Spanish Colonization in the Philippines (1521-1898) PDF

# Spanish Colonization in the Philippines (1521-1898) ## Early Spanish Expeditions ### Ferdinand Magellan - arrived on March 17, 1521 - landed on Homonhon Islands with three small ships: - Concepcion - Trinidad - Victoria - named the islands "Islas de San Lazaro" - named them af...

# Spanish Colonization in the Philippines (1521-1898) ## Early Spanish Expeditions ### Ferdinand Magellan - arrived on March 17, 1521 - landed on Homonhon Islands with three small ships: - Concepcion - Trinidad - Victoria - named the islands "Islas de San Lazaro" - named them after Saint Lazarus Day because March 16 was Saint Lazarus Day. - made a "blood compact" with Rajah Kulambo and Rajah Humabon, converting them to Roman Catholicism. - killed by Lapu-lapu - chieftain of Mactan in Cebu - first hero in Philippine history to oppose Spanish colonialism. ### Other Spanish Expeditions 1. Juan Garcia Jofre de Loaysa 2. Juan Cabot 3. Alvaro de Saavedra 4. Loaysa Expedition 5. Ruy Lopez de Villalobos - arrived on February 2, 1543 - gave the islands the name "Las Islas Filipinas" in honor of Philip II of Spain. - the expedition was forced to leave the islands due to a scarcity of food and sailed to the Moluccas where Villalobos died. 6. Miguel Lopez de Legaspi - arrived on February 13, 1565 - established the first permanent Spanish settlement on Cebu. - General Gonzalo de Pereira lead the Portuguese attack in Cebu. ## Treaty of Tordisillas - signed on June 7, 1474 - defined the respective spheres of influence, trade and conquest between Spain and Portugal. - the Portuguese believed that the Philippines fell within their sphere. ## Early Revolts in the Spanish Era ### Tamblot Revolt - early revolt that took place in Bohol - Tamblot was a babaylan or priest of a native religion. ### Francisco Dagohoy Revolt - One of the most successful revolts in Philippine History. - Spanish colonialism independence lasted for 85 years. ## Brief British Occupation - British attacked Manila under the command of: - General William Draper - Admiral Samuel Corning. - Darsonne Drake became Governor-General. ## Treaty of Paris (1763) - signed by England, Spain and France on February 10, 1763. - ended the Seven Years' War in Europe, as well as the British occupation in the Philippines. ## Reasons for Colonization - GOD - Conversion of Native Filipinos to Christianity. - GOLD - Accumulation of gold and wealth. - GLORY - Supremacy of Spain over Portugal. ## The Political Structure - Spain established a centralized colonial government in the Philippines, composed of: - National Government - Local Government ### The Governor General - King's representative and highest-ranking official. - enforced royal decrees and laws emanating from Spain. - appointed and dismissed public officials, except those personally chosen by the King. - supervised all government offices and the collection of taxes. - exercised certain legislative powers. - issued proclamations to facilitate the implementation of laws. ### The Residencia - a special judicial court that investigated the performance of the Governor-General who is about to be replaced. - the court sent a report of its findings to the King. ### The Visita - a government official called the "Vistador-General" - observed conditions in the colony. - reported findings directly to the King. ### The Royal Audiencia - an advisory body to the Governor General. - had the power to check the Governor General and report on his abuses. - audited the expenditures of the colonial government and sent an annual report to Spain. ### The Provincial Government - two types of local government units: - Alcadia - Corregimiento #### Alcadia - led by the alcalde mayor. - governed the provinces that had been fully subjugated. #### Corregimiento - headed by the Corregidor. - governed the provinces that were not yet entirely under Spanish control. ### The Municipal Government - each province was divided into several towns, or pueblos, headed by the "Gobernadordcillos" - their main concerns were efficient governance and tax collection. - four lieutenants aided the Gobernadordcillo: - Teniente Mayor (chief lieutenant). - Teniente de Policia (police lieutenant). - Teniente de Sementeras (lieutenant of the fields). - Teniente de Ganados (lieutenant of the livestock). ### The Encomienda System - Spain owed the colonization of the Philippines to Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, who served the Spanish crown valiantly and loyally. - to hasten the subjugation of the country, King Philip II instructed Legazpi to divide the Philippines into large territories called encomiendas, to be left to the management of designated encomenderos. ## Reasons for Colonization - GOD - Conversion of Native Filipinos to Christianity. - GOLD - Accumulation of gold and wealth. - GLORY - Supremacy of Spain over Portugal. ## Rise of Filipino Nationalism ### The Death of Gomburza - Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jocinto Zamora (Gomburza) were executed on February 17, 1872, charged with subversion. ### Early Resistance to the Spanish Rule #### Revolts Caused by the Desire to Regain Lost Freedom 1. Revolt of Lakan Dula and Sulayman (1574) 2. First Pampanga Revolt (1585) 3. Tondo Conspiracy (1587-1588) #### Revolts Caused by Resistance to Spanish-Imposed Institutions 1. Magalat's Revolt (1596) 2. Revolt of the Irrayas (1621) 3. Sumuroy's Rebellion (1649-1650) ### The Propaganda Movement - a period of time when native Filipinos were calling for reforms. #### Propagandists' Aimes 1. Representation of the Philippines in the Spanish Parliament 2. Equal status for both Filipinos and Spaniards. 3. Secularization of the clergy. 4. Creation of a public school system independent of Catholic friars. 5. Abolition of the polo y servicios. 6. Guarantee of basic freedoms. 7. Equal opportunity for Filipinos and Spaniards to enter government service. - The Propaganda Movement was divided into three groups: - The Exciles. - The Ilustrados. - The Filipinos. - Most prominent members of the movement: - Jose Rizal - Graciano Lopez Jaena - Marcelo H. del Pilar ### The Katipunan - The primary aim was to gain independence from Spain through revolution. - founded by Andres Bonifacio on July 7, 1892. - "Katastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipuanan ng mga Anak ng Bayan" (The Supreme and Venerable Katipunan of the Sons of the People) #### KKK Members agreed on the following objectives: - **The political goal** was to completely separate the Philippines from Spain after declaring the country's independence. - **The moral goal** was to teach Filipinos good manners, cleanliness, hygiene, fine morals, and how to guard themselves against religious fanaticism. - **The civic goal** was to encourage Filipinos to help themselves and to defend the poor oppressed. ### The End of the Spanish Era - **The Treaty of Paris (1898)** virtually dissolved the Spanish empire as the United States took over much of Spain's overseas holdings. - The United States bought the Philippines for $20 million, thus ending Spanish rule in the Philippines.