Material And Manufacturing 2 PDF

MATERIAL AND MANUFACTURING 2 Natural Materials I | Stone- Ceramic- Glass Instructors : Akela Alsadiq, Zati Hazera, Noran Kattan, Arwa CAN YOU COUNT THE NATURAL MATERIAL ? GLASS SOME EXAMPLE OF INDUSTRIAL GLASS: 1. 2. 3. 4. SODALIMEGLASS BOROSILICATEGLASS SILICAGLASS GLASS CERAMIC SODA LIME GLASS The...

MATERIAL AND MANUFACTURING 2 Natural Materials I | Stone- Ceramic- Glass Instructors : Akela Alsadiq, Zati Hazera, Noran Kattan, Arwa CAN YOU COUNT THE NATURAL MATERIAL ? GLASS SOME EXAMPLE OF INDUSTRIAL GLASS: 1. 2. 3. 4. SODALIMEGLASS BOROSILICATEGLASS SILICAGLASS GLASS CERAMIC SODA LIME GLASS The glass of windows, bottles, and light bulbs, used in vast quantities, the commonest of them all. The name suggests its composition: 1. 13-17% NaO ( the “soda”) 2. 5-10% CaO ( the “lime”) 3. 70-75% SiO2 ( the “Glass”) It has a low melting point, is easy to blow and mold, and it is cheap. It is optically clear unless impure, when it is typically green or brown. Windows, today have to be flat and that was not- until 1950-easy to do: now by The float-glass process: Solidifying glass on bed of liquid tin. Makes “plate” glass cheaply and quickly. BOROSILICATE GLASS When most of the lime in soda-lime glass is rplaced by borax B203, it becomes borosilicate glass (“ Pyrex”). It has a higher melting point than soda-lime glass Is harder to work But it has lower expansion coefficient High resistance to thermal shock Typical uses Laboratory glassware, ovenware, headlights, electrical insulators, metal/glass seals, telescope mirrors, sights, gagrs, piping. SILIC A GLASS Silica is a glass of great transparency. Its also called fused silica or fused Quartz. It is nearly pure SiO2 It has an exceptionally high melting point It is difficult to work It resists temperature and thermal shock, more than any other glass Typical uses: Envelopes for high-temperature lamps GLASS CERAMIC Glass ceramics are glasses that, to a greater or lesser extent, have crystalized. They are shaped while in the glassy states, using ordinary molding methods and then cooled in such a way that the additives they contain nucleate small crystals It’s sold for cooking as luminarc and is used for it’s High performance High heat – resisting Applications such as teeth crown and cook wear. GLASS CERAMIC Glass ceramics are glasses that, to a greater or lesser extent, have crystalized. They are shaped while in the glassy states, using ordinary molding methods and then cooled in such a way that the additives they contain nucleate small crystals It’s sold for cooking as luminarc and is used for it’s High performance High heat – resisting Applications such as teeth crown and cook wear. “ GENIO GLASS" BY LEONARDO BORRA “ VENTRICLEVESSEL " MILINKOVIC BY EVA “SHINY" BY EVA MILINKOVIC “ROOT S VASE S" B Y G I OR GIOB ONAGURO “B ABY MOON" BY ANNATORF “DOMSAI" BY MATTEOCIBIC How to Work with glass ? Glas on Vimeo GLASS on Vimeo CERAMICS Natural Ceramics CLAY Is a mineral “ Stew” That is the resulted of the erosion the earth's crust over vast spans of time. What was originally the mineral feldspar in igneous rocks, primarily granite, breaks down over time and becomes the microscopically fine-particles of the clay that we form with our bare hands. How this transformation takes places is a matter of geology and time. The effects of erosion over enormous spans of time cause igneous rocks to disintegrate, and the feldspar content is altered to kaolinite, which is the identifying substance in clay. PEGMATITE Different Mixtures Result in Different Clay What turns clay into ceramic ? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U2Z6zcxxaTs Technical Ceramics Some used ceramic in the industry for industrial products and components: Alumina Boron carbide Tungsten carbide Silicon carbide Alumina Alumina (Al2O3) is to technical ceramics what mild steel is to metals - cheap, easy to process, the work horse of the industry. In single crystal form it is sapphire, used for watch faces and cockpit windows of high speed aircraft More usually it is made by pressing and sintering powder, giving grades ranging from 80 to 99.9% alumina; the rest is porosity, glassy impurities, or deliberately added components. Pure aluminas are white; impurities make them pink or green. The maximum operating temperature increases with increasing alumina content. Alumina has a low cost and a useful and broad set of properties: electrical insulation, high mechanical strength, good abrasion, and temperature resistance up to 1650 C, excellent chemical stability and moderately high thermal conductivity, but it has limited thermal shock and impact resistance Chromium oxide is added to improve abrasion resistance; sodium silicate, to improve processability but with some loss of electrical resistance. Competing materials are magnesia, silica and borosilicate glass. Typical Uses Insulators, heating elements, microelectronic substrates, radomes, bone replacement, tooth replacement, tank armour, spark plug insulators, dies for wire drawing, nozzles for welding and sandblasting. Born Carbide Born carbide(B4C) is nearly as hard as diamond and vastly less expensive ( though still not cheap) Its very low density and make it attractive foe the outer layer of bulletproof body armor and as an abrasive high hardnesses Typical use: Lightweight armor, bulletproof surface, abrasives, sandblasting nozzles, high temperature thermocouples. Tungsten Carbide (WC) is most used in the form of a "cemented" carbide, or cermet: a metal carbide held by a small amount (5-20%) of metallic binder, usually cobalt. Its exceptional hardness and stability make it an attractive material when wear resistance is essential. Its properties are governed by the type of carbide, grain size and shape, and the proportion of carbide to metal. Cermets are expensive but, as cutting tools, they survive cutting speeds ten times those of the best tool steel. Shaping is usually done by pressing, sintering, and then grinding; the tool bit is brazed to a shank or blade made from a cheaper steel. Tungsten carbide can be vapor-coated with Ti-nitride to improve wear resistance even further. Typical Uses: Cutting tools, saw blades, dental drills, oil drilling bits, dies for wire drawing, knife edges. Silicon Carbide.Sic made by fusing sand and coke at 2200 c, is the grit on high quality sandpaper. It is very hard and maintains its strength to high temperature, has good thermal shock resistance, excellent abrasion resistance, and chemical stability, but, like all ceramics, it is brittle. Silicon carbide is a blue-black material. High strength SiC fibers such as Nicalon, made by cvd processes, are used as reinforcement in ceramic or metal matrix composites. Typical Uses: Cutting tools, dies and molding materials, catalytic converters, engine components, mechanical seals, sliding bearings, wear wear protection sleeves, heat exchange tubes, furnace equipment, heating elements. What are the other related material that possibly applied/adapted from other design field that are ‘trending’ in product design? Ceramics are materials both of the past and of the future. They are the most durable of all materials – ceramic pots and ornaments survive from 5000 bc. And it is their durability, particularly at high temperatures, that generates interest in them today. They are exceptionally hard (diamond – a ceramic – is the hardest of them all) and can tolerate higher temperatures than any metal. Ceramics are crystalline (or partly crystalline) inorganic compounds; they include both traditional, pottery-based ceramics, and the high performance technical ceramics. All are hard and brittle, have generally high melting points and low thermal expansion coefficients, and most are good electrical insulators. Traditional ceramics, based on clay, silica, and feldspar, are soft and easily molded before they are fired; firing creates a glassy phase that binds the other components together to create brick, stoneware, porcelain, and tile. Technical ceramics consist of pure or nearly pure compounds, synthesized by chemical reactions; the commonest are alumina, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, boron carbide, boron nitride, and tungsten carbide. Ceramics have certain unique properties. Their low atomic packing factors and high melting points give them a low expansion coefficient. Those that are pure and completely crystalline have a high thermal conductivity; impurities and glassy phases greatly reduce it. When perfect they are exceedingly strong, but tiny flaws, hard to avoid, propitiate as cracks when the material is loaded in tension or bending, drastically reducing the strength; the compressive strength, however, remains high (8–18 times the strength in tension). Impact resistance is low and stresses due to thermal shock are not easily alleviated by plastic deformation so large temperature gradients or thermal shock can cause failure. The size of commercial ceramic parts can range from small components like spark plug insulators to large nose cones for re-entry vehicles. The high firing temperatures prevent metal inserts being molded-in to ceramics. Shapes should be kept as simple as possible, with liberal tolerances.. Shrinkage during drying and firing can be as much as 25%. Edges and corners should have generous radii, large unsupported sections, and undercuts should be avoided, symmetrical shapes and uniform wall thicknesses are best, with a draft angle of at least 5 degrees. Most technical ceramics start as powders that are pressed, extruded, injection molded, or cast, using a polymer binder. The resulting “green” part is machined or ground to shape, dried and fired (“sintering”). Metal can be joined to ceramic by adhesives, soldering, brazing, or shrink fitting (as long as the metal is on the outside, in tension). Brazing is stronger than adhesives or soldering and more temperature resistant but requires a metallized Carbon footprint A carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gases (including carbon dioxide and methane) that are generated by our actions. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-021-00690-8 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Materials-related-GHG-emissions-accordingto-production-and-consumption-basedaccounts_fig3_34933755 Ecological Footprint Calculator Tool to get you starting Embodied Carbon Footprint Database - Circular Ecology