Speech and Theater Arts Midterm PDF

SPEECH AND THEATER ARTS Topic: Various of Communication Communication Is the act of conveying information for the purpose of creating a shared understanding. It is something that humans do every day. The word communication comes from the Latin “communis” meaning “to share” and i...

SPEECH AND THEATER ARTS Topic: Various of Communication Communication Is the act of conveying information for the purpose of creating a shared understanding. It is something that humans do every day. The word communication comes from the Latin “communis” meaning “to share” and includes verbal, nonverbal and electronic means of human interaction. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION 1. Nonverbal Communication Refers to any form of communication that is not transmitted through spoken words. 2. Verbal Communication Is any form of communication that occurs through spoken word. 3. Visual Communication Means the transfer of information to a person in a format that can be read and viewed. 4. Written Communication Involves the use of words, sentences, and paragraphs in order to communicate. Topic: Levels of Communication 1. Intrapersonal Communication Interpersonal communication involves one person; it is often called “self talk”. 2. Interpersonal Communication Interpersonal communication normally involves two people. 3. Group Communication Group communication involves a small number of people from three to eight. 4. Public Communication Public communication usually involves one who speaks to a group, maybe in written or oral communication. 5. Mass Communication Mass communication is a powerful way of communicating involving a single message to a group. Topic: Types of Listening FOUR TYPES OF LISTENING 1. Appreciative Listening Involves listening for the sake of enjoyment, such as listening to favorite music, poetry, stories, or speeches that make you feel something. 2. Empathetic Listening Involves emotionally connecting with another person. When you listen and you try to understand and be with the person in terms of his or her message and conviction, you are emphatically listening. 3. Comprehensive Listening If you are watching the news, attending a lecture, or asking someone for directions, you are listening to understand or comprehend the message being communicated. Active listening is required for comprehensive listening, For example: You might be taking notes while your teacher talks about a certain lesson and taking part in discussion at the same time. 4. Critical Listening Occurs when one listens for the sake of analyzing, critiquing, making judgments about the speaker or the message. Topic: 10 STEPS TO EFFECTIVE LISTENING Step 1: Face the speaker and maintain eye contact. Step 2: Be attentive but relaxed. Step 3: Keep an open mind. Step 4: Listening to the words and trying to picture what the speaker is saying. Step 5: Don't interrupt and don't impose your solutions. Step 6: Wait for the speaker to pause to ask clarifying questions. Step 7: Ask questions only to ensure understanding. Step 8: Try to feel what the speaker is feeling. Step 9: Give the speaker regular feedback. Step 10: Pay attention to what isn't said to nonverbal use. Topic: Guidelines in Writing a Good Speech 1. Know your audience: Tailor your speech to the interest, values, and level of understanding of your audience. Consider what they care about, what they might be curious about, and how you can engage them. The more you connect with your audience, the more impactful your speech will be.  2. Use stories and Examples: People are more likely to remember stories in real life examples than abstract concepts. Illustrate your points with anecdotes, analogies, or case studies that resonate emotionally with your audience. This makes your speech not only informative but also memorable. 3. Be clear and concise: Focus on your main message and avoid unnecessary jargon or complex language. Organize your speech with a clear structure, typically an introduction, body, and conclusion. Each point should build upon the previous one, leading your audience through your argument or story smoothly. Topic: Tips for Building Self-Confidence 1. Be kind to yourself Get yo know yourself Challenge and unkind thoughts about yourself. Say positive things to yourself. Practice saying no. Avoid comparing yourself to others. Do something nice for yourself. 2. Try to recognize positives Celebrate your success. Accept compliments. Ask people what they like about you. Write a list of things you like about yourself. 3. Build support network Talk to someone you trust. Focus on positive relationships. Try peer support. Consider talking therapy. Topic: Qualities of a Confident Person A person's life experiences and training are essential in affecting our self-image and confidence. Some may have had negative experiences which basically contributed to a person's low self-esteem Based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs, to attain self-esteem and self-actualization, we first have to satisfy other needs such as physiological needs, safety needs, and etc. MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS Additionally, here are qualities of a confident person. Open minded Give a compliment Operates in principle Accept others' differences Makes decisions quickly Keeps learning and growing Self assured Sociable and asks for help Humble and does not try to impress others Treats people with respect Displays composure and grace Topic: Self-confidence, Self-esteem, and Self-efficacy Self-esteem Is your opinion of yourself and your worth and more on how you feel about yourself as a person. Self-confidence Is your view on your abilities to accomplish something. It has something to do with your abilities to handle certain situations and tasks. Sometimes you can be confident in one area, like writing essays or organizing your thoughts, but not in another, like speaking in public or delivering your essay. Self-efficacy Is self-confidence in a specific situation. It can affect the choice of activity, the amount of effort expended, and persistence at the task. This is the expectation that you will be competent and successful in a particular task. Albert Bandura He put forward the notion that as people become competent in particular skills and situations, they develop a feeling of self efficacy. Topic: Principles and Characteristics of Good Speech and Delivery Good Speech and Delivery A good speech has qualities that enable the audience to understand and connect. It is not just about the message, but how the message is presented that makes it effective. FEATURES FOR AN EFFECTIVE SPEECH 1. Clarity: The quality of being clear. 2. Conviction of Message: This simply means that you buy 100% what you are saying. 3. Conciseness: Short and clear, expressing what needs to be said without unnecessary words. 4. Interesting: Holding or catching the attention. 5. Personal Touch: A personal touch means communicating directly with customers or prospects one-on-one. 6. Considering the Audience: The speech is meant to be heard by a group of audience. 7. Soft and Slow Speech: Speaking slowly in the usual tone. 8. Use of Body Language for Emphasis: Non-verbal cues aid in the emphasis of some points. 9. Audience Participation: When the speaker involves the participants. Topic: The Purpose of Listening ❖ One important life skill is the ability to listen effectively. The type of listening we do is relative to the purpose of listening and the nature of communication involved. Often will listen to formulate responses. The very goal of listening is to fully understand the speaker and his message. THE PURPOSES OF LISTENING 1. To understand the message being sent or communicated. 2. To gain the perspective of the speaker's ideas and his point of view. 3. To critically evaluate what is said. 4. To look at nonverbal cues to enhance understanding. 5. To concentrate and show concern and attention. 6. To encourage open and honest communication. 7. To be considerate of the speaker. 8. The compromise by having an agreed view and understanding. Topic: Persuasive Speech Persuasion Is the process of changing or reinforcing beliefs, attitudes, behavior, or values. Note that when trying to persuade someone, one may not necessarily try to change someone's behavior or point of view, but instead aim to reinforce it. TYPES OF PERSUASIVE SPEECHES 1. Factual Persuasive Speech It is based on whether a particular belief or a statement is true or false and is backed with strong evidence. It attempts to persuade the audience to believe whether something happened or not, and whether something exists or not. 2. Value Persuasive Speech Is a type of speech that tells whether something is right or wrong, beautiful or ugly, moral or immoral, good or bad. It questions the ethical and moral aspects of a particular topic or defines the truth of falsity of an assertion. 3. Policy Persuasive Speech Is used to convince the audience to either accept or reject a certain policy, candidate or rule. It argues the nature of the problem and the solution that should be taken. It is probably the most common type of persuasive speech because we live in a society surrounded by policies, rules and laws. Aristotle's Traditional Approach: Using Ethos, Logos, and Pathos The Greek philosopher Aristotle classified properties of items and concepts in the known universe. One of his most fundamental discoveries was the composition of persuasive speaking. Ethos Speakers present information that can be trusted to be believable, and trustworthy. Logos Persuader should support the message with evidence and reasoning. Pathos Delivering the argument that appeals to the audience's emotions. THE ELABORATION LIKEHOOD MODEL (ELM) A research based framework for understanding how persuasion works. Instead of prescribing how to write a persuasive message from the standpoint of the speaker, ELM theory suggests how members of the audience interpret a message of persuasion. The theory suggests that there are two ways a listener can be persuaded. 1. The Direct or Central Persuasion Route: Listeners will likely be persuaded by the argument, logic and evidence presented to them. 2. The Indirect or Peripheral Persuasion Route: If the listeners do not use critical thinking skills, they simply draw on an overall impression on what the speaker says and how the speakers say it. Topic: Structuring your Speech Structuring your Speech An effective medium to communicate our message is through speech and this can be learned and developed. One important key to great speech writing is planning. By planning, you are sorting out the details on what to write. A well structured speech is key to effective communication in speech. By organizing your ideas clearly and logically, you can deliver a message that is both persuasive and memorable. KEY COMPONENTS OF SPEECH STRUCTURE 1. Introduction: The introduction captures the audience's attention, introduces the topic, and previews the main points. 2. Body: The body is where the main ideas are developed. It should be organized logically using a structure like chronological order, topical categories, or cause-effect relationships. 3. Conclusion: The conclusion summarizes the main points, reinforces the speech's purpose, and ends with a memorable closing statement. Topic: Barriers to Effective Listening Barriers to effective listening are present at every stage of the listening process (Hargie, 2011) 1. Receiving Stage 2. Interpreting Stage 3. Recalling Stage 4. Evaluating Stage 5. Responding Stage Environmental and Physical Barriers to Listening Environmental factors (Lighting, temperature, furniture) affect listening. Dark, warm or cold rooms can distract and hinder focus. Seating arrangements impact listening by affecting eye contact and proximity to the speaker. Noise, both environmental and physiological, can interfere with processing information. Physiological noise includes physical illness, injury or stress. Psychological noise involves moods and arousal levels that can either help or hinder listening. Fatigue is a combination of psychological and physiological stress that impacts listening. Cognitive and Personal Barriers to Listening Cognitive limits, lack of listening preparation and prejudices hinder listening. Multitasking, daydreaming, and drifting attention reduce listening effectiveness. The gap between speech and thought rate allows for disruptions. Self centeredness and lack of motivation lead to selective attention. Response preparation often interferes with fully understanding the speaker's message. Listening competence is undervalued compared to speaking despite its importance. Poorly structured messages and bad speakers create barriers to listening. Information overload can overwhelm listeners. Prejudiced listening stops active engagement and understanding. Topic: Principles of Delivering Speech Principles of Delivering Speech 1. Articulation Articulateness in pronouncing the words and speaking with clear diction that effectively transmits the message of the speaker. 2. Modulation The capability to adjust or manipulate the resonance and timber of the vocal tone. 3. Stage Presence Ability to own the stage of the speaker, being able to fill the space and project his or her personality to the audience. 4. Facial Expressions, Gestures, and Movements The message of any speech is reinforced, clarified, and complemented by nonverbal communication. 5. Audience Rapport One will know how to deliver the message to the audience and connect with them at a deeper level. Topic: The Art of Listening Listening Listening is something done consciously that involves the analysis and understanding of the sounds you hear. Listening is a skill. Listening requires complete concentration. On the contrary, listening is a psychological (conscious) act. Hearing Hearing refers to one's ability to perceive sounds by receiving vibrations through ears. Hearing is an ability. Hearing does not require concentration. Hearing is physiological, which is through one of our senses in the living organisms. Topic: The Role of Confidence and Attitudes in Public Speaking ❖ Your attitude and confidence will have a great impact in your speaking endeavors. They play an essential role that will make or break your speech. Your audience will be able to see your nervousness on stage, and this may lead them to doubt your credibility on the topic. Being nervous would only mean that perhaps you are lying and or unsure of what you are talking about. That is why you need to avoid being nervous and instead be confident so that your audience will take you seriously. ❖ You don't need to fake your accent just to show off your audience. This may mean you are being overconfident. This will lead you to spoiling the show. There is no need to copy others. Be yourself and believe that you have the capacity to handle the situation. ❖ Self-confidence is knowing that you believe in your capabilities and skills.Although you are imperfect, as all people are, the judgment that you are able to handle the situation will start with your state of mind and your positive attitude. ❖ Achieving self-confidence means having self efficacy and self esteem. Topic: Informative Speech Informative Speech An informative speech is a type of speech that aims to educate the audience on a specific topic. The primary purpose is to provide the audience with new information, enhance their understanding, or explain complex concepts in a clear and accessible manner. An informative speech does not attempt to convince the audience that one thing is better than another. In an informative speech, you should never take sides on an issue, nor should you spin the issue in order to influence the opinions of the listeners, even if you are informing the audience about differences in views on controversial topics you should simply and clearly describe and explain the issues. TYPES OF INFORMATION SPEECH 1. Definitional Speeches In official speeches, the speaker attempts to set forth the meaning of concepts, theories, philosophies, or issues that may be unfamiliar to the audience. In these types of speeches, speakers may begin by giving the historical derivation, classification, or synonyms of terms or the background of the subject. 2. Descriptive Speeches In the descriptive speech, determine the characteristics, features, functions, or fine points of the topic. What makes the person unique? How did the person make you feel? What adjectives apply to the subject?What kind of material is the object made from? What shape is it? What color is it? What does it smell like? Is it part of a larger system? 3. Demonstration Speeches A demonstration speech shows the audience how to do something or how something works. The purpose is to provide step by step instructions, often accompanied by visual aids or actual demonstrations, to help the audience understand a process or learn a new skill. 4. Explanatory Speeches An explanatory speech presents information on the state of a given topic. The purpose is to provide a specific viewpoint on the chosen subject. Speakers typically incorporate the visual of data and or statistics. It focuses on the how or why of a subject and its consequences. STRATEGIES TO ENHANCE UNDERSTANDING 1. Bridge the Gap: If your message is complex, use analogies or vivid descriptions to make it easier to understand. 2. Presentation Aids: It helps your audience understand, remember, and follow your ideas. STRATEGIES TO KEEP THE AUDIENCE ENGAGED 1. Grab the Audience’s Attention: With a striking statement or question, and highlight the value of the information to keep them engaged. 2. Tell a Story: Stories captivate and make messages relatable and memorable, using conflict, action, suspense, and humor. 3. Personalized Content: Use real life stories to explain ideas. Show how things affect people. If you make up a story, say so. 4. Inject Humor: Use humor relevantly and tastefully to keep the audience entertained and improve their retention of your message. 5. Present Relevant Information: Adapt your message to the audience, offering useful content that sustains their interest throughout the speech.  6. Use Suspense: Add twists, mysteries or rhetorical questions to keep the audience engaged and thinking critically about your message. Topic: The 8 Essential Components of Communications ❖ The source is the one who carries and sends the message. Thus, he or she creates the message. ❖ The message is the thought for which the source shares to the receiver or audience. ❖ The receiver is the one who interprets the message from the source, which may be done intentionally or unintentionally. ❖ Channel is the way in which the message travels from the source to the receiver. ❖ Feedback is composed of messages the receiver sends back to the source, verbal or nonverbal. All these feedback signals allow the source to see how well, how accurately, or how poorly and inaccurately the message was received. ❖ The environment is a space where you send and receive messages. If you glance around your room, your environment can include the tables, chairs, lighting, and the computer you are using. The room itself is an example of the environment. ❖ Context is the circumstances that form the setting for an event statement or a via and in terms of which it can be fully understood and assessed. For example, when you came to class, you came from somewhere. So did the person sit next to you, as did the instructor.  ❖ Interference, also cold noise, can come from a source and has the ability to block or change the intended meaning of the message. For example, if you drove a car to work or school, chances are you were surrounded by noise. Topic: Models Communication Aristotle Model of Communication In his model, he places a premium on the speaker as he takes charge of the process. He begins by preparing the content message from his thoughts, then places these in words. The main objective is to influence the audience who are the listeners respond to the sender with his desired action. Berlos’s Model of Communication The common ground between the source and receiver plays a crucial role in the understanding of the message. When considered challenges such as noise, cultural practices and disruptions, these may obstruct the smooth flow of communication. Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication Shannon and Weaver also acknowledged the importance of the sender. As he is the person whose message is being sent. The thought originates from him, thus he is called the source. With a noise and other disturbance around, he ensures the delivery of the message which is conceived in his brain and transmitted by the mouth. This is then passed on to the other brains or minds of the listeners or receivers. Schramm’s Model of Communication In 1954, Wilber Schramm proposed the model of communication which gives prime importance to the process of encoding. For him, the careful putting of the intermission towards as this is conveyed to others is very important. What is crucial is the understanding of the message that is being passed on. Unless the receiver understands it fully, then the message of the communication process is effective and successful. It is all about the encoding and decoding process that he finds most important. Helical Model of Communication Frank Dance is the proponent of the Helix model in 1967, which is 3 dimensional just like a Helix. Communication for him is not linear but dynamic. A Helix is a smooth curve, like that of a string, which goes upward and down. For this model, communication begins in birth, or the very first day of origin.