SS5_HO2_Theories on the Origin of the Filipinos.pdf

XAVIER SCHOOL SOCIAL STUDIES 5 SY 2024 - 2025 Handout #2: Theories on the Origin of the Filipinos...

XAVIER SCHOOL SOCIAL STUDIES 5 SY 2024 - 2025 Handout #2: Theories on the Origin of the Filipinos First Trimester Name: ________________________________________________________________ Grade 5 Section: _______ CORE POPULATION THEORY SOURCE A: Core Population Theory Also known as the Evolution Theory, Jocano's theory *proposed that there weren’t actually particularly clear ‘waves’ of *migration taking place in the Philippines. Instead, he suggested that there was a long and continuous process of *evolution and movement of early humans. This would mean that the earliest humans in Southeast Asia were once very similar in terms of culture and *ethnicity but slowly began to split - differentiating themselves until they *developed into independent groups. According to Jocano, it’s likely that two of the main groups that acted as the foundation for this development were the Negritos and the Malays, who are thought to have migrated to the archipelago many thousands of years ago. Of course, this suggestion poses questions of its own as the permanent presence of both the Negritos and Malays as one of the first inhabitants of the Philippines is being argued about. However, it is possible that their ancestors could have been the first permanent inhabitants of the Philippines. Evidence of this was discovered in the Tabon Caves in Palawan in 1962, then archaeologists Robert Fox and Manuel Santiago found the skullcap of the Tabon Man. Dated to between 21,000 and 22,000 years ago, Tabon Man proves - according to Jocano - that man came earlier to the Philippines than to the Malay Peninsula, so the first inhabitants of the Philippines could not have been from the region. However, he did have many similarities to Java Man and Peking Man, which were discovered in Indonesia and China, respectively, and were found to be between 200,000 and 1,000,000 years old. Jocano suggests these people then went on the separate more permanently, settling in areas such as Java, New Guinea, Borneo and the Philippines, but still ultimately from the same migrating populations. Source: Core Population theory. (n.d.). Retrieved August 12, 2020, from https://historylearning.com/history-of- the-philippines/pre- history/population-theories/core-population-theory/ HO2: THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE FILIPINOS 1  Word Bank proposed suggested migration movement of people from one place to another with the intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new location evolution is the change in the characteristics of a species over several generations ethnicity belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition develop grow or come about SOURCE B: “Callao Man” makes PH rock star in human history Mijares, along with a team of Filipino, French and Australian *archaeologists, took the world of *anthropology by storm last week after he announced the discovery of Homo luzonensis, a prehistoric human species previously unknown to science. Before its declaration as a distinct species, the *fossil found in Cagayan had been referred to by scientists as “Callao Man,” after the cave system in Peñablanca town on the foothills of the Sierra Madre mountain range. Callao Man suddenly attained rock star status worldwide overnight, thanks to the scientists’ recent discovery of a prehistoric human species previously unknown to mankind. Its new name is derived from Luzon, the main island in northern Philippines on which the species is believed to have lived. Source: Gascon, M. (2019, April 15). 'Callao Man' makes PH rock star in human history. Retrieved from https://newsinfo.inquirer.net /1106726/callao-man-makes-ph-rock-star-in-human-history Word Bank archaeologist a person who studies human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains anthropology study of humans, human behavior, and societies in the past and present fossil the remains or impression of a prehistoric organism preserved in petrified form or as a mold or cast in rock HO2: THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE FILIPINOS 2 SOURCE C: 700,000-Year-Old Stone Tools Point to Mysterious Human Relative Stone tools found in the Philippines predate the arrival of modern humans to the islands by roughly 600,000 years—but researchers aren’t sure who made them. The eye-popping artifacts were abandoned on a river floodplain on the island of Luzon beside the butchered *carcass of a rhinoceros. The ancient toolmakers were clearly angling for a meal. Two of the rhino's limb bones are smashed in, as if someone was trying to harvest and eat the marrow inside. Cut marks left behind by stone blades crisscross the rhino's ribs and ankle, a clear sign that someone used tools to strip the carcass of meat. The list of possible toolmakers includes the Denisovans, a ghost lineage of *hominins known from DNA and a handful of Siberian fossils. The leading candidate, though, is the early hominin Homo erectus, since it definitely made its way into southeast Asia. The Indonesian island of Java has Homo erectus fossils that are more than 700,000 years old. The team of archaeologists suggest that the butchers may have been Luzon's version of Homo floresiensis, which may have descended from a population of Homo erectus that ended up on Flores. Over *millennia, the Homo erectus may have evolved to live efficiently on a predator-free island, shrinking in a process called island dwarfism. Source: Greshko, M. (n.d.). 700,000-Year-Old Stone Tools Point to Mysterious Human Relative. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/stone-tools-rhinoceros-luzon-philippines-ancient-hominins-science. Word Bank carcass - dead body of an animal hominins - species regarded as human; very closely related to humans millennia - a period of a thousand years AUSTRONESIAN MOVEMENT THEORY SOURCE D: Austronesian Movement Theory The term, AUSTRONESIAN PEOPLE, refers to a family of people categorized and by their language and culture and more recently, their *DNA. Studying the *indigenous culture of the Austronesian people, especially the history, reveals striking similarities. Similarities can be found in their music, dancing, hunting, singing, weaving, weaponry, and traditions. A traditional stone weapon known as the “batu” or “patu” can be found in Taiwan, New Zealand, Polynesia, and even Peru, with similar size and shape in all of these areas. AUSTRONESIA refers to the geographic region originally settled by Austronesian peoples. This covers an area of 40+ countries throughout the Pacific Ocean, Southeast Asia, and the Indian HO2: THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE FILIPINOS 3 Ocean. The range includes Taiwan in the North, to New Zealand in the South, to Easter Island in the East and Madagascar in the West. Austronesian countries also include the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, Cambodia, and Vietnam. SOURCE E: Map to explain “OUT-OF-TAIWAN” or “SOUTH CHINA” THEORY SOURCE F: Evidence for “ISLAND ORIGIN” THEORY: Kurushio Current “Movement by boat from Taiwan southward, statistically speaking, is very *improbable because of the Northward current, Kurushio current, and going downwards is only probable at only certain parts of the year. The odds of moving downwards is very far fetched considering, five thousand years ago, sail *tacking was not yet developed. It is improbable to go from Taiwan to the Philippines because one will just end up going to Japan from Taiwan.” HO2: THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE FILIPINOS 4  Word Bank DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid; molecule that contains the genes of characteristics of a living thing indigenous - native improbable - not likely to be true or to happen; farfetched tacking - a sailing maneuver used to change a boat’s direction through an oncoming wind Sources: Coolidge, T. (1970, January 01). Introduction to Austronesian Peoples and their Migration Theory. Retrieved from http://austronesiannews.blogspot.com/2016/02/introduction-to-austronesian-peoples.html In Focus: The Austronesian Expansion- a Reaction to "Paths of Origin". (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/in-focus/the-austronesian-expansion-a-reaction-to-paths-of-origin / Bryant, D. (2013, August 30). Kuroshio current. Maritime Logistics Professional. Retrieved July 12, 2022, from https://www.maritimeprofessional.com/blogs/post/kuroshio-current-14015 SOURCE G: Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar A growing number of scholars from various fields both locally and abroad are coming to the conclusion that Taiwan is the birthplace of the Austronesian people and language family, and Academia Sinica scholar Liu I-chang has taken this a step further by proposing that the link of this ancient culture 4,000 years ago was Taitung. HO2: THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE FILIPINOS 5  Based on linguistic studies, archaeology, and DNA research carried out by both Taiwanese and foreign scholars, many signs point to Taiwan as being the origin of not only the modern-day peoples of nearby Hainan, southern Vietnam, the Philippines, and the Malay Archipelago, but also areas as far east as Easter Island, as far west as Madagascar, and as far south as New Zealand. In 1983, Australian archaeologist Peter Bellwood gave a speech at the National Museum of Prehistory in Taitung, where he first proposed the "Out of Taiwan" theory which suggests that Taiwan is the origin of many of today's Pacific islanders based on carbon dating of materials used by Austronesians, such as pottery, adzes, spindle, whorl, etc. Those artifacts found in Taiwan were the oldest, followed in succession by the Philippines, Indonesia, and then Oceania. Bellwood argues that jade tiles excavated in Bataan of the Philippines and in northern Vietnam closely resemble those made in Taiwan and that there is no evidence of the resemblance of similar jade items elsewhere in the South Pacific. Furthermore, the jade itself can be traced to Taiwan's Hualien. In addition, pottery unearthed in the Philippines closely resembles the shape and patterns used by the people of eastern Taitung. In 2007, Taiwanese archaeologist Hung Hsiao-chun published research showing that the oldest known prehistoric site in Southeast Asia is in Luzon, and dates to approximately 4,000 years ago. The items found there closely resemble cultural sites found in eastern Taiwan. In addition, Taiwanese jade has been found in excavation sites in both Luzon and Vietnam. Thus far, the Taiwanese jade found in South Pacific islands points to a one-way movement pattern from Taiwan to nearby regions. Source: Everington, K. (2017, September 6). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News. https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3247203. HO2: THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE FILIPINOS 6 SOURCE H: Unearthing Connections: Thomas Lin Hui Xiang and the Austronesian Migration Thomas Lin Hui Xiang, the pioneer of Anthropology of China was an MA graduate of the University of the Philippines in 1928 and trained under renowned anthropologist H. Otley Beyer. He was also the pioneer in the study of the mountain tribes of Taiwan and compared the similarities in stone adzes excavated in Fujian province, Taiwan and the Philippines. He believed the ancient Austronesians migrated from Southern China to the Philippines and Southeast Asia through Taiwan. SOURCE I: Photo of Collected Adze Tools in Southeast Asia Adzes collected by Lin in the Philippines (4), Fujian (10), and Taiwan (10) depicting the similarities in stone tool traditions and their ancient relations with one another. Source: Bahay Tsinoy Museum HO2: THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE FILIPINOS 7 SOURCE J: In Focus: The Austronesian Expansion- a Reaction to “Paths of Origin” Bellwood (1995) contends that the ancestors of the Austronesian speakers spread from Yunnan in the south Chinese mainland and that as early as 6,000 BC, a fishing gardening culture existed on the south coast of China, utilizing the waters off the straits of Taiwan, where eventually between 4,000 and 3,000 BC they finally crossed the straits and settled on the island of Taiwan. Linguistic evidence suggests that these people spoke an Austronesian language that is supposedly related to the Tai-Kadai family of languages that is spoken in Southeast Asia, specifically in Laos, northeastern Myanmar and Thailand – regions flanking the Mekong River. At about 2,500 BC one group of these Austronesian speakers sailed south to the northern island of Luzon in the Philippines and settled there, bringing with them the same set of artifacts and subsistence technology from Taiwan. Through to 1,500 BC, the group spread through the Philippine archipelago southwards, on to Sulawesi, the Moluccas, northern Borneo and eastern Java. From the Halmahera of the Moluccas one branch proceeded east by 1,600 BC to colonize eastern Melanesia by 1,200 BC. By 0 AD, the expansion continued on to Polynesia and to the Easter Islands by 500 AD. Finally the movement culminated by reaching New Zealand about 1,300 AD. Another wave of these Austronesian speakers moved through Borneo, Java, and Sumatra to the coasts of the Malay Peninsula and southern Vietnam by about 500 BC and from there they traversed the Bay of Bengal, through to Sri Lanka and even southern India with its final expansion to Madagascar by 500 AD. In effect, what Bellwood asserts is that all the ascendants of Southeast Asians and the peoples of the Pacific and the Indian Ocean passed through the Philippines in waves of migration from 2,500 BC to 500 AD from Taiwan. Peter Bellwood’s Out-of-Taiwan (OOT) hypothesis is based largely on linguistics. This model suggests that developments in agricultural technology in the Yunnan Plateau in China created pressures which drove certain peoples to migrate to Taiwan. These people either already had or began to develop a unique language of their own, now referred to as Proto-Austronesian. By around 3000 BCE, these groups started differentiating into three or four distinct subcultures, and by 2500 to 1500 BC, one of these groups began migrating southwards towards the Philippines and Indonesia, reaching as far as Borneo and the Moluccas by 1500 BCE, forming new cultural groupings and developing unique languages. Source: Peralta, Jesus T. (2011, June 14). In Focus: The Austronesian Expansion- a Reaction to “Paths of Origin.” NCCA. https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/in-focus/the-austronesian-expansion-a-reaction-to-paths-of-origin/. Prepared by: Mr. Jefferson S. Madarang Ms. Mary Linda Sonza HO2: THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE FILIPINOS 8