Lecture 1 History - Definition, Nature, and Importance PDF

**LECTURE 1 HISTORY** Definition, Nature, and Importance **History** Historia (Spanish) Historie (French) Gesichte (German) **-STORY** **History** Greek noun Historie or Historia Learning, inquiry or investigation Used by the Greek Philosopher Aristotle. Kasaysayan (Filipino) Salay...

**LECTURE 1 HISTORY** Definition, Nature, and Importance **History** Historia (Spanish) Historie (French) Gesichte (German) **-STORY** **History** Greek noun Historie or Historia Learning, inquiry or investigation Used by the Greek Philosopher Aristotle. Kasaysayan (Filipino) Salaysay - narrative or a story Saysay - meaning Without both, you cannot have true history. (Ambeth Ocampo, 2014) It is a branch of Social Sciences that deals with the systematic study of the past, a branch of knowledge that records and explains past events and which concerns people and human nature. **Historiography** -It refers to the study of history itself. -It analyzes who is the history writer, the motives of the writer, the sources of the writer, theories applied and other historical records. **Elements of HISTORY** The Historian Place Period Sources **Nature of History as an Academic** **Discipline** **History has no subject matter of its own** Covers all the persons and all events that have happened in the past. Cover everything that has happened in the society including all aspects from political, economic, social, culture. **History synthesizes knowledge from other** **fields** Analyzes the relations of different events, their cause and effects using also the knowledge used in other fields of Social Sciences such as Anthropology, Sociology, Economics, etc. **History illuminates pieces of the past** Provides explanation of things that happened in the past. By looking at the relationships of different events and phenomena, it provides explanations for unexplainable gaps. **History is constantly changing** An historian makes an analysis based only on available sources of data. When new data are discovered, previous historical accounts can be changed. **History in Relation to other Social Science** **Archaeology** Scientific study of material remains of past human life and activities. Through investigations of artifacts, the historian can draw important analysis and interpretation for them and make description of the lives and culture of people that owned the artifacts. Archeologist **Anthropology** The study of human beings and their ancestors through time and space and in relation to physical character, environmental and social relation, and culture. Anthropologist **Importance of the Study of History** It provides us with the capacity to analyze previous events and phenomena which therefore will provide us with proper basis on how to view the present and the future. Will provide us with a strong basis for providing answers for problems that pervades at present. Our historical view will in itself provide us with the manner by which we view the present and how we prepare for the future. **E. Kent Rogers** To know about the roots of our current culture. To learn about human nature by looking at the trend that repeat through history. To learn about mistakes of those who have gone before us. **Ambeth Ocampo** History can be a mere narrative of past events, while kasaysayan is not just a narrative or salaysay - it must have saysay or meaning. Saysay gives us a way or looking at the world, a Filipino viewpoint that influences the way we see the past, the present, and hopefully the future. History is making people see their past, thereby giving them a sense of being Filipinos. If memory gives us our individual identities, then history will contribute to a national memory and eventually national identity. **HISTORY DOES NOT REPEAT ITSELF.** **WE REPEAT HISTORY.** **LECTURE 2 SOURCES OF HISTORY** **HISTORICAL CRITICISM** **Sources of History** Historical evidences are important proof of the truthfulness of the past. These evidences become the sources of historical data. **Classifications of Sources of History** Primary Sources Secondary Sources **Primary Sources** Provides direct or firsthand evidences about an event, object, person or work of art. These are the evidences by eyewitness or created by people who experienced the said event or phenomena. The historian\'s responsibility is to organize the primary sources into coherent account to become secondary source. Photographs that may reflect social conditions of historical realities and everyday life. Old sketches and drawings that may indicate the conditions of life of societies in the past. Old maps that may reveal how space and geography were used to emphasize trade routes, structural buildup, etc. (Murillo- Velarde Map of the Philippines 1734) Cartoons for political expression or propaganda Oral history or recordings by electronic means of accounts of eyewitnesses or participants; recordings are then transcribed and used for research. Published and unpublished primary documents, eyewitness accounts, and other written sources. **Empirical studies**- research where an experiment was performed or a direct observation was made. **Secondary Sources** Are interpretations of history they describe, discuss, interpret, comment upon, analyze, evaluate, summarize, and process primary sources. These are products of people or writers who wee not part of the event or phenomena. Books, articles, and scholarly journals that had interpreted primary sources or had used them to discuss certain subject of history. **Tertiary Sources** Contains information that has been compiled from primary and secondary sources. Almanacs, dictionaries, encyclopedias, directories, guidebooks, indexes, abstracts, manuals, and textbooks. **Types of Historical Sources** **Archival Materials** Business and personal correspondence Diaries and journals Legal and financial documents Photographs, maps, architectural drawings Computer Tapes **Government Documents** Evidence of activities, function, and policies. Hearing and debates of legislative bodies. Official text of laws, regulations and treaties. Records of government expenditures and finances. Statistical compilations of economic, and scientific data. **Serials** Journals, magazines, and newspapers that are published on daily basis. Book reviews, editorials, and review articles. **Books** HISTORY OF THE FILIPINO PEOPLE A LOLONG TIME AGO **Visual and Audio Materials** Maps, photographs, prints, graphic arts, original art forms. Films, videos, TV programs, and digital recordings. Documentaries, feature films, TV news broadcast, radio broadcast recordings, and recorded music of particular era. **HISTORICAL CRITICISM** **Historical Criticism** To check the authenticity of the sources that are presented to be used in writing history. Sources have to undergo doubting and therefore should be critically tested for validity. Two Kinds: ** External Criticism** ** Internal Criticism** **External Criticism** Covers the physical examinations of sources like documents, manuscripts, books, pamphlets, maps, inscriptions and monuments. Consideration in doing validation: authorship, date and place of publication, textual errors, and meaning of words used. **Authorship** The name of the author of the document provides credence in the establishment of validity of a certain document. The author\'s name itself can provide for the test of authenticity. In case of anonymous writings, the office that holds the record should also be taken into consideration. **Date and Place of Publication** The date of the document including the time and place of publication should be properly analyzed in order to establish its authenticity. The historian should look for dates mentioned within the manuscript or cross check with other records. **Textual Errors** The style of writing of author can also be used to authenticate the originality of the document. If the style of writing does not match the author\'s style of writing then the document is dubious. **Meanings of Words Used** Historian have to interpret the words used based on the time when the document was made. Historian have to take consideration the place and culture when the document was made. Example: Code of Kalantiaw **Internal Criticism** Understanding both literal and real meaning of words. **Historian should:** Be able to analyze and interpret the contents of documents and their real meaning. Posses the capacity to doubt all documents and facts when these are not yet subject to authentication. Verify if the writer of the document has a first hand information or had experience the phenomena he wrote and how long was the time lapsed between the occurrence of the event and the time the document was written.