SR- Shouq Rashid Biology EOT 11 Elite T1 2024-2025 PDF

Biology EOT 1 Elite 1 study diary Atomic number defines the element "...

Biology EOT 1 Elite 1 study diary Atomic number defines the element " :- the protons = just " Mass number :- protons + neutrons "defines the isotope De I for a neutral atom , number of electrons = number of protons That's why it's also correct Methane : -nonpolar , due to it's symmetrical shape , which allows charge differences to cancel out Water -polar : , Because it's Bent shape and electronegativity difference create an uneven charge distribution "so no canceling" Basically spraying water on your skin you promote , By evaporation which effectively cools your Body Because when , water evaporates it removes heat from your Body Resulting , in a cooling sensation on your skin Adsalj]  10 :- d) water has a high heat of evaporation - 11 : a) water flows Because it is cohesive - 12 : -() water has a neutral pl 13 : -b) water holds it's Meat (pM2 PH, )- change in concentration = 10 10(4 2) 10 = 100 - = = Finally , the pH of 2 0. is 100 times more acidic than ph 40 06 acidic X 8 D 74 X Basic (pM2 PH, ) - change in concentration = 10 (7 - 5) = 10 = 102 = 100 - 517 is becoming more Basic By a factor of 100 13 Elite 1 study diary Adsalj] 1: - Has 4 valence electrons , allowing it to form wvalent Bonds with other atoms C:- Carbon atoms can Band with eachother to form long chains. These carbon chains or rings can be straight , Branched or cyclic providing flexibility in molecular structure 3 :-Carbon's ability to form multiple isomers 4 :- Carbon Skeleton's can be modified by the addition of functional groups that impart specific chemical properties and reactivity. 5 - Carbon can undergo hybridization , allowing it to form various types of Bonds = single , double , triple" with different geometries like linear , tetrahedral =.... " 6 : -Carbon is strong and stable which allows carbon compounds to occur under various conditions Saturated fatty acids :-no double Bonds , straight chain , solid at room temperature , fully saturated with hydrogen Unsaturated fatty acids :- one or more double Bands , Bent chain, liquid at room temperature , not fully saturated with hydrogen 13 Elite 1 study diary Adsalj]  1 : -nitrogenous Base = purine or pyrimidine " C: - pentose sugar = deoxyribose in DNA or ribose in RNA" 11 3: phosphate group = one or more phosphate units 1: - All living organisms are composed of cells 2:- The cell is the Basic unit of structure and organization in organisms. 3 All cells come or arise from pre-existing cells A large SA : V enhances the efficiency of material exchange , supports metabolic processes , aids in temperature regulation , facilitates growth and division , and improves cell signaling 1 Elite 1 study diary Adsalj]  prokaryotic cells : - simpler , smaller , lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles single, circular DNA , Reproduce By Binary fission nucleus and membrane bound Eukaryotic cells : - Complex larger have a , , organelles , multiple linear DNA , Reproduce By meiosis and mitosis Organelles increase cell efficiency and function through compartmentalization, specialization, increased surface area , efficient resource management , enhanced regulation , localized energy production reactions , This organization allows cells to preform complex tasks more efficiently , ultimately supporting the overall function and survival of the organism > In - the cytoplasm nuclear pores are important for regulating the transport of molecules between the nucleus and facilitating gene expression maintaining the cytoplasm , , communication between cellular compartments , transporting proteins and ribosomal subunits , preserving nuclear integrity. Their and responding to cellular signals , proper function is needed for the overall efficiency and effectiveness of eukaryotic alls 13 Elite 1 study diary Adsalj]  structure Rough EP Smooth ER * studded with Ribosomes * lacks Ribosomes , Resulting in * composed of flattened interconnected , a smooth appearance membrane-bound sacs "Cristernae" * composed of tubular structures * located adjacent to the nucleus and that are interconnected continuous with the nuclear envelope -found throughout the cytoplasm typically farther from the nucleus Function * protein synthesis * lipid synthesis * Modification of proteins * Detoxification * Quality control Calcium * storage * Carbohydrate metabolism E glycogen (5? liver cells - to glucose - - - Rough FR ↳ Golgi apparatus > - Endoplasmic Reticulum If golgi apparatus stopped functioning , the cell would experience the impaired protein modification disrupted sorting and packing of proteins, , accumulation of unprocessed proteins , reduced secretion of essential molecules altered membrane composition and inability to form lysosomes , , These disruptions would compromise cellular function leading to cellular , stress and dysfunction - which may result in cell death or disease Adsalj] 13 Elite 1 study diary  They is produce ATP * > - found in Both alls mitochondria : - produce energy for the cell by Breaking down nutrients into ATP through cellular respiration chloroplast :· found in plant cells , capture sunlight to make food glucose" through photosynthesis , Releasing oxygen In the fluid-mosaic model , proteins play a crucial role in the structure and function of the cell membrane. #Transporting :- substances in and out * Receiving signals : to trigger cell - response * Enabling cell recognition and communication * providing structural support * Acting as enzymes to facilitate reactions nonpolar molecules : polar molecules : * more across the membrane via specific protein channels carriers * use or simple diffusion for transport Move via facilitated diffusion-down * pass directly through the * phospholipid Bilayer their concentration gradient "no energy required * Doesn't Require energy * or More via active transport again- their concentration gradient" energy required 13 Elite 1 study diary Adsalj] Hypertonic solution :- > - Higher concentration of solute compared to the inside of the cell cell Reaction: * water moves out of the cell to Balance solute concentrations * The cell shrinks Hypotonic Solution : - Lower concentration of solute compared to the inside of the cell Cell Reaction : - water moves into the cell to Balance solute concentrations # * The cell swells and may lyse or Burst if too much water enters Es Sillyse J. is 3 into the cell A cell uses Bulk transport rather than active transport for the following reasons : - * Large Quantities Complex structures # : - Cannot be transpored by active transport * Energy efficiency * specific processes like endocytosis and exocytosis 13 Elite 1 study diary Adsalj]  First law of thermodynamics. * Energy Can'tBe created nor destroyed , only transformed * cells convert energy from nutrients into ATP during cellular Respiration photosynthesis cuptures and converts it chemical energy stored in glucose * sunlight into second law of thermodynamics : * Energy transformation increases the total entropy-disorder" of a closed system ATP maintain order and preform work, * cells use to increasing entropy in their surroundings transformations not efficient producing Heat contributing to * Energy are , an increased entropy Basically , These laws explain now cells transform and use energy while realising that these processes lead to greater disorder in the universe. 1 Active site Binding : - Enzymes Bind specifically to the substrate 2: Enzymes Stabilize the transition state , lowering the energy required for the reaction to proceed 3i-Brings substrates close together 4: Alters the environment Ex :-pH , temperature to favor the reaction 5 : - product Release :- products are released allowing the enzyme to catalyze more reactions concentration 1: Temperature 2 :- pH 3:- Substrate 4: - Enzyme concentration Si-cofactors and coenzymes 6 : - Inhibitors 7 : -salt concentration 13 Elite 1 study diary Adsalj]  > - water moves into the cell , grows Bigger -Vi percent change = x100 Vi - 12-10 X100 = 20 % - 10 percent change = Vi x100 vi = - 10 x100 = - 30 % 10 -Hypertonic , shrinks 13 Elite 1 study diary Adsalj]  > - Animal cell , Hypertonic > - plant cell , Hypotonic > - prokaryotes Don't > - Mitochondria is in fu not pro > - prokaryoty Don't ↳ Bro..... -- 13 Elite 1 study diary Adsalj]  > - jdk even know who these.... Adsalj] 13 Elite 1 study diary