structure-of-animal-cell.pdf

Lesson 2.2 Structures and Functions of Animal Cells General Biology 11/2 Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics The shape of an airplane is similar to the general form of a bird. 2 The shape of a boat resembles that of a fish....

Lesson 2.2 Structures and Functions of Animal Cells General Biology 11/2 Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics The shape of an airplane is similar to the general form of a bird. 2 The shape of a boat resembles that of a fish. 3  This shows that structures present in living organisms are usually used as a basis for designing objects. The structure is always related to its function. 4 Are the structure and functions of the components that make up an organism’s body related to each other? 5 Learning Competency At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following: Classify different cell types (plant/animal tissues) and specify the function(s) of each (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-4). 6  Learning Objectives At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following: Describe the hierarchy of the biological organization. Differentiate animal cell types based on their structures and functions. 7  Hierarchy of Biological Organization In complex multicellular organisms like animals, cells come in different structures and functions— they differ in terms of shapes and sizes, and they also have specialized functions. All organisms are made up of at least one cell. 8 Why is the cell considered as the basic unit of life? 9  Hierarchy of Biological Organization The hierarchy of biological organization includes the assemblage of life from the smallest biomolecules to the interacting ecosystems of the biosphere. 10  Hierarchy of Biological Organization Different levels of biological organization Level of Biological Description Examples Organization Four types of biomolecules or molecules associated with atoms and molecules life: Chemical that make up the basic carbohydrates unit of life proteins lipids or fats nucleic acids 11  Hierarchy of Biological Organization Different levels of biological organization Level of Biological Description Examples Organization distinct and specialized subcellular structures that mitochondria, nucleus, contribute to the cell’s Organelle Golgi apparatus, maintenance and reproduction; membrane-bound structures in endoplasmic reticulum eukaryotic cells 12  Hierarchy of Biological Organization Different levels of biological organization Level of Biological Description Examples Organization the smallest, basic, functional skin cells, blood unit of life formed when cells, muscle Cell different atoms and molecules cells or fibers, combine and function together neurons 13  Hierarchy of Biological Organization Different levels of biological organization Level of Biological Description Examples Organization Four types of animal groups of cells that tissue: work together to epithelial tissue Tissue perform a specialized connective tissue function muscle tissue nervous tissue 14  Hierarchy of Biological Organization Different levels of biological organization Level of Biological Description Examples Organization groups of tissues that skin, lungs, heart Organ work together to perform muscle, brain a specialized function 15  Hierarchy of Biological Organization Different levels of biological organization Level of Biological Description Examples Organization groups of organs that integumentary work together to perform system, respiratory Organ system a certain process in the system, circulatory body system 16  Hierarchy of Biological Organization Different levels of biological organization Level of Biological Description Examples Organization formed by different organ systems that create humans, grasses, complex interactions with Organism dogs, cats, one another to maintain balance or homeostasis, mushroom and sustain life 17  Hierarchy of Biological Organization Different levels of biological organization Level of Biological Description Examples Organization humans living in the organisms that belong to same house, koalas Population the same species and living in an area of live in the same area the forest 18  Hierarchy of Biological Organization Different levels of biological organization Level of Biological Description Examples Organization humans, cats, and dogs living in the same different populations house; koalas, Community living in the same area kangaroos, and various tree species in an area of the forest 19  Hierarchy of Biological Organization Different levels of biological organization Level of Biological Description Examples Organization humans, cats, dogs, includes all the and grasses getting communities interacting resources from Ecosystem with one another and nonliving things like with their environment soil, water, and sunlight 20  Hierarchy of Biological Organization Different levels of biological organization Level of Biological Description Examples Organization the entire surface of includes all the different Biosphere Earth where life kinds of ecosystem thrives 21 Based on the levels of biological organization, why are sponges considered the simplest forms of animals? 22  Type of Animal Tissues Tissues These refer to groups of cells that are similar in structure and function. The four types of tissues in animals vary significantly in structure and function. 23  Type of Animal Tissues Epithelial Tissue Structure of Epithelial Tissues Epithelial tissue or epithelium is a type of Connective Tissue animal tissue that forms the inner and outer lining of organs, the covering in Muscular Tissue surfaces, and the primary glandular tissue of the body. Nervous Tissue 24  Type of Animal Tissues Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscular Tissue Nervous Tissue The different types of cell-cell junctions characterize various epithelial tissues. 25  Type of Animal Tissues simple squamous simple cuboidal simple columnar Epithelial Tissue No. of layers and Epithelial tissues Examples Functions Connective Tissue shape of cells Muscular Tissue site of one layer air sacs or diffusion or alveoli, exchange of flat, scale- capillary Nervous Tissue substances; like walls secretion 26  Type of Animal Tissues simple squamous simple cuboidal simple columnar Epithelial Tissue No. of layers and Epithelial tissues Examples Functions Connective Tissue shape of cells Muscular Tissue glands and one layer their ducts, ovaries, absorption cube- and lining and secretion Nervous Tissue of kidney shaped tubules 27  Type of Animal Tissues simple squamous simple cuboidal simple columnar Epithelial Tissue No. of layers and Epithelial tissues Examples Functions Connective Tissue shape of cells Muscular Tissue absorption one layer walls of the and gastro- secretion; intestinal elongated contains tract and Nervous Tissue or column- goblet cells body that secrete shaped cavities mucus 28  Type of Animal Tissues pseudostratified stratified stratified stratified columnar squamous cuboidal columnar Epithelial Tissue No. of layers and Epithelial tissues Examples Functions Connective Tissue shape of cells absorption and secretion; Muscular Tissue one layer the lining of usually ciliated; the cells have elongated respiratory unequal length or column- tract and position of Nervous Tissue nucleus forming shaped a false layering of cells  Type of Animal Tissues pseudostratified stratified stratified stratified columnar squamous cuboidal columnar Epithelial Tissue No. of layers and Epithelial tissues Examples Functions Connective Tissue shape of cells Muscular Tissue more than the protection one epidermis, against layer lining of abrasion or mouth, constant Nervous Tissue esophagus, exposure to flat, scale- like and vagina friction 30  Type of Animal Tissues pseudostratified stratified stratified stratified columnar squamous cuboidal columnar Epithelial Tissue No. of layers and Epithelial tissues Examples Functions Connective Tissue shape of cells Muscular Tissue more than sweat one glands, layer salivary protection glands, and and secretion Nervous Tissue mammary cube- shaped glands 31  Type of Animal Tissues pseudostratified stratified stratified stratified columnar squamous cuboidal columnar Epithelial Tissue No. of layers and Epithelial tissues Examples Functions Connective Tissue shape of cells Muscular Tissue more than one male layer urethra protection and ducts and Nervous Tissue elongated of some secretion or column- glands shaped 32 The trachea is lined with a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. How does this structure prevent unwanted particles like food from entering the lungs? 33  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscular Tissue Nervous Tissue The basic components of connective tissues vary according to their type (left, extracellular matrix; right, fibers and fibroblast). 34  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscular Tissue Nervous Tissue The different connective tissues vary with the composition of their extracellular matrices and the types of cells they consist of. 35  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscular Tissue Nervous Tissue The different connective tissues vary with the composition of their extracellular matrices and the types of cells they consist of. 36  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Connective Description Examples Functions Tissues Connective Tissue layers of a very hard matrix with Bone or calcium salts and protection osseous skull and Muscular Tissue collagen fibers and tissue ribs consists of bone support cells called Nervous Tissue lacunae 37  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Connective Description Examples Functions Tissues Connective Tissue more flexible hyaline matrix than cartilage protection Cartilage bone fibro Muscular Tissue and cartilage cells cartilage support called elastic chondrocytes cartilage Nervous Tissue 38  Connective Tissues Connective Epithelial Tissue Description Examples Functions Tissues Matrix is Connective Tissue predominantly Dense made up of connective or collagen fibers tendon Muscular Tissue dense fibrous and has lesser support ligament tissue cells. This is a fibroblast or a Nervous Tissue fiber-forming cell. 39  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Connective Description Examples Functions Tissues Matrix Connective Tissue areolar contains tissue more cells Loose adipose protection, and lesser Muscular Tissue connective tissue or fat insulation, fibers than tissue tissue storage, dense reticular and support connective connective Nervous Tissue tissue so it is tissue softer. 40  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Connective Description Examples Functions Tissues plasma Connective Tissue Cellular components transport of consist of blood substance, cells. blood Muscular Tissue Blood immune with fibers that are blood response, only visible during cells and blood clotting because clotting Nervous Tissue they are made up of soluble proteins 41  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscular Tissue Nervous Tissue The types of muscle tissues differ in their general structure but more or less perform the same function, i.e., to elicit movement. 42  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Muscular Muscle Location Description Tissues Control Connective Tissue long, cylindrical, striated (with Skeletal attached to the visible stripes), Muscular Tissue muscle skeleton or and voluntary bones multinucleated (with more than one nucleus) Nervous Tissue 43  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Muscular Muscle Location Description Tissues Control Connective Tissue found in the made up of walls of hollow nonstriated, Smooth organs such as uninucleated, intestines, Muscular Tissue muscle and spindle- involuntary stomach, shaped (have bladder, blood pointed ends) vessels, and cells. Nervous Tissue uterus 44  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Muscular Muscle Location Description Tissues Control Connective Tissue uninucleated (one nucleus) Cardiac and has found in the Muscular Tissue muscle striations involuntary heart has intercalated disks Nervous Tissue 45  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscular Tissue Nervous Tissue Neuron, the basic unit of the nervous system, consists of structures that can conduct electrochemical signals as a form of information. 46  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscular Tissue Neurons may be classified based from their number of Nervous Tissue cellular processes. 47  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscular Tissue Nervous Tissue Neuron, the basic unit of the nervous system, consists of structures that can conduct electrochemical signals as a form of information. 48  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscular Tissue Neurons may be classified based from their number of Nervous Tissue cellular processes. 49  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Nervous Tissues Location Function These are star- Connective Tissue shaped cells that support and control the chemical Muscular Tissue environment around CNS the neurons. Astrocytes These are the most Nervous Tissue abundant glial cell in the CNS. 50  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Nervous Tissues Location Function Connective Tissue These are ovoid cells in the CNS that can transform into a Muscular Tissue CNS phagocytic macrophage to clean neuronal debris and Microglial cells wastes. Nervous Tissue 51  Connective Tissues Nervous Tissues Location Function Epithelial Tissue These are ciliated cells that line the Connective Tissue central cavities of the brain and the spinal cord and form a fairly Muscular Tissue CNS permeable membrane between the cavities with Ependymal cells cerebrospinal fluid Nervous Tissue and the tissues of CNS. 52  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Nervous Tissues Location Function Connective Tissue These are responsible for the Muscular Tissue CNS production of the myelin sheath. Oligodendrocytes Nervous Tissue 53  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Nervous Tissues Location Function Connective Tissue They surround the Muscular Tissue PNS cell body of a neuron. Satellite cells Nervous Tissue 54  Connective Tissues Epithelial Tissue Nervous Tissues Location Function Connective Tissue They surround all the nerve fibers and Muscular Tissue PNS produce myelin sheath similar to the oligodendrocytes. Schwann cells Nervous Tissue 55 Remember The structure and form of the tissues in animals are always related to their functions. Epithelial tissues are made up of tightly packed cells because they cover and protect bodily structures. Connective tissues are characterized by the presence of ground substances and fibers that support, bind, and protect organs. 56 Remember Muscular tissues are made up of highly specialized cells that contract to cause movement. Lastly, nervous tissues mainly contain networks of nerve cells that possess irritability and conductivity to allow the transmission and reception of electrochemical impulses. 57  Check Your Understanding Identify the level of biological organization described in the items below. 1. a group of organs that coordinate to perform a specific function 2. butterflies of the same species living in the same area 3. atoms and molecules interacting with one another 58  Check Your Understanding Identify the type of animal tissue described in the items below. 1. with extracellular matrix made up of ground substance and fibers 2. classified based on cell shape and arrangement 3. composed of cells that conduct electrochemical signals 59  Let’s Sum It Up! There are different levels of biological organization, and these include the following (lowest to highest): chemical, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere. Animals have four types of tissue: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. They all differ significantly in structures and functions. 60  Let’s Sum It Up! Epithelial tissue is composed of tightly packed cells that cover, line, and protect the body part. It can be classified based on cell arrangement (simple, stratified, pseudostratified) and cell shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar). 61  Let’s Sum It Up! Connective tissue is made up of cells and an extracellular matrix that connects, protects, and supports body parts. Bone, cartilage, dense connective tissue, loose connective tissue, and blood are the types of connective tissue. 62  Let’s Sum It Up! Muscular tissue is composed of highly specialized muscle cells that contract to produce movement. It has three types: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles. Nervous tissue is made up of neurons that receive and conduct electrochemical signals and supporting cells (glial cells) that support, protect, and insulate neurons. 63 Challenge Yourself Polar bears have a thick adipose tissue layer. What is the importance of this tissue in the survival of polar bears during the winter season? 64 Photo Credit Slide 8: Animals-of-Israel-ver004, by MathKnight-at-TAU is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons. 65 Bibliography Campbell, Neil A. 2009. Biology (8th Edition). French Forest: Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Campbell, Neil A., Michael L. Cain, Peter V. Minorsky, Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, and Steven Alexander Wasserman. Biology: a Global Approach. Harlow, Essex, England: Pearson Education Limited, 2018. Mader, Sylvia S. 2011. Concepts of Biology. New York: McGraw-Hill. Madigan, Michael T., Kelly S. Bender, Daniel H. Buckley, W. Matthew. Sattley, and David A. Stahl. Brock Biology of Microorganisms. Harlow, United Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited, 2017. Marieb, Elaine Nicpon. Human Anatomy & Physiology. New York: Pearson Education, 2004. 66