literal part. Ex: Storm brewing in his eyes. First- When we talk about future situations we believe are real or possible. Ex: If itsnows Prepositional- Combines a verb and a tomorrow, we will stay here. preposition to create a verb with a distinct meaning. Ex: Agree o Second- Used to imagine present or future situations that are impossible or unlikely in Proverbs- Traditional sayings that offer reality. Ex: If I had a car, I would burn it advice or wisdom. Ex: A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. Third- Used to talk about things that did not happen in the past. Ex: If had studied hard Euphemisms- Polite, indirect expressions that yesterday, I would have been a doctor replace words and phrases considered harsh and impolite, or which suggest something unpleasant. Ex: Passed away instead of died PHRASAL VERBS Cliches- Overused expressions that have lost Transitive- Require a direct object. Ex: He their impact over time. Ex: Time heals all turns down my affection. wounds. Intransitive- Do not require a direct object. Ex: He carried on nonetheless. PUNCTUATIONS Separable- The verb and particle can be Period, Question Mark, Exclamation Mark, separated. Ex: We called the wedding off. Comma, Colon, Quotation Mark, Apostrophe, Inseparable- The verb and particle can’t be Hyphen, Dash, Parenthesis, Bracket, Semi- separated. Ex: I will look after you colon 3-part- Consist of a verb followed by two *** particles. Ex: I have come up with that concept. Direction: Identify the type of phrasal verb in the sentence. IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS 1. Baby got up late as usual. intransitive Pure- Whose original meaning is lost to the 2. Daddy ran out of milk for Baby. 3-part extent that there is no possible way to analyze the phrase logically to come to an 3. Baby can’t deal with this problem. understanding of its meaning. Ex: It’s raining inseparable/transitive cats and dogs 4. Daddy looked up the solution on the 2. Words between the subject and verb internet. separable/transitive do not affect agreement 3. Prepositional phrases between the 5. Has Baby torn up the wire? intransitive subject and verb usually do not affect 6. Because of that Daddy broke down. 3-part agreement 4. Sentences starting with 'there' or 7. Baby looked down on Daddy and laughed 'here' have the subject after the verb maniacally. separable/transitive 5. Subjects don't always come before verbs in questions 6. Two subjects joined by 'and' require a plural verb 7. The verb is singular if the two subjects Direction: Identify the type of conditional in separated by 'and' refer to the same the sentence. person or thing Exercises 8. If the words 'each', 'every', or 'no' come before the subject, the verb is 1. If it rains later, I will wreak havoc. first singular conditional 9. If the subjects are both singular and 2. If he had kissed me, I would have not are connected by 'or', 'nor', 'neither/nor', 'either/or', and 'not wreaked havoc on Earth. third conditional only/but also' the verb is singular 3. If it rains, my bushes get wet. zero 10. The object of the preposition conditional determines the form of the verb when noun and pronoun subjects like 4. If I were you, I would keep watering my 'some', 'half', 'none', 'more', 'all', etc. bush. third conditional are followed by a prepositional 5. Had I watered his bush, I would have not phrase 11. The singular verb form is usually used been jinxed by the witch. zero conditional for units of measurement 6. If it snows, the temperature gets colder. 12. If the subjects are both plural and are second conditional connected by 'or', 'nor', 'neither/nor', 'either/or', and 'not only/but also', the 7. If I get cold, Baby will hug me tight. first verb is plural conditional 13. If one subject is singular and one *** plural and the words are connected by 'or', 'nor', 'neither/nor', 'either/or', and 'not only/but also', you use the SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT verb form of the subject that is nearest the verb 1. subjects and verbs must agree in 14. Indefinite pronouns typically take number singular verbs  15. Except for the pronouns (few, many, Noun- A group of words that acts as a noun. several, both) that always take the Ex: The yellow brick road plural form Verb- A group of words that acts as a verb. 16. If two infinitives are separated by Ex: is making me feisty 'and' they take the plural form of the verb Adjective- A group of words that acts as an 17. When the subject is 'all', 'any', 'more', adjective. Ex: glad about her improvement 'most', 'none', or 'some', this is the Adverb- A group of words that acts as an ONLY time you must look at the adverb. Ex: too big object of the prepositional phrase to determine whether it is singular or Prepositional- A group of words that begins plural with a preposition and ends with a noun or 18. Collective nouns are usually singular, pronoun. Ex: into the wall but can be plural if the individuals within the group are acting separately 19. Some nouns that end in 's' but are VERBALS actually only one single thing are Gerund- Ends in -ing and functions as a singular noun. Ex: Kicking his ball is rewarding. I like touching their balls. CLAUSES Participle- Functions as an adjective. Ex: The twerking kids got a word from their parents. Independent- Contains a subject and verb I felt her broken spirit. and expresses a complete thought. Ex: He is mad. Infinitive- Functions as a noun, although it can also function as an adjective or adverb. Dependent- Contains a subject and verb but Ex: To die for you is divine. I did it to hurt you. does not express a complete thought. Ex: Although he is mad Relative- A type of dependent clause that RELATIVE PRONOUN modifies a noun. Ex: The guy who is mad is Who- Refers to a person (as the verb’s Adrian. subject). Ex: The man who drills me is no one Noun- A type of dependent clause that acts but you. as a noun. Ex: What he did is ticklish. Whom- Refers to a person (as the verb’s Adverbial- A type of dependent clause that object). Ex: I am sure whom this wiener acts as an adverb. Ex: They will go when I go belongs to ballistic Whose- Shows possession; used for people, PHRASES animals, and sometimes things. Ex: I know whose undies are these. Which- Refers to an animal or thing. Ex: I love Ex: You love me to death, don’t you? singing which is my forte. Noun in Question Tag That- Refers to a person, animal, or thing. Ex: Ex: Jose likes the whole of me, doesn’t he? I hate singing that is out of tune. Question Tag with 'there' Whoever- Applies universally to a number of people. Ex: Ask whoever is here to leave. Ex: There are buses, aren’t there? Whomever- Used in formal styles or in writing; often with a preposition; rarely in ARTICLES conversation. Ex: Ask whomeversings to shut up. Definite- Used when referring to something specific. Ex: The cat is barking. Whichever- Applies universally to a number of things. Ex: Whichever bag you choose Indefinite- Used when referring to something does not matter for the first time or something that is not specific. Ex: A cat is twerking. Whatever- Applies universally to a number of things. Ex: You will succeed whatever you do Zero- No article is used before plural and uncountable nouns when referring to things in general. Ex: Water is universal QUESTION TAG 'The' with Superlatives and Ordinal Numbers- Positive Statement, Negative Tag Ex: He is the love of my life. He is the first to love me. Ex: He is a fireball, isn’t he? 'A/An' with Singular Nouns When the Exact Negative Statement, Positive Tag Identity Isn't Known- Ex: A ghost will haunt Ex: They don’t speak English, do they? whoever is reading this. Auxiliary Verb in Statement 'The' with Names of Geographic Areas and Oceans- Ex: The Pacific Ocean is indeed Ex: We are survivors, aren’t we? pacific. The Boracay Island is swarmed by No Auxiliary Verb in Statement tourists. Ex: April went nuts, didn’t she? 'The' with Countries That Include the Words 'republic', 'kingdom', or 'states- Ex: The Statement with 'I am' Republic of the Philippines is the next global Ex: I am super happy, aren’t I? superpower. Statement with Modal Verb 'A/An' Before a Single Noun to Mean 'One of Ex: We shall forge ahead, shan't we? Many- Ex: They have a house. He has a wife. Pronoun in Question Tag 'The' Before a Single Noun to Mean 'This One Exactly’- Ex: They have the house right there. He has the wife in green blouse Purpose- Ex: They left to catch some air. ADJECTIVE ORDER Examples: Opinion- Ex: weird, deft, fantastic Paolo kicks the ball hard into the hole every day. Size- Ex: tiny, huge, gargantuan Jose often touches my eggplant too hard to Physical Quality- Ex: thick, smooth, supple stimulate its Shape- Ex: circular, rectangular, triangular growth. Age- Ex: adolescent, adult, elderly Wally sometimes talks idly in the room at this Color- Ex: pink, amber, bluish hour to summon Origin- Ex: Swedish, Arabian, Filipino his fairy godmother who loves huge eggplant. Material- Ex: glass, leather, wood Type- Ex: two-headed, three-legged, L- shaped *** Purpose- Ex: dancing, walking, cleaning Direction: Write the correct question tag in the sentence. Examples: 1. Boy used to work for an evil boss, _____? I love wearing an expensive, medium-sized, didn’t he oil-based perfume. 2. The boss in heels has just arrived, _____? Kids who are but disgusting, little, and blue- hasn’t she skinned pricks irritate me. 3. We shouldn’t all love peace, _____? should Let’s buy something massive, thick, we elongated, young, pinkish, and Dutch. 4. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is rich, ____? doesn’t it ADVERB ORDER 5. An apple a day keeps the doctor away, Manner- Ex: Sandy sings well. ____? shall we Place- Ex: Juan takes me everywhere. 6. Let’s make love not war, ____? isn’t it Frequency- Ex: Pedro kills me every time. 7. I am as frosty as the ice cream that mom Time- Ex: Luna bit me yesterday. bought, ____? aren’t Direction: Write the correct relative pronoun start the healing process. participle, infinitive in the sentence. 1. The machine ___ is expensive does not work. that/which 2. ___ gets to kiss me will be promoted. whoever 3. Choose ___ is available at the store. whichever 4. I will reward ___ I see performing well. whose 5. ___ are these dirty undies? nothing but to love you. that 6. Only love I can offer ___ is all I have. Whomever 7. I’m a hopelessly devoted man ___ knows Who Direction: Write the correct type of verbal in the sentence. 1. I love collecting her shattered dreams. participle 2. I love collecting her shattered dreams. gerund 3. My only goal is to see her suffer. infinitive 4. Watching her fumble is giving me chills. participle 5. The chilling effect of her suffering is nothing but rewarding. particle 6. Someday I’ll move on from this hurt feeling. gerund 7. For now I’ll nurture this lingering feeling to