SSM116 Finals Quiz - Industrial Revolution and World Wars PDF

QUIZ #1 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ~ What invention by Edmund Cartwright used water power to speed up the weaving ~ What invention by Jethro Tull in 1701 process? significantly improved agricultural efficiency POWER L...

QUIZ #1 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ~ What invention by Edmund Cartwright used water power to speed up the weaving ~ What invention by Jethro Tull in 1701 process? significantly improved agricultural efficiency POWER LOOM by sowing seeds in well spaced rows? SEED DRILL ~ The French military leader who rose up to prominence during the chaos following the ~ Name the specific group within the First revolution and led successful campaigns in Estate that owned extensive lands and was Italy and Egypt. exempt from paying taxes. NAPOLEON BONAPARTE CLERGY ~ What type of buildings did wealthy textile ~ What term describes the large fields merchants establish to house large, where landowners experimented with mechanized textile machines during the productive farming methods during the Industrial revolution? Agricultural Revolution? FACTORIES ENCLOSURES ~ What term describes the laborers who ~ What title did Napoleon assume after experienced little improvement in their living overthrowing the Directory, signalling the and working conditions during the Industrial rise to power in france? Revolution? FIRST CONSUL WORKING CLASS ~ Who invented the water frame, a machine ~ It is an economic system in which the that used water power to drive spinning factors of production are privately owned wheels? and money is invested in business ventures RICHARD ARKWRIGHT to make a profit. CAPITALISM ~ What was the name of the execution device that became a grim symbol of ~ The factors of production are owned by revolutionary justice? the public and operate for the welfare of all. GUILLOTINE SOCIALISM ~ The document adopted in 1789 that ~ The social system in France prior to the proclaimed the rights of all citizens and french revolution, characterized by a rigid principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity. class structure and inequality. DECLARATION OF RIGHTS OF MAN ANCIEN REGIME AND CITIZEN ~ The French King who was executed ~ Which invention, developed in 1769, during the French Revolution, symbolizing utilized the power of rapid streams to the end of absolute monarchy. mechanize textile production? KING LOUIS THE XIV WATER FRAME ~ Which invention marked a significant ~ The period of radical political turmoil advancement by allowing spinners to during the French revolution, marked by produce multiple threads at once? mass executions and the leadership of the SPINNING JENNY Jacobins by guillotine. REIGN OF TERROR ~ What was the name of the historic pledge made by the National Assembly members ~ What agricultural practice, developed not to disband until they had created a new during the Agricultural revolution, involved constitution? alternating different crops to maintain soil TENNIS COURT OATH fertility? CROP ROTATION ~ What term describes the overthrow of the Directory by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1799? ~ The philosophical movement whose COUP D’ETAT thinkers, like Rousseau, Voltaire, and Montesquieu, inspired revolutionary ideas of ~ Which invention by Alexander Graham liberty, equality, and justice. Bell was showcased at the Philadelphia ENLIGHTENMENT Centennial Exposition in 1876? TELEPHONE ~ What historical period marked the shift from agrarian economies to industrial and ~ Who patented more than 1,000 urban societies due to technological inventions, including the light bulb and advancements? phonograph? INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION THOMAS EDISON ~ In which country did the Industrial ~ In socialism, who or what typically owns revolution begin in the mid-1700s? property and the means of production? ENGLAND COMMUNITY / PEOPLE QUIZ #2 WORLD WAR I AND II ~ The French social class that faced heavy taxes, economic hardship, and resentment ~ Which two countries guaranteed military toward the privileged classes. support for Poland if it were affected by THIRD ESTATE Germany? GREAT BRITAIN & FRANCE ~ What event is widely considered the symbolic beginning of the French ~ What agreement in 1938 allowed Hitler to Revolution, occurring on July 14, 1789? annex the Sudetenland from STORMING OF BASTILLE Czechoslovakia? MUNICH AGREEMENT ~ What legal system, introduced by Napoleon, promoted meritocracy and ~ Which two nations were most affected by equality before the law but restricted World War I, with 80% of their male women’s rights? populations aged 15-49 sent to battle? NAPOLEONIC CODE GERMANY & FRANCE ~ Which battle in late August 1914 marked ~ What was the estimated death toll of a major defeat for Russian forces on the World War II? Eastern Front? 70-85 MILLION BATTLE OF TANNENBERG ~ On what date did Austria-Hungary declare ~ What type of German naval vessel was war on Serbia, marking the start of World responsible for sinking commercial and War I? passenger ships, including US vessels? JULY 28, 1914 U-BOATS ~ What event in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914 ~ What policy did the United States initially is considered the spark that ignited World adopt during World War I under President War I? Woodrow Wilson? ASSASINATION OF ARCHDUKE FRANZ NEUTRALITY FERDINAND ~What agreement was signed between ~ Which territories did Germany reoccupy in Hitler and Stalin in August 1939? 1936 as part of its aggressive moves? GERMAN-SOVIET NONAGGRESSION RHINELAND PACT ~ Which global event in 1929 destabilized ~ What revolution in 1917 ended czarist rule economies and contributed to the rise of in Russia and halted its participation in fascist leaders? World War I? GLOBAL ECONOMIC DEPRESSION RUSSIAN REVOLUTION ~ Who led the Nazi party in Germany and ~ What was the date of the Second Battle of sought to overturn the Treaty of Versailles? the Marne, the last German offensive of ADOLF HITLER World War I? JULY 15, 1918 ~ What term describes the policy of Britain and France allowing aggressive moves by ~ What tactic did Germany use during its Germany and Japan to avoid conflict? invasion of Poland in 1939? APPEASEMENT BLITZKRIEG TACTICS ~ Which country expanded aggressively into ~ What were the names of two key islands China and Southeast Asia during World War captured by the US in the pacific, paving the II? way for an invasion of Japan? JAPAN IWO JIMA & OKINAWA ~ What event on December 7, 1941 ~ What characterized the Western front, prompted the United States to enter World leading to long and costly battles? War II? TRENCH WARFARE ATTACK ON PEARL HARBOR ~ On what date did the US declare war on ~ What global conflict arose after World War Japan? II, characterized by tension between the DECEMBER 8, 1941 U.S. and the Soviet Union? THE COLD WAR ~ What battle in June 1942 marked a decisive U.S. Navy victory and turned the ~ What was the decisive battle on the tide in pacific? Eastern Front where Soviet Forces defeated BATTLE OF MIDWAY the German 6th Army? BATTLE OF STALINGRAD ~ What organization was established in 1945 to promote international cooperation ~ What international organization was and prevent future wars? established in the Treaty of Versailles to UNITED NATIONS promote peace? LEAGUE OF NATIONS ~ What political regimes fell after the war in Germany, Italy, and Japan? FRENCH REVOLUTION FASCIST TOTALITARIAN The French Revolution and Napoleon is one of dramatic upheaval and transformation, ~ What was the name of Germany’s failed filled with triumphs, tragedies, and pivotal campaign against Britain in 1940? events that reshaped not only France but BATTLE OF BRITAIN the entire world. ~ What treaty ended World War I but THE OLD REGIME: imposed harsh penalties in France? SEEDS OF DISCONTENT TREATY OF VERSAILLES In the late 18th century, France was a ~ On what date will Japan formally society built on inequality under the Ancien surrender, ending World War II? Régime (Old Regime). The population was SEPTEMBER 2, 1945 divided into three Estates: ~ What was the name of Germany’s military The First Estate - Clergy, who owned vast strategy for fighting World War I on two lands and paid no taxes. fronts? SCHLIEFFEN PLAN The Second Estate - Nobility, who enjoyed privileges, including tax exemptions. ~ Which two Japanese cities were targeted by atomic bombs in August 1945? The Third Estate - Commoners, comprising HIROSHIMA & NAGASAKI 98% of the population, including peasants, workers, and the burgeoning middle class ~ What term describes Kaiser Wilhelm’s (bourgeoisie). They bore the heaviest tax pledge of unconditional support to burden. Austria-Hungary on July 15, 1914? CARTE BLANCHE OR “BLANK CHECK” This rigid social hierarchy bred resentment, particularly among the Third Estate, which faced rising food prices, Reformed the Church by confiscating its economic hardship, and oppressive taxes. lands and instituting the Civil Constitution of Adding to the crisis was the weak and the Clergy. indecisive leadership of King Louis XVI, who inherited a bankrupt treasury, partly due to RADICAL PHASE: France's costly involvement in the American THE REIGN OF TERROR Revolution By 1792, revolutionary fervor reached a Enlightenment thinkers like Rousseau, peak as France declared itself a republic. Voltaire, and Montesquieu questioned the King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette divine right of kings and advocated liberty, were arrested, tried for treason, and equality, and justice. These ideas began to executed by guillotine in 1793. inspire the masses to demand change. The revolution turned violent under the THE REVOLUTION UNFOLDS Jacobins, led by Maximilien Robespierre. During the Reign of Terror, thousands were The Spark: Estates-General and National executed for being "enemies of the Assembly (1789) revolution," including moderates and In May 1789, Louis XVI convened the aristocrats. The guillotine became a grim Estates-General, a rare meeting of symbol of justice. Eventually, Robespierre representatives from all three Estates, to himself was arrested and executed in 1794, address the financial crisis. However, ending the Terror. disputes over voting procedures—where each Estate had one vote regardless of THE DIRECTORY AND size—led the Third Estate to break away NAPOLEON’S RISE and form the National Assembly, vowing to create a new constitution in the historic In 1795, the more moderate Directory Tennis Court Oath. government took power but faced economic troubles, corruption, and internal unrest. The Storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789) Amid this chaos, a brilliant military leader, Tensions exploded on July 14, when a Napoleon Bonaparte, gained fame for his Parisian mob stormed the Bastille, a victories in Italy and Egypt. fortress-prison symbolizing royal tyranny. This event marked the start of the revolution In 1799, Napoleon staged a coup d'état, and became a rallying cry for liberty.3. overthrowing the Directory and establishing himself as First Consul, effectively Revolutionary Reforms becoming the ruler of France. The National Assembly enacted sweeping changes NAPOLEON’S REIGN Abolished feudal privileges. Adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Napoleon consolidated power and enacted Man and Citizen, affirming liberty, equality, reforms: and fraternity as fundamental rights.  The Napoleonic Code, a uniform legal It inspired movements for democracy and system promoting meritocracy and equality independence worldwide. before the law (but limiting women’s rights). Napoleon’s Influence Reorganization of the administration and The Napoleonic Code influenced legal centralization of government. systems globally. Concordat of 1801: Reconciliation with the Nationalism surged in Europe, sowing the Catholic Church. seeds for future revolutions. The French Empire INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION In 1804, Napoleon crowned himself The Industrial Revolution marks a Emperor of the French. He embarked on a transformative era of human history, series of military campaigns, building an occurring from the late 18th to the 19th empire that dominated much of Europe. His century. It signaled a shift from agrarian victories spread revolutionary ideals and economies to industrial and urban societies, abolished feudalism across the continent. driven by technological advancements and the mechanization of production. Napoleon’s Mistakes Napoleon’s ambitions led to catastrophic The Industrial Revolution refers to the errors: greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England in the middle The Continental System: An economic 1700s. blockade against Britain that failed and alienated allies. The process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated The Peninsular War: Guerrilla warfare in by industry and machine manufacturing. Spain drained French resources. THE BEGINNINGS OF The Invasion of Russia (1812): His army INDUSTRIALIZATION suffered massive losses due to the harsh winter and scorched earth tactics. Agricultural Revolution Napoleon’s Fall Innovations in farming, like crop rotation, Defeated by a coalition of European selective breeding, and new tools, powers, Napoleon abdicated in 1814 and increased food production, reducing famine was exiled to Elba. He briefly returned and freeing labor for industrial work. during the Hundred Days in 1815 but was decisively defeated at the Battle of Waterloo Within these larger fields, called by British and Prussian forces. Napoleon enclosures, landowners experimented with was exiled to St. Helena, where he died in more productive seeding and harvesting 1821. methods to boost crop yields. Revolutionary Impact Jethro Tull was one of the first of these The revolution ended absolute monarchy scientific farmers. He solved this problem and feudal privileges in France. with an invention called the seed drill in waterpower from rapid streams to drive about 1701. spinning wheels The process of crop rotation proved to be Samuel Crompton combined features of one of the best developments by the the spinning jenny and the water frame scientific farmers. The process improved to produce the spinning mule. The upon older methods of crop rotation, such spinning mule made thread that was as the medieval three-field system stronger, finer, and more consistent than earlier spinning machines Robert Bakewell increased his mutton (sheep meat) output by allowing only his Edmund Cartwright patented a power best sheep to breed. Between 1700 and loom which used water power to speed up 1786, the average weight for lambs climbed the weaving process, the predecessor to the from 18 to 50 pounds. modern power loom. IMPROVEMENTS IN TRANSPORTATION Why the Industrial Revolution Began in England? James Watt figured out a way to make the steam engine work faster and more water power and coal to fuel the new efficiently while burning less fuel. machines iron ore to construct machines, tools, and In 1774, Matthew Boulton was an buildings entrepreneur, a person who organizes, rivers for inland transportation manages, and takes on the risks of a harbors from which merchant ships set sail business. He paid Watt a salary and encouraged him to build better engines. INVENTIONS SPUR INDUSTRIALIZATION John Kay made a shuttle that sped back Robert Fulton ordered a steam engine and forth on wheels. This flying shuttle, a from Boulton and Watt. He built a steamboat boat-shaped piece. called the Clermont, which made its first successful trip in 1807. The Clermont later Flying shuttle speedily carried threads of ferried passengers up and down New York’s yarn back and forth when the weaver pulled Hudson River. a handle on the loom. The flying shuttle greatly increased the productivity of John McAdam equipped road beds with a weavers. layer of large stones for drainage. Even in rainy weather heavy wagons could travel James Hargreaves invented a spinning over the new “macadam” roads without wheel he named after his daughter. His sinking in mud. spinning jenny allowed one spinner to work eight threads at a time THE RAILWAY AGE BEGINS Richard Arkwright invented the water Richard Trevithick made a steam-driven frame in 1769. This machine used the locomotive by hauling ten tons of iron over nearly ten miles of track.  George Stephenson had gained a solid THE IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION reputation by building some 20 engines for mine operators in northern England. Rise of Global Inequality Industrialization widened the wealth gap CLASS TENSIONS GROW between industrialized and nonindustrialized countries, even while it strengthened their The Middle Class economic ties. To keep factories running The upper middle class consisted of and workers fed, industrialized countries government employees, doctors, lawyers, required a steady supply of raw materials and managers of factories, mines, and from less-developed lands. shops. Imperialism, the policy of extending one The lower middle class included factory country’s rule over many other lands, gave overseers and such skilled workers as even more power and wealth to these toolmakers, mechanical drafters, and already wealthy nations. printers Transformation of Society The Working Class Laborers or the working class, saw little Between 1700 and 1900, revolutions in improvement in their living and working agriculture, production, transportation, and conditions. communication changed the lives of people in Western Europe and the United States. Ned Ludd, an English laborer was said to Industrialization gave Europe tremendous have destroyed weaving machinery economic power. around 1779. In contrast, the economies of Asia and POSITIVE EFFECTS OF THE Africa were still based on agriculture and INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION small workshops. It created jobs for workers. Industrialization revolutionized every aspect of society, from daily life to life It contributed to the wealth of the nation. expectancy. It fostered technological progress and THE PHILOSOPHERS OF invention. It greatly increased the production INDUSTRIALIZATION of goods and raised the standard of living. The term laissez faire refers to the These included healthier diets, better economic policy of letting owners of industry housing, and cheaper, mass-produced and business set working conditions without clothing. Because the Industrial Revolution interference. created a demand for engineers as well as clerical and professional workers, it The term is French for “let do,” and by expanded educational opportunities. extension, “let people do as they please.” According to Adam Smith, economic liberty Jeremy Bentham introduced the guaranteed economic progress. As a result, philosophy of utilitarianism. the government should not interfere. According to Bentham’s theory, people Smith’s arguments rested on what he should judge ideas, institutions, and actions called the three natural laws of economics on the basis of their utility, or usefulness. The law of self-interest — People work for He argued that the government should try to their own good. promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people. The law of competition — Competition forces people to make a better product. John Stuart Mill, a philosopher and economist, led the utilitarian movement in The law of supply and demand —Enough the 1800s. goods would be produced at the lowest possible price to meet demand in a market Mill came to question unregulated economy. capitalism. He believed it was wrong that workers should lead deprived lives that The Economists of Capitalism sometimes bordered on starvation. Capitalism is an economic system in which the factors of production are privately Charles Fourier and Saint-Simon sought owned and money is invested in business to offset the ill effects of industrialization ventures to make a profit. with a new economic system called socialism. An Essay on the Principle of Population written in 1798 Socialism the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the Thomas Malthus argued that population welfare of all. tended to increase more rapidly than the food supply. Without wars and epidemics to Karl Marx introduced the world to a radical kill off the extra people, most were destined type of socialism called Marxism. to be poor and miserable. The Communist Manifesto David Ricardo, a wealthy stockbroker, took Marx and Engels argued that human Malthus’s theory one step further in his book societies have always been divided into Principles of Political Economy and Taxation warring classes. In their own time, these (1817). were the middle class “haves” or employers, called the bourgeoisie, and the “have-nots” Ricardo believed that a permanent or workers, called the proletariat. underclass would always be poor. In a market system, if there are many workers CAPITALISM VS. SOCIALISM and abundant resources, then labor and resources are cheap CAPITALISM SOCIALISM communication. conditions. Individuals and The community or the Factories provided Overcrowded cities businesses own state should own employment, drawing faced poor sanitation, property and the property and the people to cities. means of production. housing shortages, and means of production. public health crises. Over time Progress results industrialization led to when individuals follow Progress results cheaper goods and Industrial activities their own self-interest. when a community of higher wages for many. caused deforestation, Consumers compete producers cooperate pollution, and resource to buy the best goods for the good of all. Transportation and at the lowest prices. depletion. communication This competition innovations linked Capitalism creates the wealth generated shapes the market by distant regions. affecting what unequal distribution of often remained businesses are able to wealth and material concentrated among sell. goods. A better System factory owners and is to distribute goods capitalists. Government should according to each not interfere in the person’s needs. economy because competition creates An unequal INVENTIONS MAKE LIFE EASIER efficiency in business. distribution of wealth and material goods is Thomas Edison patented more than 1,000 unfair. A better system inventions, including the light bulb and the is to distribute goods phonograph. according to each person’s need. Alexander Graham Bell was a teacher of deaf students who invented the telephone in his spare time. He displayed his device at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition of 1876. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Guglielmo Marconi used theoretical discoveries about electromagnetic waves to create the first radio in 1895. This device ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES was important because it sent messages (using Morse Code) through the air, without Industrialization Long hours, low the use of wires created wealth, wages, and unsafe boosted productivity, conditions plagued and expanded markets. Henry Ford decided to make cars that early industrial labor. were affordable for most people. Ford used Innovations improved standardized, interchangeable parts. manufacturing,transpor Factories employed tation, and children under harsh Wilbur and Orville Wright solved the The spark that ignited World War I was age-old riddle of flight. On December 17, struck in Sarajevo, Bosnia, where 1903, they flew a gasoline-powered flying Archduke Franz Ferdinand heir to the machine at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. The Austro-Hungarian Empire— was shot to longest flight lasted only 59 seconds, but it death along with his wife, Sophie, by the started the aircraft industry. Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip on June 28, 1914. Princip and other Louis Pasteur discovered that it was nationalists were struggling to end caused by microscopic organisms he called Austro-Hungarian rule over Bosnia and bacteria. He also learned that heat killed Herzegovina. bacteria. This led him to develop the process of pasteurization to kill germs in Blamed the Serbian government for the liquids such attack and hoped to use the incident as as milk. Soon, it became clear to Pasteur justification for settling the question of and others that bacteria also caused Serbian nationalism. diseases. July 5 - Kaiser Wilhelm secretly pledged Charles Darwin published his thinking in a his support, giving Austria-Hungary a book titled On the Origin of Species by so-called carte blanche, or “blank check” Means of Natural Selection. According to assurance of Germany’s backing in the the idea of natural selection, populations case of war. The Dual Monarchy of Austria- tend to grow faster than the food supply and Hungary then sent an ultimatum to Serbia, so must compete for food. The members of with such harsh terms as to make it almost a species that survive are those that are impossible to accept. fittest, or best adapted to their environment. July 28, 1914 - Austria-Hungary declared The Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov war on Serbia, and the tenuous peace believed that human actions were often between Europe’s great powers quickly unconscious reactions to experiences and collapsed. could be changed by training Triple Alliance Sigmund Freud also believed that the Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. unconscious mind drives how people think and act. In Freud’s view, unconscious forces Triple Entente such as suppressed memories, desires, and France, Russia, and the United Kingdom. impulses shape behavior. He founded a type of therapy called psychoanalysis to The Western Front deal with psychological conflicts created by An aggressive military strategy known as these forces the Schlieffen Plan (named for its mastermind, German Field Marshal Alfred WORLD WAR 1 von Schlieffen), Germany began fighting World War I on two fronts, invading France THE GREAT WAR through neutral Belgium in the west. August 4, 1914 - German troops crossed 1915 - Germany declared the waters the border into Belgium. In the first battle of surrounding the British Isles to be a war World War I, the Germans assaulted the zone, and German U-boats sank several heavily fortified city of Liege. commercial and passenger vessels, including some U.S. ships. First Battle of the Marne 1917 - Congress passed a $250 million fought from September 6-9, 1914, French arms appropriations bill intended to make and British forces confronted the invading the United States ready for war. German army, which had by then penetrated deep into northeastern France, Second Battle of the Marne within 30 miles of Paris. July 15, 1918 - German troops launched what would become the last German Trench War offensive of the war, attacking French forces Long and costly battles in this campaign (joined by 85,000 American troops as well were fought at Verdun (February-December as some of the British Expeditionary Force) 1916) and the Battle of the Somme in the Second Battle of the Marne. The (July-November 1916). German and French Allies successfully pushed back the German troops suffered close to a million casualties offensive and launched their own in the Battle of Verdun. counteroffensive just three days later. The Eastern Front Toward Armistice Russian forces invaded the German-held By the fall of 1918, the Central Powers regions of East Prussia and Poland but were unraveling on all fronts. were stopped short by German and Austrian Austria-Hungary, dissolving from within forces at the Battle of Tannenberg in late due to growing nationalist movements August 1914. among its diverse population, reached an armistice on November 4. Facing dwindling Russian Revolution resources on the battlefield, discontent on From 1914 to 1916, Russia’s army the homefront and the surrender of its allies, mounted several offensives on World War Germany was finally forced to seek an I’s Eastern Front but was unable to break armistice on November 11, 1918, ending through German lines. World War I. Russia’s simmering instability exploded in the Russian Revolution of 1917, Treaty of Versailles spearheaded by Vladimir Lenin and the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 - Allied Bolsheviks, which ended czarist rule and leaders stated their desire to build a brought a halt to Russian participation in post-war world that would safeguard itself World War I. against future conflicts of such a devastating scale. America Enters World War I The United States remained on the signed on June 28, 1919 sidelines of World War I, adopting the policy League of Nations “peace without victory,” of neutrality favored by President President Wilson - Fourteen Points Woodrow Wilson. speech of January 1918. World War I Casualties Rise of Totalitarian Regimes World War I took the lives of more than 9 Germany - Adolf Hitler’s Nazi Party million soldiers; 21 million more were sought to overturn the Treaty of Versailles wounded. Civilian casualties numbered and expand eastward. close to 10 million. The two nations most Italy - Benito Mussolini aimed to build a affected were Germany and France, each of new Roman Empire. which sent some 80 percent of their male Japan - Militarists sought to dominate Asia populations between the ages of 15 and 49 and the Pacific, driven by a need for into battle. resources and national expansion. World War II Global Economic Depression (1929) Destabilized many economies, leading to World War II (1939–1945) was the social unrest. deadliest conflict in human history, involving Fascist leaders in Germany, Italy, and more than 30 countries and resulting in an Japan gained power by promising economic estimated 70–85 million deaths. It reshaped revival and national glory. the global political landscape and set the stage for the modern world. Policy of Appeasement Political and economic instability in Britain and France allowed aggressive Germany, and lingering resentment over the moves by Germany and Japan to avoid harsh terms imposed by the Versailles conflict Treaty, fueled the rise to power of Adolf 1936: Germany reoccupied the Rhineland. Hitler and National Socialist German 1938: Germany annexed Austria Workers’ Party, abbreviated as NSDAP in (Anschluss). German and the Nazi Party in English. Munich Agreement (1938): Britain and France allowed Hitler to take the August 1939, Hitler and Soviet leader Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia. Joseph Stalin signed the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, which incited a Failure of the League of Nations frenzy of worry in London and Paris. Hitler Unable to prevent aggression, as seen with had long planned an invasion of Poland, a Japan’s invasion of Manchuria (1931) and nation to which Great Britain and France Italy’s conquest of Ethiopia (1935). had guaranteed military support if it were attacked by Germany. War Breaks Out (1939) September 1, 1939 - Germany invaded Causes of World War II Poland, using Blitzkrieg tactics. Treaty of Versailles (1919) September 3, 1939 - Britain and France Ended World War I but imposed harsh declared war on Germany. penalties on Germany. Reparations, territorial losses, and military Soviet Invasion - The Soviet Union restrictions fostered resentment. invaded eastern Poland under the Molotov Hitler exploited this to gain support, Ribbentrop Pact, a non-aggression treaty promising to restore Germany’s pride. with Germany. Early Axis Victories (1940–1941) WESTERN FRONT North Africa - Allies defeated Axis forces at Western Europe - Germany conquered El Alamein. Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France by mid-1940. Operation Torch- Allied invasion of North Africa led to German and Italian surrender Fall of France - France surrendered in by May 1943. June 1940. The country was divided into German-occupied and Vichy-controlled PACIFIC THEATER zones. Battle of Midway (June 1942) - The U.S. Navy inflicted a decisive defeat on Japan, Battle of Britain (1940) - Germany turning the tide in the Pacific. launched an air campaign to prepare for an Guadalcanal (1942–43) - First major Allied invasion, but Britain’s Royal Air Force (RAF) offensive in the Pacific; marked Japan's resisted effectively. strategic decline. North Africa - Italy, supported by Germany, Allied Offensives (1944–1945) fought British forces for control of the June 6, 1944 - The Allied invasion of region.s Normandy, France, marked the beginning of the liberation of Western Europe. Balkan Campaign - Germany invaded Yugoslavia and Greece in 1941. Eastern Europe - Soviet forces advanced, capturing key cities and liberating countries Axis Expansion in the Pacific (1941) under Nazi control. Japan - Expanded aggressively into China and Southeast Asia. Italy - Mussolini was deposed; Allied forces fought up the Italian peninsula. Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941)- Japan attacked the U.S. naval base, leading to the Pacific - The U.S. captured key islands (Iwo U.S. entering the war. Jima, Okinawa) through intense battles, setting the stage for an invasion of Japan. December 8 1941 - U.S. declared war on Japan; Germany and Italy declared war on END OF THE WAR (1945) the U.S. shortly after. Fall of Berlin (April 1945)- Soviet forces captured Berlin. Hitler committed suicide on TURNING POINTS (1942–1943) April 30. EASTERN FRONT Battle of Stalingrad (1942–43) - Soviet Germany Surrenders Unconditionally on forces defeated the German 6th Army in a (May 7, 1945). brutal, decisive battle. Atomic Bombs Kursk (1943) - Largest tank battle; the August 6, 1945 - The U.S. dropped an Soviet Union maintained momentum. atomic bomb on Hiroshima. August 9, 1945M- A second bomb was Triple Entente (France, Britain, Russia). dropped on Nagasaki. Alliances drew countries into war after Japan Surrenders (September 2, 1945) regional tensions escalated. Human Cost World War II Estimated 70–85 million deaths, including Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, Japan) civilians. Allied Powers (U.S., Soviet Union, Britain, France, China) Holocaust - Systematic genocide resulted in the deaths of 6 million Jews and millions of others. Millions displaced, cities destroyed, and economies devastated. Political Changes Fall of Fascism - Germany, Italy, and Japan’s totalitarian regimes were dismantled. Cold War - The U.S. and the Soviet Union emerged as superpowers with opposing ideologies, leading to decades of geopolitical tension. United Nations - Established in 1945 to promote international cooperation and prevent future wars. Decolonization European powers weakened, leading to independence movements in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Economic Impact Marshall Plan: U.S.-funded program to rebuild Europe.Japan and Germany: Reconstructed economies became global leaders by the 1950s. World War I The Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy