Social Studies Reviewers 1st Qtr PDF

SOCIAL STUDIES The Study of Contemporary Issues - The Concept of a Contemporary Issue — This concept comes from two important words – contemporary and issue. Contemporary World - Refers to the period from the 20th century up to the present Contemporary History - Refers to the...

SOCIAL STUDIES The Study of Contemporary Issues - The Concept of a Contemporary Issue — This concept comes from two important words – contemporary and issue. Contemporary World - Refers to the period from the 20th century up to the present Contemporary History - Refers to the time between the 20th century and the present. Issue - Refers to subjects, themes, or problems that affect society because they are being talked about, are causes and bases for people’s disagreements and debates, and are widely affecting people’s lives in society. *Not all issues are negative and become problems. Contemporary issue - Refers to subjects, themes, or problems that are relevant and in public discourse in our community, our nation, or the world at present. Skills Needed in the Study of Contemporary Issues — Identifying Primary and Secondary Sources Primary Source - The origin of information is an original account of happenings that was written or made by the person who had experienced them. Ex. letters, journals, legal documents, and photos. Secondary Sources - Are information or interpretations based on the primary origin or other secondary sources and prepared or written by persons who are not involved in the narrated events. Ex. hearsay reports, texts, and anything that was written or recorded based on the primary source about the event. — Distinguishing Fact from Opinion Fact - An actual event, experience, or observation that really occurred and is supported by evidence or data. Opinion - Refers to an idea, supposition, impression, or conjecture. — Forming Inferences, Generalizations, and Conclusions Inference - Is a thought-out theory or an educated guess about something. The process of making an inference is similar to making a hypothesis. Generalization - Involves a mental process where one connects information to make a summary statement. Conclusion - Is a statement that describes the relationship among information or data after careful study, observation, and analysis of important evidence or body of knowledge. Natural Disasters: Risk Reduction and Management - Natural Disasters - Are adverse events that result from natural processes of Earth such as typhoons, floods, earthquakes, landslides, volcano eruptions, storm surges, tsunamis, and other geologic processes. — Types of Natural Disasters in Our Country El Niño - It is a phenomenon caused by warm ocean surface water temperature that develops in the central and east-central equatorial Pacific. *Hot La Niña - During La Niña, the ocean surface water temperature cools and causes intense rainfall and floods. *Cold Typhoons - Typically form over large bodies of relatively warm water. *Our country is prone to experience storm surges because it is surrounded by large bodies of water. Flooding - Frequent in low-lying areas in our country. This may be caused by a strong typhoon, sudden and intense rain, or heavy and prolonged rainfall.  Landslides - Occur in different parts of our country. They may occur when there is heavy and continuous rainfall in high places, volcanic eruptions, or earthquakes. Earthquakes - cause tremors in our country every year. Their intensity ranges from 1 to 10 on the Richter Scale, 10 being the highest and would have the most widespread devastation on a very large area, but it has never been recorded. — Activities That Cause and/or Worsen Natural Disaster Disposal of waste in waterways - The disposal of waste along waterways causes clogging that eventually leads to flooding. Deforestation - The cutting of trees in forests causes soil erosion and flooding in low-lying areas when there is heavy rain because there are no more roots that absorb rainwater and hold the soil. Living around volcanoes - Residents at the foot of volcanoes are exposed to danger. Living and dumping garbage in the estero, riverside, or seashore - Houses block waterways and cause severe pollution brought about by people who indiscriminately and improperly dispose of waste matters. Depletion of the ozone layer - The ozone layer gets damaged because of the use of chemicals like aircon or aerosol spray. Mining and quarrying - These result in soil erosion or landslides that cause severe damage to many people. People’s refusal to evacuate dangerous areas - When people refuse to evacuate to a safer place during a natural disaster, they are at risk of getting hurt or killed. — Departments NDRMMC (National Disaster and Risk Reduction and Management Council) - This agency was established as the lead agency in preparing for and responding to natural disasters in the country. DSWD (Department of Social Welfare and Development) - It is responsible for government programs that serve the poor and the needy. DILG (Department of Interior and Local Government) - It manages local government units such as barangays, municipalities, cities, and provinces. MMDA (Metropolitan Manila Development Authority) - Created to provide direct service to Metro Manila or NCR residents. DOH (Department of Health) - It holds the overall responsibility over the health of Filipino citizens.  DepEd (Department of Education) - It is in charge of providing education in our country. DPWH (Department of Public Works and Highways) - It undertakes major infrastructure projects. DND (Department of National Defense) - It maintains peace and order in our country. DENR (Department of Environment and Natural Resources) - It protects the environment and natural resources of the country. PAGASA (Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration) - The services of this department includes weather forecasting and giving of tropical cyclone warnings. PNP (Philppine National Police) DOTC (Department of Transportation and Communications) Risk to Earthquakes: Risk to Earthquake-induced Shallow Landslides: 1. Surigao Del Sur 1. Ifugao 2. La Union 2. Lanao Del Sur 3. Benguet 3. Sarangani 4. Pangasinan 4. Benguet 5. Pampanga 5. Mountain Province Risk to Typhoons: Risk to Volcanic Eruptions: 1. Cagayan 1. Camiguin 2. Albay 2. Sulu 3. Ifugao 3. Biliran 4. Sorsogon 4. Albay 5. Kalinga 5. Bataan Susceptible to Flooding: Risk to Tsunamis: 1. Pampanga 1. Sulu 2. Nueva Ecija 2. Tawi-Tawi 3. Pangasinan 3. Basilan 4. Tarlac 4. Batanes 5. Maguindanao 5. Guimaras Climate Change and Environmental Problems - — Causes of Climate Change Water Vapor - This is the most abundant gas in our atmosphere that causes cloud formation, precipitation that brings rain, and controls the intensified heat in the atmosphere. Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) - These come from natural processes like the breathing of humans and animals, and volcanic eruptions. Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) - This is a chemical that damages the ozone layer of the Earth. Methane - This is formed from the natural processes in the environment such as organic materials like garbage, manure, and rice straw. Nitrous oxide