Solid Waste Management PDF

waste management Session objectives Introduction Classifications of wastes Healthcare waste Waste management Summary 11/5/2024 1  Session objectives At the end of this sessions students able to :- – Describe wastes – Classify wastes...

waste management Session objectives Introduction Classifications of wastes Healthcare waste Waste management Summary 11/5/2024 1  Session objectives At the end of this sessions students able to :- – Describe wastes – Classify wastes – Analyze wastes – Mange wastes 11/5/2024 2  Introduction The term “Waste” composed of any form of liquid, semi-liquid, solid, or gaseous material produced from natural and anthropogenic sources. Waste, garbage, trash, junk, debris, and refuse are all names given to the “stuff” that is no longer useful in its current form. 11/5/2024 3  Classification Typical classification of solid waste Refuse:-is all putrescible and non-putrescible waste except body wastes. Solid waste includes all types of rubbish and garbage. Garbage:-putrescible wastes from food, slaughter houses, canning and freezing industries. Rubbish:-non-putrescible wastes either combustible or non-combustible. – Wood, paper, rubber, leather and garden wastes as combustible wastes – Non-combustible wastes include glass, metal, ceramics, stones and soil. 11/5/2024 4  Classification Cont.. Based on the origin wastes are categorized into the following five types. Residential:-wastes generated mainly from dwelling, apartments, and consisted of left over food scrapes, vegetables, peeled material, plastics, wood pieces, clothes and ashes. Commercial:-consists of grocery materials, leftover food, glasses, and metals, ashes generated from hotels, markets, shops and medical facilities 11/5/2024 5  Classification Cont.. Institutional:-wastes generated from schools, colleges and offices include, paper, plastics, and glasses. Municipal:-includes dust, leaf litter, building debris, and street cleaning, land scraping etc. Agricultural:-includes spoiled food grains, vegetables, grass, etc., generated from fields and farms. 11/5/2024 6  Hazardous Wastes Hazardous wastes are produced in the industries, institutes, hospitals and laboratories. These are dangerous to the living organisms immediately or in the long run to the environment in which they are disposed. The hazard may be due to their physical, chemical, biological and radioactive characteristics like, ignitibility, corrosivity, reactivity and toxicity. 11/5/2024 7  healthcare waste Health-care waste is a by-product of health care that includes potential risk and non- risk wastes. It refers to all wastes that come out of health and health related research institutions. Approximately 85% of the general waste produced by hospitals and clinics is non- contaminated waste and poses no infection risk to persons who handle it. 15% is infectious health care wastes. 11/5/2024 8  Cont.…. Generally proper healthcare waste management helps: – Protect people who handle waste items from injuries – Prevent the spread of infections to health workers who handle waste – Prevent the spread of infection to the community – Protect the environment. 11/5/2024 9  Cont.…. Healthcare wastes can be classified as high risk and low risk wastes High risk wastes include A. Infectious waste Blood, blood products & other body fluids or items contaminated with similar fluids Cultures and stocks of infectious agents from laboratory & items contaminated with such agents Isolation of wastes from highly infectious patients (including food residue) 11/5/2024 10  Cont.…. Discarded live and attenuated vaccines Waste of bedding, bandages, surgical dressings, & other contaminated material infected with human pathogens B. Anatomical waste – Human tissues, body parts and fetus – Biopsies, autopsies, carcasses, organs and tissues infected with human pathogens – Pathological waste 11/5/2024 11  Cont.…. C. Sharps waste (used or unused) – Syringes, needles, scalpel blades, suture needles, razors, IV sets needles. D. Chemical waste – Formaldehyde, photographic chemicals, solvents, organic & inorganic chemicals 11/5/2024 12  Effects of waste if not managed wisely Affects our health Affects our socio-economic conditions Affects our coastal and marine environment Affects our climate 11/5/2024 13  Solid waste management (SWM) Solid waste management (SWM) is collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal of waste materials with the effort to reduce their effect on human health or local aesthetics or amenity. 11/5/2024 14  Functional elements of SWM Generation to final disposal or from cradle to grave Six functional elements of municipal solid waste management:- – Waste generation – Waste handling and sorting, storage, and processing at the source – Collection – Sorting, processing and transformation – Transfer and transport – Disposal. 11/5/2024 15  Hierarchy of waste management ‘Hierarchy of waste management’ - arrangement in order of rank which gives a priority listing of the waste management The hierarchy usually adopted is :- – Waste minimization/reduction at source – Recycling – Waste processing (with recovery of resources i.e. Materials (products) and energy) – Waste transformation (without recovery of resources) and – Disposal on land (landfilling) 11/5/2024 16 11/5/2024 17  Integrated Waste Management Integrated waste management (IWM) can be defined as the selection and application of suitable techniques, technologies, and management programs. EPA has identified four basic management options (strategies) for IWM: 1. Source reduction 2. Recycling and composting 3. Combustion (waste-to-energy facilities) 4. Landfills. 11/5/2024 18  Pollution control principles Waste treatment: – Destruction: thermal (wet, dry), chemical; – Conversion; neutralization, composting, – Biodegradation; – Inhibition – Water chlorination, – Food preservation; – Microwave irradiation; – Controlled land disposal 11/5/2024 19  Bio Gas Biomass is any biological material from living or recently living plants that is used to generate energy, usually in the form of biogas. The anaerobic digestion of the organic waste matter occurs in three different stages: (i) Hydrolysis (ii) Acidogenesis (iii) Methanogenesis 11/5/2024 20  Methane formation The end products of Bio-Gas Technology are: Bio gas :- is a marsh gas, a mixture of methane (55- 65%), carbon di-oxide (35- 45%), trace amount of hydrogen, hydrogen sulphide and ammonia. It is a combustible gas and can be used for heating, lighting, powering irrigation pump, generating electric power and for local use for cooking purpose. 11/5/2024 21  Incineration (waste-to-energy) – Burn trash and use the heat to produce energy for power plants, etc. – This should be done on the industrial scale, not at a personal level. – Since there is no preferred method, every community must create its own best approach to dealing with its waste. – However, all communities have the same alternatives. – The best strategy for a community is to match its unique position with the mix of activities that will best serve it now and far into the future. 11/5/2024 22 Landfills – The last option is disposal. – ultimate disposal option less environmentally offensive, but more costly. – The increasing ability to recover methane from landfills Bioreactor landfill technology has the potential to :- – reduce the environmental impact of landfills – maximize methane recovery from these systems – Store any leftover waste in a sanitary landfill to reduce the risk to the environment. 11/5/2024 23  Management of hazardous healthcare waste Aim- contain infectious waste and reduce risks to public health. The steps include – Waste minimization – Segregation – Recycling, adequate packaging, handling and storage – Proper treatment and disposal. 11/5/2024 24  Incineration Incinerators convert combustible materials into ashes or residues. Gases are ventilated through the chimney stack into the outer air. If the incinerator is properly designed, maintained and operated, it serves the purpose of destroying infectious microorganisms in the waste. An incinerator. If there are no incinerators, then open pit burning is also possible, and frequently used in rural health posts Open pit burning 11/5/2024 25  Chemical or high-level disinfection (HLD) Chemical disinfection, also known as high-level disinfection (HLD), is the preferred treatment for liquid & solid infectious wastes. Chlorine and glutaraldehyde are the best chemical disinfectants; the most appropriate being 0.5% chlorine solution for 10 minutes. Encapsulation:- filling ¾ of a container with waste filling with immobilizing material such as cement mortar, bituminous sand; clay material; plastic foam, then dispose the container in landfill after drying) 11/5/2024 26  Summary Waste unwanted substances Classification of wastes I. Solid waste-garbage, refuse, etc… II. Liquid waste -wastewater III. Health care waste – Infectious & noninfectious waste IV. Hazardous waste – Ignitable, reactive, corrosive & toxic Waste management – Reduce-reuse-recycle 11/5/2024 27