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STM 007 GENERAL BIOLOGY 1ST QUARTER 1ST SEM MODULE 1: THE THOERIES ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF LIFE Biogenesis theory was favored most by the scientific community. The term ‘b...

STM 007 GENERAL BIOLOGY 1ST QUARTER 1ST SEM MODULE 1: THE THOERIES ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF LIFE Biogenesis theory was favored most by the scientific community. The term ‘biogenesis’ comes from ‘bio’ meaning ‘life’, and ‘genesis’, meaning ‘beginning’ The study of living organisms such as plants, animals, and microorganisms is an active area Observations that support this theory: of Biology. 1. The hair of a horse tail dipped in the water gives rise to a horsehair worm, Theory - is a widely accepted explanation of a Gordius. biological phenomenon based on sound 2. Fly larvae develop on rotten meat. evidence from rigorous empirical experiments 3. Van Helmont claimed that he could and scientific observations. produce mice from the dirty shirt and SIX MAJOR THEORIES ARE PROPOSED TO EXPLAIN handful of wheat grains kept in a dark THE ORIGIN OF LIFE ON EARTH cupboard in 3 weeks. 3. (Louis Pasteur) - According to this theory, 1. Divine/Special Creation Theory life can arise from pre-existing living (Religion/Christian belief) – proposes that things. Lazzaro Spallanzani, Francisco life on earth is created by supernatural Redi, and Louis Pasteur performed well power the GOD. According to Christian designed scientific experiments to belief, God created the universe, disprove the theory of spontaneous planets, animals, plants and human in six generations. natural days. Beliefs in the theory of special creation: Francisco Redi - suggested that life 1. All living organisms were created on did not originated from non-living the same day. [No difference in their matter(meat), but instead from a appearance]. living matter like the flies who laid 2. They were created in the present eggs which eventually turned to form. [No evolution]. maggots. 3. Their bodies and organs are fully developed to meet the requirements to run life. [No adaptation] 2. (Spontaneous Generation Theory) (Alexander Oparin & J.B.S Haldane) – it assumes that non- living material in a spontaneous manner gives rise to life.  STM 007 GENERAL BIOLOGY 1ST QUARTER 1ST SEM Lazzaro Spallanzani – he concluded that Note: Each catastrophe destroyed life a longer heating period and high completely, whereas each creation forms life temperature boiling had killed all differently from the previous one. microorganisms and in the absence of Theory of Cosmozoic (Richter & Arrhenius) - also microorganisms, life could not appear like known as Theory of Panspermia or Apore what happened in the sealed bottle on Theory. assumes that life was present in the form his experiment. of resistant spores and appeared on Earth from another planet. these spores grew and evolved into different organisms. Louis Pasteur – He was convinced that even when exposed to air, life did not arise from non- life. He believes that life came from pre-existing life. the forms Note: This theory does not add much to the found in the broth after it was opened fundamental details about the origin of life. No came from the living matter found in the scientific experiments support this theory. air. Theory of Eternity of Life (Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold, & Fred Hoyle) - also known as Steady State Theory - assumes that life has no beginning or end. believes that life has always existed and will continue to be so. no question of the origin of life as it has no beginning or end. Note: The main objection against this theory is that it could not explain evidence supporting the formation of Earth, and then life appeared Theory of Catastrophism (Bishop James Ussher & on it. Baron Georges Cuvier) - assumes that life originated by creation and is followed by MODULE 2: THE LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION OF catastrophe due to geographical disturbances. LIVING THINGS Every organism has a highly organized body system from smallest to the complex structure working together to perform specific function for an organism to live, adapt, reproduce, and survive. LIVING ORGANISMS - are characterized by a highly organized structure and arranged in a hierarchical pattern.  STM 007 GENERAL BIOLOGY 1ST QUARTER 1ST SEM LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION 4. CELL - building blocks of life 1. ATOM 6. ORGAN - classified as prokaryotic (single cell) and eukaryotic (multicellular) 2. MOLECULES 7. ORGAN SYSTEM ROBERT HOOKE - The first one who discovered 3. ORGANELLE 8. ORGANISM the cell looked through a primitive microscope 4. CELL 9. POPULATION at a thinly cut piece of cork (dead cell walls of plant cell) 5. TISSUE 10. COMMUNITY ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK - The first man who 11. ECOSYSTEM 12. BIOSPHERE witness a live cell under a microscope in 1674. 1. ATOM - smallest scale. fundamental unit of These tiny single-cell organisms are known as matter. They form molecules when atom today as microorganisms, and he is known as combines. Basic unit of life. the Father of Microbiology. 5.TISSUE - group of similar cells performing specific function within an organism ANIMAL TISSUES: Epthelial Tissues, Muscle Tissues, and Nervous Tissues PLANT TISSUES: Vascular, Dermal and Ground Tissues 6. ORGAN - collection of tissues group together 2.MOLECULES - chemical structure consisting of performing “common function at least two atoms held together by one or VITAL ORGAN (ANIMALS more chemical bonds. VITAL ORGAN (PLANTS) - DNA which contains the instructions for the 7. ORGAN SYSTEM - higher level of organization that consist of functionally related organs 8. ORGANISM - living individual intities which composed of various organ system that function altogether 9. POPULATION - group of organisms of the same species living together within a specific area 10. COMMUNITY - group of organisms composed of different species which and interacting in a certain area 11. ECOSYSTEM - group of organisms of having an interaction with non-living environment (air, nitrogen, soil, rainwater) structure and functioning of your body. 12. BIOSPHERE - global sum of all ecosystem and represents the zone of life on earth 3. ORGANELLE - subunit of a cell and consist of functioning biomolecules. take part in the chemical reaction and interactions of cellular processes of an organism.  STM 007 GENERAL BIOLOGY 1ST QUARTER 1ST SEM MODULE 3: THE DEVELOPMENT OF CELL THEORY 4. MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN - Matthias Schleiden was the first scientist to Cell Theory was developed. contribute to the cell theory. He was a 1. ZACHARIAS JANSSEN & German botanist. Schleiden discovered HANS JANSSEN - Hans and that all plants are made of up cells. He Zacharias Janssen made the also recognized the importance of the first compound microscope nuclues in a cell. by combining two convex 5. THEODORE SCHWANN - In 1839, lenses inside a tube. one year after Schleiden discovered Zacharias Janssen is the son that all plants are made up of cells, of Hans Janssen. Zacharias Theodor Schwann discovered that all developed the idea and the blueprints. animals are made up of cells. This is Hans did the building and the construction. the second person to contributed to the cell theory. Schwann was a 2. ROBERT HOOKE - In 1665, Robert Hooke German zoologist. He was also the first person to studied thin slices of dead cork under a use the term metabolism. Schwann studied microscope. Hooke named cells after the rooms digestion in animals. in the monestary, becuase he said they looked 6. RUDOLF VIRCHOW - In 1855, Virchow like the walls in the rooms known as "cells". He developed the third and final part of discovered that cells are the basic unit of life. the cell theory. He stated that all living Hooke intorduced cells to the world of science. things come from other living things. Virchow was the first to witness a cell divide. He also analysed the effects of diseses in organs in tissues in the body. These contributions formed the basis of the cell theory, which can be summarized in three main tenets: - Before the 1. All living organisms are composed of one or microscope, scientists couldn't see cells more cells. because they are simply too small Imagine trying to find a tiny grain of sand on a beach 2. The cell is the basic unit of life in all living without any tools things. 3. ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK - 3. All cells arise from pre-existing, living cells. Leeuwenhoek improved the use of MODULE 4: INTRODUCTION TO CELL STRUCTURE the microscope. In order to clarify the AND FUNCTIONS OF ANIMAL AND PLANT CELL view and magnification, Leeuwenhoek polished the lenses in CELL - referred to as "the building blocks of life" the microscope. Leeuwenhoek was 16 years old when he first studied with ❖ All forms of life, from simple bacteria to a microscope as an intern for a cloth human beings, are made up of cells. merechant. He then started making his own ❖ Plant and animal life are made up of microscopes. cells that are the same in most respects. ❖ In both animals and plants, cells generally become specialized to perform certain functions  STM 007 GENERAL BIOLOGY 1ST QUARTER 1ST SEM FUNCTION: - protects the cell, provides structural and support, and gives shape to the cell. ORGANELLES - are a subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the 2. PLASMA MEMBRANE - a phospholipid cell bilayer with embedded proteins that separates the internal contents of the cell NOTE: They are involved in many processes, for from its surrounding environment example energy production, building proteins FUNCTION: - controls the passage of and secretions, destroying toxins, and organic molecule, ions, water and oxygen responding to external signals into and out of the cell LIST OF ORGANELLES 3. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM - a series of interconnected membranous sacs and 1. CELL WALL 8. PEROXISOME tubules within the cytoplasm that 2. PLASMA MEMBRANE 9. MITOCHONDRIA collectively modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids 3 ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM 10. CHLOROPLAST 2 TYPES: 4. CYTOPLASM 11. VACUOLES o Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) - become rough due to the ribosomes 5. RIBOSOMES 12. CYTOSKELETON attached to the membrane FUNCTION: -protein synthesis 6. GOLGI BODY 13. NUCLEUS o Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) 7. LYSOSOMES - a network of tubular sacs without ribosomes on the membrane. 1.CELL WALL - the covering of the plant cell which is present only in plants -it is FUNCTION synthesis of carbohydrates, predominantly made up of cellulose. lipids and steroid hormone  STM 007 GENERAL BIOLOGY 1ST QUARTER 1ST SEM 4. CYTOPLASM - it is the entire region of cell for degradation and breaking down of between the plasma membrane and the chemical components. nuclear envelope 9. MITOCHONDRIA - are oval-shaped, double - It is the fluid portion of the cell membrane organelles that have their own approximately 70% - 80% water where all ribosomes and DNA. organelles appear to be floating. - called as the power house of the cell or - Cytosol is the fluid portion of the energy factories cytoplasm. FUNCTION: - responsible for making FUNCTION: - to maintain shape to the cell, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cells bear cell organelles and carryout different main energy carrying molecule. metabolic processes 10. CHLOROPLAST - are plant cell organelles 5. RIBOSOMES - appears either as cluster that carry out photosynthesis - contain the (polyribosomes) or single - tiny dots that photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll that float freely in the cytoplasm. gives most plants their green color FUNCTION: - for protein synthesis Protein FUNCTION: the site of photosynthesis in synthesis - an essential function of all cells plants including enzymes, hormones, antibodies, NOTE: The major difference between plant pigments, structural components and and animal: surface receptors. A. Plant (Autotrophs) - can make their own 6. GOLGI BODY/ GOLGI APPARATUS - has a food series or stacks of flattened membrane B. Animal (Heterotrophs) - cannot make bound organelle that forms a complex their own food structure - named after Camillo Golgi, an 11. VACUOLES - Plant cells specialized Italian physician who first identified them membrane bounded structures FUNCTION: - Sorting, tagging, packaging, - Large central vacuoles occupies the 90% and distribution of lipids and proteins destined of the cell volume to leave the cell FUNCTION: - regulating the cell’s 7. LYSOSOMES - a membrane bounded concentration of water in changing digestive vesicle arise from Golgi environmental conditions apparatus 12. CYTOSKELETON - a network of protein fibers FUNCTION: use hydrolytic enzyme to FUNCTION: - help maintain the shape of the destroy pathogens that might enter to the cell, secure some organelles in specific cell positions, allows cytoplasm and vesicles to NOTE: - This organelle can only be found in move within the cell animal cell NOTE: Has 3 types: - called suicidal bag of cell because it A. Microfilaments contains hydrolytic enzyme that capable B. Intermediate filaments of degrading or breaking down C. Microtubule macromolecules, destroying pathogens 13. NUCLEUS - known as the governor of the that may enter to the cell cell 8. PEROXISOMES - are small, round organelles - has the genetic material DNA enclosed by single membranes FUNCTION: - controls all the activities of FUNCTION: - detoxify many poisons that every organelle inside the cell may enter the body NOTE: Inside the nucleus is the nucleolus NOTE: -Peroxisomes and Lysosomes has - a region where intensive synthesis of similarity because they both used enzyme Ribosomal RNA is taking place. STM 007 GENERAL BIOLOGY 1ST QUARTER 1ST SEM