Lecture Notes-Structure Of English-PDF

Structure of English Joan Adrian Tabalanza, LPT  OBJECTIVE 1. Manifest knowledge and understanding of the grammatical concepts by being able to describe and analyze the form, meaning and use of various language structures.  OVERVIEW 1. Parts of Speech 2. Sent...

Structure of English Joan Adrian Tabalanza, LPT  OBJECTIVE 1. Manifest knowledge and understanding of the grammatical concepts by being able to describe and analyze the form, meaning and use of various language structures.  OVERVIEW 1. Parts of Speech 2. Sentence Structure 3. Verb Tenses 4. Voice of Verbs 5. Direct and Indirect Speech 6. Modal Verbs 7. Conditionals 8. Phrasal Verbs 9. Idiomatic Expressions 10. Punctuations  OVERVIEW 11. Subject-Verb Agreement 12. Clauses and Phrases 13. Verbals 14. Relative Pronouns 15. Question Tags 16. Articles 17. Prepositions 18. Conjunctions 19. Adjectives and Adverb Order  Parts of Speech basic building blocks of language nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections  Nouns Ex. "teacher", "school", and "knowledge" Ex. "he", "she", "it", "they", "this", "those", Pronouns "who", and "which" Verbs Ex. "run", "is", "become", and "happen" Adjectives Ex. "happy", "blue", "five", and "endless"  Adverbs Ex. "quickly", "never", "well", and "very" Prepositions Ex. "in", "at", "on", "over", and "through" Conjunctions Ex. "and", "but", "or", "so", and "because" Interjections Ex. "oh!", "wow!", "ugh!", and "hurray!"  Nouns Common Pertain to general items, not specific ones. Ex: dog, city. Pertain to specific names of people, places, or Proper things. Ex: Sarah, Paris. Pertain to things that can be counted. Ex: watch, Count book. Pertain to things that can’t be counted. Ex: water, Non-count blood  Nouns Concrete Pertain to things that can be perceived by the senses. Example: apple, monkey. Abstract Pertain to intangible ideas or concepts. Example: love, justice. Collective Pertain to things that are grouped as one unit. Ex: team, herd. Pertain to things that show possession. Ex: Rey’s, Possessive girls’.  Functions of Nouns Subject Does the action or is described by the predicate. Ex: The cat meowed softly. Does the action or is described by the predicate. Ex: Direct Object I hate small wieners. Indirectly receives the action of a verb. Ex: She Indirect Object wrote me a letter. Follows a linking verb and renames or provides Predicate more information about the subject. Ex: They are Nominative monsters!  Functions of Nouns Object of the Follows a preposition and completes its meaning. Ex: Preposition Gina sat on the table. Noun of Direct Used to identify the person being directly spoken to. Address Ex: Joan, come over here. Object Follows and modifies the direct object. Ex: We made Complement him the leader. Follows another noun in order to define or clarify it. Appositive Ex: The CEO, Ms. Sisipi, is a friend of mine.  Pronouns Personal Pertain to specific persons or things. Ex: I, you, he, she, it. Possessive Pertain to specific persons or things that show ownership. Ex: my, mine, your, yours. Demonstrative Point to and identify nouns. Ex: this, that, these, those. Interrogative Used to ask questions. Ex: who, what, which.  Pronouns Relative Used to link one phrase or clause to another. Ex: who, whom, that, and which Indefinite Refer to identifiable but not specified person or thing. Ex: all, another, any, anyone, Used when the subject and the object of a sentence Reflexive are the same. Ex: myself, yourself. Used to place special emphasis on another noun or Intensive pronoun. Ex: myself, yourself.  Verb Action Express specific actions. Example: run, swim. Linking/Stative Connect the subject to a state of being. Example: is, /Copular are. Auxiliary Help the main verb to express the voice, mood, or tense. Example: be, have, will. Modal Express necessity or possibility. Example: can, might, should.  Verb Transitive Have direct objects. Ex: She loves chocolate. Intransitive Lack direct objects. For example, He arrived. Regular Follow a regular conjugation pattern. For example, look, looked, looked. Irregular Do not follow a regular conjugation pattern. For example, go, went, gone.  Verb A subset of transitive verbs. Followed by both a direct object and another object or by a direct object Ditransitive and an object complement. Ex: They must push her into the ravine. Both intransitive and transitive. This verb may or may Ambitransitive not require a direct object. Ex: I cooked sinigang. I cooked nonstop.  Adjectives Descriptive Describe qualities of a noun. Example: gay, morose. Provide information about the quantity of the noun. Example: Quantitative any, several. Demonstrative Point out specific nouns. Example: this, that, these, those. Possessive Show ownership or possession. Example: my, your. Derived from proper nouns and are always capitalized. Ex: Proper Filipino, Machiavellian  Adjectives Interrogative Used in questions. Ex: which, what Distributive Refer to individual items among many. Ex: each, every. Comparative Compare two things. Ex: bigger, juicier. Superlative Indicate that something has the most or least of a specific quality. Ex: longest, girthiest.  Adjectives Predicate Follow a linking verb and provide additional information about the subject of the sentence. Ex: I am gorgeous. Compound Made up of more than one word. Ex: good-looking, high-quality. Appear in sequence with one another to modify the Coordinate same noun. Ex: They live in a big, beautiful house. Build on each other and must appear in a particular Cumulative order. Ex: She was a young British girl.  Exercises Direction: Identify what type of adjective is the underlined word. 1. She is a skittish lot. descriptive 2. What puppy are you going to adopt? interrogative 3. They are a lovely French couple. cumulative 4. Don’t buy me those ugly sweaters. demonstrative 5. I have two dollars left in my old billfold. quantitative, descriptive 6. Fidel’s car broke down because it’s possessive, comparative cheaper than mine. 7. He is gorgeous. predicate  Exercises Direction: Identify what type of verb is the underlined word. 1. She is a skittish lot. linking 2. What puppy should I adopt? modal 3. They send me to heaven. ditransitive 4. He bought that ugly sweater still. transitive 5. I have stolen two dollars. auxiliary 6. Fidel’s car suddenly stopped because intransitive, linking it’s cheaper than mine. 7. He kisses me. action/transitive  Exercises Direction: Identify what type of pronoun is the underlined word. 1. Who is the best among you? interrogative 2. Gay did the laundry herself. intensive 3. I cut myself deep. reflexive 4. Look at that. demonstrative 5. She who married you is a beast. relative 6. Anyone who can buy you present indefinite deserves your love. 7. His kisses are warm and wet. possessive  Exercises Direction: Identify the function of noun in the underlined word. 1. Tayo meets Susan, the girl of his dream. appositive 2. Susan, why don’t you see Tayo? direct address 3. Susan finally meets Tayo. direct object 4. Tayo cheats on Susan. subject 5. Susan is a victim of cheating. predicate nominative 6. Susan puts Tayo into her suitcase and object of preposition, dumps him in the sewer. direct object 7. People regard Tayo a martyr. object complement  Adverb Manner Describe how an action is performed. Ex: quickly, slowly. Time Indicate when an action happens. Ex: now, yesterday. Place Indicate where an action happens. Ex: here, there. Indicate the extent of an action, adjective, or another Degree adverb. Ex: very, quite.  Adverb Frequency Tell us how often something happens. Ex: always, often, rarely. Conjunctive Connect two independent clauses or sentences. Ex: therefore, however. Used to emphasize a particular part of a sentence. Focusing Ex: She only eats vegetables for dinner. Used to ask questions. Ex: How did you answer this Interrogative literature question?  Prepositions Show when something is happening. Ex: We will be Time meeting on Wednesday. Denote the position or location of an object in the Place sentence. Ex: I left my key at your house. Refer to the direction in which something moves or Directions travels. Ex: We sauntered along the road. Indicate movement from one place to another. Ex: Movement She ran into the brick wall.  Prepositions Show the manner or way in which something happens. Ex: He Manner did it with a smile. Indicate a causal relationship between the doer of an action Agent and the action itself. Ex: The book was written by the author. Measure Indicate a measure or quantity. Ex: She is taller than me. Indicate the source or origin of something. Ex: He comes Source from Pluto. Indicate possession or ownership. Ex: This is the heart of my Possession friend.  Conjunctions Connect words, phrases, and clauses of equal Coordinating grammatical rank in a sentence. Ex: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. Join independent and dependent clauses. Ex: Subordinating because, since, as, although, though, while, and whereas. Pairs of conjunctions that work together. Ex: Correlative either/or, neither/nor, and not only/but also.  Interjections Words or sounds that can only be used as an Primary interjection. Ex: Ugh! That’s gross. Words that are typically used as another part of Secondary speech that can also be used as an interjection. Ex: Goodness! Express desires, wishes, requests, and intentions Volitive explicitly. Ex: Please!  Interjections Used to express strong emotions or feelings, such as Emotive surprise, excitement, or frustration. Ex: wow, oh no, and hey. Used to express cognitive or mental processes. They Cognitive can be used to express doubt, realization, or to draw attention to something. Ex: Aha! Hmm…  Sentence Structure The person, thing, or idea that is doing or being Subject something in the sentence. Ex: Love takes time. The part of the sentence that tells us what the Predicate subject does or is. Ex: I was heartbroken. Receives or responds to the action of the verb. Ex: Object They gave me joy. Completes the meaning of an expression. Ex: Hans Complement is strong. They voted him the new CEO.  Sentence Structure Optional part of a sentence that adds additional Adjunct information about the subject, verb, or object. Ex: Jack arrived on time. Group of words that work together to convey a Phrase particular concept. Ex: in the building Group of words that contains a subject and a predicate. Clause Ex: Jim pays well. Since the day he left… Words, phrases, or clauses that provide description in Modifier sentences. Ex: She quickly tumbled over the sturdy obstacle.  Sentence Types Make a statement or express an opinion. Ex: Today Declarative is the beginning of my life. Interrogative Ask a question. Ex: How come you’re here? Imperative Give a command or make a request. Ex: Get here Exclamatory Express strong emotion. Ex: Ouch! Express hypotheses. Ex: If I go to heaven, you’ll follow Conditional soon.  Sentence Mood Used to express facts, opinions, and Indicative general statements. Ex: I did the laundry today. Used to express commands, orders, Imperative and requests. Ex: Run for your lives! Used for asking questions. Ex: Why is it Interrogative massive?  Sentence Mood Used to express various states of unreality such as doubt, possibility, Subjunctive necessity, or action that has not yet occurred. Ex: If I were a witch, I would make you mine. Expresses a condition or a hypothetical Conditional situation. Ex: If you touch me, I will freeze.  Exercises Direction: Identify what part of sentence the underlined word is. 1. Pepe is a strong man. complement 2. Fifi bumped into Pepe. subject 3. Fifi’s and Pepe’s eyes locked. predicate 4. Despite their hesitation the two fell in phrase/modifier love. 5. Pepe wanted to marry Fifi right away. adjunct 6. Fifi told Pepe she wanted a baby. object 7. Miracles happened that very night. clause  Exercises Direction: Identify the mood of the sentence. 1. Carl wished he were a super Saiyan. subjunctive 2. When the sun sets, we will rise again. conditional 3. They rose indeed and terrorized Carl. indicative 4. “Why can’t I transform?” asked Carl. interrogative 5. Don’t you dare bite me! imperative 6. Carl attempted to flee but still met his demise. indicative 7. Had Carl become a Saiyan, he’d still be alive. clause  Exercises Direction: Choose the right conjunction to complete the sentence. 1. I love her ___ she wants something bigger. but 2. ___ my love is pure, she is not having it. although 3. ___ you ___ they can console me ___ she’s neither…nor, the only one I need. because 4. ___ the time is right, I’ll get over her. when/if 5. Moving on is inevitable, ___ I must do it. so 6. I need to find someone else ___ I go crazy. before 7. Please let me have ___ joy ___ peace. I need both…and them.  Exercises Direction: Identify the type of adverb in the sentence. 1. Toyo is so in love with Adrian. degree 2. Adrian wanted to have baby soon. time 3. Toyo and Adrian suddenly made love. manner 4. Their baby was born in the cave. place 5. Why was the baby born there? interrogative 6. The cave is dark; however, it is conducive. conjunctive 7. Toyo only wanted the cave as a refuge. focusing  Verb Tenses Present Used to express actions happening now, general truths, and habitual actions. Ex: I swim every day. Used to express actions that have already Past happened. Ex: I died yesterday. Used to express actions that will happen in Future the future. Ex: I will explode tomorrow.  Simple Tense Present I dance. Past I danced. Future I will dance.  Continuous Tense Present I am dancing. Past I was dancing. Future I will be dancing.  Perfect Tense Present I have danced before. Past I had danced before he left. Future I will have danced tomorrow before I turn go crazy.  Perfect Continuous Tense Present I have been dancing since this morning. Past I had been dancing before you passed out. Future I will have been dancing “Gento” by the time you tell me you love me.  Voice of Verb The subject performs the action expressed Active by the verb. Ex: I touch the balls. The subject receives the action expressed Passive by the verb. Ex: The balls are touched by me.  Exercises Active Passive He writes a novel. A novel is written by him. She cooked adobo. Adobo was cooked by her. I will eat you. You will be eaten by me. Jan is singing “Someday.” “Someday” is being sung by Jan. Joe had scored a goal before you A goal had been scored by Joe did. before you did.  Direct and Indirect Speech When you quote someone’s exact words. Direct Ex: The president said, “I will travel again to Pluto.” Also known as reported speech. When you report what was said without using the Indirect speaker’s exact words. Ex: The president said that he would travel again to Pluto.  Exercises Direct Indirect “He loves me,” Adrian confessed. Adrian confessed that he loved me. “Why do you love me?” Adrian Adrian asks why I love him. asks. “Stop it,” ordered Adrian. Adrian ordered to stop it. Adrian exclaimed “What a beauty!” Adrian exclaimed that it was beautiful.  Modal Verbs Most commonly used modal verbs. Ex: can, Core could, may, might, will, shall, would, should, and must Can function either as main verbs or as Semi-Modal modal auxiliaries depending on the context. Ex: dare to, need not, ought to, used to Less Common Less frequently used. Ex: had better  Modal Verbs Relate to speculation or probability. Ex: Epistemic might, must Deontic Relate to ideals or regulations. Ex: should, must Dynamic Relate to performance. Ex: can, will  Exercises Likelihood His lovers must be so proud. Possibility It might rain tonight. Ability I can’t whistle. Permission May I go to the loo. Request Could you unzip me?  Conditionals To talk about things that are generally true, especially for Zero laws and rules. Ex: If you drink bleach, you die. When we talk about future situations we believe are real or First possible. Ex: If it snows tomorrow, we will stay here. Used to imagine present or future situations that are Second impossible or unlikely in reality. Ex: If I had a car, I would burn it. Used to talk about things that did not happen in the past. Ex: Third If had studied hard yesterday, I would have been a doctor.  Phrasal Verbs Transitive Require a direct object. Ex: He turns down my affection. Do not require a direct object. Ex: He carried on Intransitive nonetheless. The verb and particle can be separated. Ex: We called the Separable wedding off. The verb and particle can’t be separated. Ex: I will look Inseparable after you. Consist of a verb followed by two particles. Ex: I have come 3-Part up with that concept.  Idiomatic Expressions Whose original meaning is lost to the extent that there is no Pure possible way to analyze the phrase logically to come to an understanding of its meaning. Ex: It’s raining cats and dogs. Involve two parts that work together or in contrast to Binomial construct an expression. Ex: black and white Contains a literal part and a non-literal part. Ex: Storm Partial brewing in his eyes. Combines a verb and a preposition to create a verb with a Prepositional distinct meaning. Ex: Agree on  Idiomatic Expressions Traditional sayings that offer advice or wisdom. Ex: Proverbs A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. Polite, indirect expressions that replace words and phrases considered harsh and impolite, or which Euphemisms suggest something unpleasant. Ex: Passed away instead of died. Overused expressions that have lost their impact Cliches over time. Ex: Time heals all wounds.  Punctuations Period To mark the end of a sentence. Ex: We’re here. To make clear that what is said is a question. Ex: Are we Question Mark here? Exclamation Mark To indicate an exclamative clause or expression in informal writing. Ex: Listen! To separate a list of similar words or phrases. Ex: Give me Comma house, cars, and babies. To introduce a list, a quote, or a second clause that clarifies Colon the first. Ex: Buy the following items: house, cars, and babies.  Punctuations To denote speech, quotations, titles of short works, and to Quotation Mark highlight special words and phrases. Ex: “Love me” he cried. to indicate possession and to mark the omission of letters or Apostrophe numbers. Ex: Joe’s love is for sale. To join words together and to separate syllables of a single Hyphen word. Ex: mother-in-law To indicate a range or a pause. Ex: The witch—otherwise Dash known as Adrian—casts a spell on James Reid.  Punctuations To enclose information that clarifies or is used as Parenthesis an aside. Ex: Postcolonialism (i.e., a literary approach) is mind-boggling. To enclose words added by someone other than Bracket the original writer or speaker. Ex: He said, “I [love] you.” To connect closely related ideas in a sentence. Ex: Semi-colon He cooked me; I died then.  Exercises Direction: Write the correct punctuation mark that is missing. 1. Joseph exclaimed, Ugh! quotation mark 2. He saw Adrian but he was speechless. comma 3. Josephs fear got the best of him. apostrophe 4. His love for him gets stronger he must semicolon overcome his fear. 5. Why was I doubting myself interrogative 6. Being in love is earthshattering. hyphen 7. Joseph and Adrian or, rather, Panginoo are parenthesis now married.  Exercises Direction: Identify the type of phrasal verb in the sentence. 1. Baby got up late as usual. intransitive 2. Daddy ran out of milk for Baby. 3-part 3. Baby can’t deal with this problem. inseparable/transitive 4. Daddy looked up the solution on the internet. separable/transitive 5. Has Baby torn up the wire? separable/transitive 6. Because of that Daddy broke down. intransitive 7. Baby looked down on Daddy and laughed 3-part maniacally.  Exercises Direction: Identify the type of conditional in the sentence. 1. If it rains later, I will wreak havoc. first conditional 2. If he had kissed me, I would have not third conditional wreaked havoc on Earth. 3. If it rains, my bushes get wet. zero conditional 4. If I were you, I would keep watering my bush. second conditional 5. Had I watered his bush, I would have not third conditional been jinxed by the witch. 6. If it snows, the temperature gets colder. zero conditional 7. If I get cold, Baby will hug me tight. first conditional  Subject-Verb Agreement Subjects and verbs must agree in number Ex: He splits. They split. I split. Words between the subject and verb do not Ex: The dog, along with his fleas, loves me. affect agreement Prepositional phrases between the subject and verb usually do not affect Ex: The crown on my freaking head is posh. agreement  Subject-Verb Agreement Sentences starting with 'there' or 'here' have the subject after the Ex: There she goes. Here they come. verb Subjects don't always come before Ex: Is she a witch? Are they wackos? verbs in questions Two subjects joined by 'and' require a plural verb Ex: The witch and the wizard are lovers. The verb is singular if the two subjects separated by 'and' refer Ex: The witch and fairy is Adrian. to the same person or thing  Subject-Verb Agreement If the words 'each', 'every', or Ex: Each bird flies. No love and peace is 'no' come before the subject, given. the verb is singular If the subjects are both singular and are connected Ex: He or she is fine. Either June or May by 'or', 'nor', 'neither/nor', is coming. 'either/or', and 'not only/but also' the verb is singular  Subject-Verb Agreement The object of the preposition determines the form of the verb when noun and pronoun subjects Ex: Some of the papers are lost. None of like 'some', 'half', 'none', 'more', it is mine. 'all', etc. are followed by a prepositional phrase The singular verb form is usually Ex: Four quarts of oil was needed to used for units of measurement lubricate that which cannot be named.  Subject-Verb Agreement If the subjects are both plural and are connected by 'or', 'nor', Ex: Neither we nor they are freaks. 'neither/nor', 'either/or', and 'not only/but also', the verb is plural If one subject is singular and one plural and the words are connected by 'or', 'nor', 'neither/nor', 'either/or', and 'not Ex: Not only he but also they are cocky. only/but also', you use the verb form of the subject that is nearest the verb  Subject-Verb Agreement Indefinite pronouns typically take Ex: Everyone is welcome. Nothing is singular verbs wasted. Except for the pronouns (few, many, several, both) that always Ex: Few are qualified. Several have left. take the plural form If two infinitives are separated by Ex: To love and to hold you are my only 'and' they take the plural form of the verb goal.  Subject-Verb Agreement When the subject is 'all', 'any', 'more', 'most', 'none', or 'some', this is the ONLY time you must Ex: Most of food is pricey. Some of the look at the object of the boys are shirtless. prepositional phrase to determine whether it is singular or plural Collective nouns are usually singular, but can be plural if the Ex: The herd is feeding on the grass. individuals within the group are The team are arguing all day. acting separately  Subject-Verb Agreement Ex: News is on at half past five. Some nouns that end in 's' Economics is my favorite subject just like but are actually only one Laila De Lima being the apple of the eye single thing are singular of Duterte.  Clauses Contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete Independent thought. Ex: He is mad. Contains a subject and verb but does not express a Dependent complete thought. Ex: Although he is mad A type of dependent clause that modifies a noun. Ex: Relative The guy who is mad is Adrian. A type of dependent clause that acts as a noun. Ex: Noun What he did is ticklish. A type of dependent clause that acts as an adverb. Ex: Adverbial They will go when I go ballistic.  Phrases A group of words that acts as a noun. Ex: The yellow Noun brick road A group of words that acts as a verb. Ex: is making me Verb feisty A group of words that acts as an adjective. Ex: glad Adjective about her improvement Adverb A group of words that acts as an adverb. Ex: too big A group of words that begins with a preposition and Prepositional ends with a noun or pronoun. Ex: into the wall  Verbals Ends in -ing and functions as a noun. Ex: Gerund Kicking his ball is rewarding. I like touching their balls. Functions as an adjective. Ex: The twerking kids Participle got a word from their parents. I felt her broken spirit. Functions as a noun, although it can also Infinitive function as an adjective or adverb. Ex: To die for you is divine. I did it to hurt you.  Relative Pronouns Refers to a person (as the verb’s subject). Ex: The man Who who drills me is no one but you. Refers to a person (as the verb’s object). Ex: I am sure Whom whom this wiener belongs to. Shows possession; used for people, animals, and Whose sometimes things. Ex: I know whose undies are these. Refers to an animal or thing. Ex: I love singing which is Which my forte.  Relative Pronouns Refers to a person, animal, or thing. Ex: I hate singing That that is out of tune. Applies universally to a number of people. Ex: Ask Whoever whoever is here to leave. Used in formal styles or in writing; often with a Whomever preposition; rarely in conversation. Ex: Ask whomever sings to shut up. Applies universally to a number of things. Ex: Whichever Whichever bag you choose does not matter.  Relative Pronouns Applies universally to a number of things. Ex: Whatever You will succeed whatever you do.  Question Tag Positive Statement, Ex: He is a fireball, isn’t he? Negative Tag Negative Statement, Ex: They don’t speak English, do they? Positive Tag Auxiliary Verb in Ex: We are survivors, aren’t we? Statement  Question Tag No Auxiliary Verb in Ex: April went nuts, didn’t she? Statement Statement with 'I am' Ex: I am super happy, aren’t I? Statement with Ex: We shall forge ahead, shan't we? Modal Verb Pronoun in Question Ex: You love me to death, don’t you? Tag  Question Tag Noun in Question Ex: Jose likes the whole of me, doesn’t he? Tag Question Tag with Ex: There are buses, aren’t there? 'there'  Articles Used when referring to something specific. Ex: The cat Definite is barking. Used when referring to something for the first time or Indefinite something that is not specific. Ex: A cat is twerking. No article is used before plural and uncountable nouns Zero when referring to things in general. Ex: Water is universal. 'The' with Superlatives and Ex: He is the love of my life. He is the first to love me. Ordinal Numbers  Articles 'A/An' with Singular Nouns When the Exact Identity Isn't Ex: A ghost will haunt whoever is Known reading this. Ex: The Pacific Ocean is indeed pacific. 'The' with Names of The Boracay Island is swarmed by Geographic Areas and Oceans tourists. 'The' with Countries That Ex: The Republic of the Philippines is Include the Words 'republic', the next global superpower. 'kingdom', or 'states'  Articles 'A/An' Before a Single Noun to Ex: They have a house. He has a wife. Mean 'One of Many 'The' Before a Single Noun to Ex: They have the house right there. Mean 'This One Exactly' He has the wife in green blouse.  Adjective Order Opinion Ex: weird, deft, fantastic Size Ex: tiny, huge, gargantuan Physical Quality Ex: thick, smooth, supple Shape Ex: circular, rectangular, triangular Age Ex: adolescent, adult, elderly  Adjective Order Color Ex: pink, amber, bluish Origin Ex: Swedish, Arabian, Filipino Material Ex: glass, leather, wood Type Ex: two-headed, three-legged, L-shaped Purpose Ex: dancing, walking, cleaning  Examples I love wearing an expensive, medium-sized, oil-based perfume. Kids who are but disgusting, little, and blue-skinned pricks irritate me. Let’s buy something massive, thick, elongated, young, pinkish, and Dutch.  Adverb Order Manner Ex: Sandy sings well. Place Ex: Juan takes me everywhere. Frequency Ex: Pedro kills me every time. Time Ex: Luna bit me yesterday. Purpose Ex: They left to catch some air.  Examples Paolo kicks the ball hard into the hole every day. Jose often touches my eggplant too hard to stimulate its growth. Wally sometimes talks idly in the room at this hour to summon his fairy godmother who loves huge eggplant.  Exercises Direction: Write the correct article to complete the sentence. 1. He used to work for __ evil boss. an 2. __ boss in boots has just arrived. the 3. Shouldn’t we all love __ peace and justice. zero 4. __ Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is rich. the 5. An apple __ day keeps __ doctor away. a, the 6. Let’s make __ love not war. zero 7. __ frosty ice cream mom just bought is the, the decadent and __ best!  Exercises Direction: Write the correct question tag in the sentence. 1. Boy used to work for an evil boss, _____? didn’t he 2. The boss in heels has just arrived, _____? hasn’t she 3. We shouldn’t all love peace, _____? should we 4. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is rich, ____? isn’t it 5. An apple a day keeps the doctor away, ____? doesn’t it 6. Let’s make love not war, ____? shall we 7. I am as frosty as the ice cream that mom aren’t I bought, ____?  Exercises Direction: Write the correct relative pronoun in the sentence. 1. The machine ___ is expensive does not work. that/which 2. ___ gets to kiss me will be promoted. whoever 3. Choose ___ is available at the store. whichever 4. I will reward ___ I see performing well. whomever 5. ___ are these dirty undies? whose 6. Only love I can offer ___ is all I have. that 7. I’m a hopelessly devoted man ___ knows who nothing but to love you.  Exercises Direction: Write the correct type of verbal in the sentence. 1. I love collecting her shattered dreams. participle 2. I love collecting her shattered dreams. gerund 3. My only goal is to see her suffer. infinitive 4. Watching her fumble is giving me chills. gerund 5. The chilling effect of her suffering is nothing participle but rewarding. 6. Someday I’ll move on from this hurt feeling. particle 7. For now I’ll nurture this lingering feeling to participle, infinitive start the healing process. Thank you, Eagles!