Waste Management Lecture Notes PDF

MLS COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH 106 LECTURE / 8:00 AM - 10:00 AM WASTE MANAGEMENT INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM (CHAPTER II)...

MLS COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH 106 LECTURE / 8:00 AM - 10:00 AM WASTE MANAGEMENT INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM (CHAPTER II) NATIONAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT OUTLINE COMMISSION (SEC. 4) I REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9003 II CLASSIFICATION OF WASTE Is the major agency tasked to implement RA 9003 and  III WASTE SOURCE CATEGORIES is chaired by the IV MAJOR CAUSES ATTRIBUTED TO THE FAILURE TO ________________________________ Secretary of the DENR Department of Environmental and Natural Resources REDUCE WASTE  The Commission shall be composed of V ESWM IMPLEMENTATION STATUS _________________ 14 members from the government VI HEALTH CARE WASTE sector and _______________ 3 members from the VII OTHER RELEVANT LAWS private sector. The government sector shall be represented by the heads of the following agencies in their ex officio capacity: REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9003 1. Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR);  This Act shall be known as the 2. Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG); __________________________________________ Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 3. Department of Science and Technology (DOST);  Approval date: _____________________ January 26, 2001 4. Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH);  President: __________________________ Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo 5. Department of Health (DOH); Government sector DEFINITION OF TERMS (RA 9003) 6. Department of Trade and Industry (DTI); 7. Department of Agriculture (DA);  ________________ Solid Waste 8. Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA);  shall refer to all discarded household, commercial 9. League of provincial governors; waste, nonhazardous institutional and industrial waste, 10. League of city mayors; street sweepings, construction debris, agriculture waste, 11. League of municipal mayors; and other non-hazardous/non-toxic solid waste. 12. Association of barangay councils;  __________________ Hazardous Waste 13. Technical Education and Skills Development Authority  shall refer to solid waste or combination of solid waste (TESDA); and 14. Philippine Information Agency. which because of its quantity, concentration, or  The private sector shall be represented by the following: physical, chemical or infectious characteristics may: 15. A representative from nongovernment organizations (NGOs) Private sector (1) cause, or significantly contribute to an increase whose principal purpose is to promote recycling and the in mortality or an increase in serious irreversible, or protection of air and water quality; incapacitating reversible, illness; or 16. A representative from the recycling industry; and (2) pose a substantial present or potential hazard to 17. A representative from the manufacturing or packaging industry; human health or the environment when improperly The National Ecology Center (Sec. 7) treated, stored, transported, or disposed of, or  Facilitate training and education in integrated ecological otherwise managed solid waste management;  _____________________ Sanitary Landfill  Establish and manage a solid waste management  shall refer to a waste disposal site designed, information data base, in coordination with the DTI and constructed, operated and maintained in a manner that other concerned agencies: exerts engineering control over significant potential  on solid waste generation and management environmental impacts arising from the development techniques as well as the management, technical and operation of the facility and operational approaches to resource recovery;  _________________________ Ecological Solid Waste Management and  shall refer to the systematic administration of activities  of processors/recyclers, the list of materials being which provide for segregation at source, segregated recycled or bought by them and their respective transportation, storage, transfer, processing, treatment, prices; and disposal of solid waste and all other waste  Promote the development of a recycling market through management activities which do not harm the the establishment of a national recycling network that environment. will enhance the opportunity to recycle;  ________________________ Solid Waste Management  Provide or facilitate expert assistance in pilot modeling  shall refer to the discipline associated with the control of solid waste management facilities; and of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport,  Develop, test, and disseminate model waste processing, and disposal of solid wastes in a manner minimization and reduction auditing procedures for that is in accord with the best principles of public health, evaluating options. economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and other environmental considerations, and that is also responsive to public attitudes. PREPARED BY: JAMEL S. MENDEZ, RMT 1  WASTE MANAGEMENT PROVINCIAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT  The NSWMF outlines the preferred approach to BOARD (SEC. 11) support the adoption of systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste management program. It focuses  A Provincial Solid Waste Management Board shall be on the waste management hierarchy that emphasizes established in every province, to be chaired by the waste avoidance and minimization through reuse, governor recycling, composting and resource recovery.  Develop a provincial solid waste management plan from the submitted solid waste management plans of CLASSIFICATION OF WASTE (RA 9003) the respective city and municipal solid waste Compostable Waste management boards herein created.  are biodegradable wastes such as food waste, garden  It shall review and integrate the submitted plans of all waste, animal waste and human waste. its component cities and municipalities and ensure that  undergo biological degradation under controlled the various plans complement each other, and have the conditions and can be turned into compost (soil requisite components. conditioner or organic fertilizer) by mixing them with soil, CITY AND MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE water, air and biological additives/activators (optional). MANAGEMENT BOARD(SEC. 12) Recyclable Waste  Each city or municipality shall form a City or Municipal  Refer to any waste material retrieved from the waste Waste Management Board that shall prepare, submit stream and free from contamination that can still be and implement a plan for the safe and sanitary converted into suitable beneficial use. management of solid waste generated in areas under  These may be transformed into new products in such a its geographic and political coverage. manner that the original products may lose their identity.  City or municipal mayor as head Residual Waste  Develop the City or Municipal Solid Waste  Are solid waste materials that are non-compostable Management Plan that shall ensure the long-term and non-recyclable. management of solid waste, as well as integrate the  It should be disposed ecologically through a long-term various solid waste management plans and strategies disposal facility or sanitary landfill. of the barangays in its area of jurisdiction. Special Waste  In the development of the Solid Waste Management  Shall refer to household hazardous wastes such as Plan, it shall conduct consultations with the various paints, thinners, household batteries, lead-acid sectors of the community batteries, spray canisters and the like. BARANGAY SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT WASTE SOURCE CATEGORIES COMMITTEE  ________________________________________ Sec. 6 - DENR A.O. No. 2001-34  Barangay captain as chair  Formulate solid waste management program consistent  with city municipality plan  Segregation and collection of biodegradable, compostable, reusable wastes  Establish materials recovery facility  Allocate barangay funds; look for sources of funds  Organize core coordinators  Submit monthly report to city or municipality NATIONAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK PREPARED BY: JAMEL S. MENDEZ, RMT 2  WASTE MANAGEMENT 4. Dependence on single-use items without exception to PRESENT SITUATION NonEnvironmentally Acceptable (NEAP) Products, especially in urban areas. More than 20 years after the passage of RA 9003, solid 5. Waste imports from developed countries were still waste generation in the country has steadily increased from enforced in the absence of ratification of the Basel Ban 9.07 million metric tons in CY 2000 to 16.63 million metric Amendment tons in CY 2020 6. Prevalence of COVID-19 household and healthcare waste since 2020. 7. Insufficient solid waste facilities to help divert and safely dispose of solid wastes. SOLID WASTE IMPACT ON HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT  Improper solid waste management practices can have a number of environmental and health impacts. ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: STATUS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9003 AVOIDANCE, REDUCTION AND REUSE  The most preferred option is waste avoidance and reduction where the ultimate goal is to reduce the amount of materials entering the waste stream.  Apart from avoidance, achieving this goal involves product reuse, increased product durability, reduced material use in production and decreased consumption.  Behavioral change is deemed necessary in the exercise of this option as lifestyle demands often favor convenience over conservation with minimal regard for long-term environmental consequences. SEVEN MAJOR CAUSES ATTRIBUTED TO THE  There are now various initiatives towards waste FAILURE TO REDUCE WASTE OVER THE YEARS reduction such as green procurement, eco-labeling, identification of non-environmentally acceptable (COA-PAO-2023-01) products and implementation of 3Rs. 1. Interventions to reduce the waste generators (e.g., households and industrial/commercial), starting with SEGRAGATION AT SOURCE IEC campaigns.  In cases where segregation at source and segregated 2. Increasing population, with challenges in family storage are not practiced by households, communities planning, especially in urban areas. and businesses, most solid wastes end up as “mixed 3. Lack of studies on materials with reusability/ garbage”. recyclability that can be promoted. PREPARED BY: JAMEL S. MENDEZ, RMT 3  WASTE MANAGEMENT  This may be due to limited awareness, appreciation  Typical small-scale composting in the Philippines is and discipline on the part of the citizenry, lack of done in compost pits, tire towers, coconut shell stack, incentives and enforcement of ordinances on the part bottomless bins, clay pots and plastic sacks. of the government, or inadequate support facilities in  Meanwhile, large-scale composting is done in windrows place to receive pre-segregated materials. (by turning, passive aeration, active aeration and static  To address this problem, some LGUs provide piles), in-vessel (e.g., agitated beds, composting silos segregated waste containers and implement color and rotating drum bioreactors), and through vermi or codes to aid in the easy identification of segregated worm composting. bins. RECYCLING  Some LGUs have strictly enforced segregation at  The important role of recycling in achieving the source coupled with segregated collection, through a mandatory waste diversion requirements is recognized “no segregation, no collection” ordinance and the under RA 9003. operation of Materials Recovery Facility (MRFs).  This law offers guidelines on the establishment and SEGREGATED COLLECTION operation of buy-back centers and MRFs and provides  Collection is the act of removing solid waste from the for an inventory of markets and eco-labelling of source or from a communal storage point. It is regarded recyclables. as potentially the most expensive of the functional  Recycling may either be a component of an MRF or elements of SWM. established as a stand-alone processing facility.  RA 9003 requires segregated collection by the LGUs.  Recyclables, particularly those with high commercial  Waste segregation and collection are to be conducted value such as paper, scrap metals and plastics are at the barangay level specifically for biodegradable and typically sold to junk dealers, consolidators and recyclable wastes while disposal and collection of non- recyclers. recyclable/residual and special wastes are the  The accumulated recyclables from MRFs are delivered responsibility of the city or municipality. to junkshops.  Waste collection techniques include DISPOSAL 1) door-to door – where waste materials are  Waste disposal refers to the discharge, deposit, collected in every house within a target area to dumping, spilling, leaking or placing of any solid waste recover recyclables to be sold to junkshops and into or in any land while disposal sites refer to areas biodegradables either for use as animal feeds or where solid waste is finally discharged and deposited. for composting and  It is regarded as the least preferred method of 2) block or communal – which utilizes MRFs in managing solid waste although it plays an important barangays that are within or near the targeted role in dealing with residual waste. collection area. SANITARY LANDFILLS RECOVERY AND PROCESSING  A sanitary landfill (SLF) refers to a waste disposal site MATERIALS RECOVERY FACILITY (MRF) designed, constructed, operated and maintained in a  RA 9003 mandates the establishment of a MRF in manner that exerts engineering control over significant every barangay or cluster of barangays in potential environmental impacts arising from the barangayowned, leased land or any suitable open development and operation of the facility space designated by the barangay.  Section 41 stipulates the minimum requirements for the  The MRF shall be designed to receive, sort, process establishment of SLFs: and store compostable and recyclable material  a landfill liner system efficiently and in an environmentally sound manner.  leachate collection and treatment  Any resulting residual waste shall be transferred to a  gas control recovery system proper disposal facility.  groundwater monitoring wells  MRFs are also being established in schools, malls, and  a daily cover during operations and final cap over other commercial establishments. There are also the completely filled landfill mobile and gravity-driven, centralized MRFs.  closure and post-closure maintenance procedure.  A number of LGUs also engage local junkshops to serve as their MRFs. COMPOSTING  Under RA 9003, composting is regarded as a means to meet the mandatory waste diversion requirements.  It is the biological decomposition of biodegradable solid waste under controlled predominantly aerobic conditions to a state that is sufficiently stable for nuisance-free storage and handling and is satisfactorily matured for safe use in agriculture.  It can either be a component of an MRF or established as a standalone processing facility. PREPARED BY: JAMEL S. MENDEZ, RMT 4  WASTE MANAGEMENT  Examples of infectious waste include:  Cultures and stocks of infectious agents from laboratory work  Wastes from surgeries and autopsies on patients with infectious diseases (e.g., tissues, materials or equipment that have been in contact with blood or other body fluids);  Wastes from infected patients in isolation wards (e.g., excreta, dressings from infected or surgical wounds, clothes heavily soiled with human blood or other body fluids); HEALTH CARE WASTE  Wastes that have been in contact with infected “Health care waste” (HCW) includes all the solid and liquid patients undergoing hemodialysis (e.g., dialysis waste generated as a result of any of the following: implements such as tubing and filters, disposable  Diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings; towels, gowns, aprons, gloves, and laboratory  Research pertaining to the above activities; coats);  Research using laboratory animals for the improvement  Infected animals from research laboratories; and of human health;  Other instruments or materials that have been in  Production or testing of biological products; and contact with infected persons or animals.  Other activities performed by an HCF defined as an PATHOLOGICAL & ANATOMICAL WASTES institution that has health care as its core service,  classified separately especially when special methods function, or business. of handling, treatment, and disposal are used  Includes the same types of waste originating from  It consists of tissues, organs, body parts, blood, body minor and scattered sources, such as waste produced fluids, and other waste from surgery and autopsies, in the course of health care undertaken in the home including human fetuses and animal carcasses. (e.g., home dialysis, self-administration of insulin,  Within this category, recognizable human or animal recuperative care). body parts are also called anatomical waste. CATEGORIZATION OF HCW PHARMACEUTICAL WASTES  HCW can be broadly categorized into “hazardous” and  Includes expired, spilt, and contaminated “non-hazardous” waste types. pharmaceutical products, drugs, vaccines, and sera that are no longer required and need to be disposed of appropriately.  This category also includes discarded items used in handling of pharmaceuticals, such as bottles, vials, or boxes with residues, gloves, masks, and connective tubing. GENOTOXIC INCLUDING CYTOTOXIC WASTE ______________________ Genotoxic  Genotoxic waste is highly hazardous may have HAZARDOUS HCW mutagenic (capable of inducing a genetic mutation),  Hazardous HCW refers to waste that may pose a teratogenic (capable of causing defects in an embryo or variety of environmental and health risks. fetus), or carcinogenic (cancer-causing) properties. SHARPS WASTE  Disposal of genotoxic waste raises serious safety  Are considered as the most hazardous HCW and must problems, both inside hospitals and after disposal, and be managed with utmost care. should be given special attention.  This is because of the double danger it poses—it can  Genotoxic waste causes damage to the cell’s DNA. cause accidental pricks, cuts, or punctures; it can also This includes certain antineoplastic (anti-tumor) potentially spread infection through these injuries. and cytotoxic (cell-killer) drugs.  Examples of sharps include needles, syringes, scalpels,  Genotoxic waste may include certain cytostatic drugs saws, blades, broken glass, infusion sets, knives, nails, vomit, urine, or feces from patients treated with and other items that can cause a cut or puncture cytostatic drugs, chemicals, and radioactive material. wound.  Genotoxic means toxic to the deoxyribonucleic acid  Whether or not they are infected, such items are (DNA); cytotoxic means toxic to the cell; cytostatic usually considered highly hazardous and should be means suppressing the growth and multiplication of the treated as if potentially infected. cell; antineoplastic means inhibiting the development of INFECTIOUS WASTE abnormal tissue growth; and chemotherapeutic means the use of chemicals for treatment, including cancer  This type of waste is most likely to contain pathogens therapy. (bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi) in sufficient concentration or quantity to cause diseases in susceptible hosts. PREPARED BY: JAMEL S. MENDEZ, RMT 5  WASTE MANAGEMENT __________________________ Cytotoxic PRESSURIZED CONTAINERS  Cytotoxic waste is generated from several sources and  Many types of gas are used in health care and are includes the following: often stored in portable pressurized cylinders,  Contaminated materials from drug preparation cartridges, and aerosol cans. and administration,such as syringes, needles,  Many of these are reusable, once empty or of no gauges, vials, and packaging; further use (although they may still contain residues).  Outdated drugs, excess (leftover) solutions, and  However, certain types – notably aerosol cans – are drugs returned from the wards; and single-use containers that require disposal.  Urine, feces, and vomit from patients, which may  Whether inert or potentially harmful, gases in contain potentially hazardous amounts of the pressurized containers should always be handled with administered cytostatic drugs and/or of their care; containers may explode if incinerated or metabolites, and which shall be considered accidentally punctured. genotoxic for at least 48 hours and sometimes up NON-HAZARDOUS HCW OR GENERAL WASTE to 1 week after drug administration.  Refers to waste that has not been in contact with CHEMICAL WASTE infectious agents, hazardous chemicals, or radioactive  Chemical waste consists of discarded solid, liquid, and substances and does not pose any special handling gaseous chemicals used in diagnostic and problem or hazard to human health or to the experimental work and in cleaning, housekeeping, and environment. disinfecting procedures.  General waste is usually similar in characteristics to  Chemical waste is considered hazardous if it has at municipal solid waste and comes mostly from the least one of the following properties: administrative and housekeeping functions of HCFs.  Toxic: chemicals that have the capacity to harm  Non-hazardous HCW can be further classified into biological tissue; recyclable waste, biodegradable waste, and (c) residual  Reactive: chemicals that can react by themselves waste that is neither recyclable nor biodegradable. when exposed to heat, pressure, shock, friction, RECYCLABLE GENERAL WASTE catalyst presence or by contact with air or water; The following are recyclable materials commonly found in  Flammable: chemicals that ignite/burn easily in HCFs: normal working temperatures (e.g., chemicals with  Paper products: corrugated cardboard boxes, office flashpoint below 37.8°C or 100°F); paper, computer printout paper, colored ledger paper,  Corrosive: chemicals that can cause severe burns newspaper, magazines to skin and other biological tissues including eyes  Aluminum: beverage cans, food cans, other aluminum and lungs (e.g., acids of pH12); and  Plastics: polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles, high  Oxidizing: liquid or solid chemicals that readily density polyethylene (HDPE) containers for food and give off oxygen or other oxidizing substances mild solutions, polypropylene (PP) plastic bottles for (such as bromine, chlorine, or fluorine); also saline solutions or sterile irrigation fluids, polystyrene include materials that react chemically to oxidize packaging combustible (burnable) materials; this means that  Glass: clear, colored, or mixed glass oxygen combines chemically with the other  Wood: scrap wood, shipping pallets material in a way that increases the chance of a  In addition, durable goods such as used furniture, bed fire or explosion. frames, carpets, curtains, and dishware, as well as  Formaldehyde is a significant source of chemical waste computer equipment, printer cartridges and in hospitals. It is used to clean and disinfect equipment photocopying toners, are also potentially reusable. (e.g., hemodialysis or surgical equipment); to preserve * NON-HAZARDOUS HCW: Biodegradable GW specimens; to disinfect liquid infectious waste; and in pathology, autopsy, dialysis, embalming, and nursing  This includes kitchen waste, leftover food of patients units. with non-communicable disease, flowers, and garden RADIOACTIVE WASTE waste such as cut grasses or tree trimmings that can be composted.  Are materials contaminated with radionuclides. *NON-HAZARDOUS HCW: Residual GW  They are produced as a result of procedures such as in vitro analysis of body tissue and fluid, in vivo organ  This includes general wastes that do not belong to the imaging and tumor localization, and various previous two categories (recyclable and biodegradable). investigative and therapeutic practices. HEALTH CARE WASTE MANAGEMENT  Radionuclides used in health care are in either  Wastes generated at the HCFs may pose harm and unsealed (or open) sources or sealed sources. risks to the health care workers and communities if not  Unsealed sources are usually liquids that are applied properly managed. directly, while sealed sources are radioactive  Health care waste management (HCWM) is a process substances contained in parts of equipment or that helps in ensuring the proper management of HCW encapsulated in unbreakable or impervious objects, from the point of generation to until disposal. such as pins, “seeds” or needles. PREPARED BY: JAMEL S. MENDEZ, RMT 6  WASTE MANAGEMENT PREPARED BY: JAMEL S. MENDEZ, RMT 7  WASTE MANAGEMENT CLIMATE CHANGE ACT OF 2009 (________) RA 9729  The act declares as a Philippine policy the adoption of the ultimate objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which is the stabilization of greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. CODE OF SANITATION OF THE PHILIPPINES (______________) Pres. Decree 856  The decree prescribes sanitation requirements for hospitals, markets, ports, airports, vessels, aircraft, food establishments, buildings, and other establishments. OTHER RELEVANT LAWS THAT AFFECT THE REFERENCES: IMPLEMENTATION OF RA 9003.  National Solid Waste Management Status Report [2008-2018] - Environmental Management Bureau- TOXIC SUBSTANCES AND HAZARDOUS AND DENR NUCLEAR WASTE ACT OF 1990 (__________) RA 6969  Health Care Waste Management Manual(4th ed.)  The act calls for the reg ulation of and restriction on the  RA 9003 importation, manufacture, processing, sale, distribution,  Solid Waste Management Program-PAO-2023- use and dis posal of chemical substances and 01(Commission on Audit) mixtures that pose risk and/or injury to health and to the natural environment. LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE (___________) RA 7160  The act devolved certain powers to the local governments units, including enforcement of laws and cleanliness and sanitation, solid waste management, and other en vironmental matters. CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999 (____________) RA 8749  The act directs all government agencies to adopt the integrated air quality framework as a blueprint for compliance.  Among its salient provisions are the “polluters must pay” principle, and the prohibition of the use of the incineration method, which is defined as the burn ing of municipal, biomedical and hazardous waste or the process, which emits poisonous and toxic fumes.  The act further mandates LGUs to promote, encourage, and implement segregation, recycling and composting within their jurisdiction.  It also required the phasing out of incinerators. PHILIPPINE CLEAN WATER ACT OF 2004 (_______) RA 9275  The act provides for the protection, preservation, revival of quality of fresh, brackish and marine waters of the country to pursue economic growth ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS AND EDUCATION ACT OF 2008 (___________) RA 9512  The act promotes environmental awareness through environmental education.  It integrates environmental education in the school cur ricula at all levels, public or private, barangay day care and pre-school, and non-formal, vocational, and indigenous learning. RENEWABLE ENERGY ACT OF 2008 (___________) RA 9513  The act promotes the development, utilization and commercialization of renewable energy and for other purposes. PREPARED BY: JAMEL S. MENDEZ, RMT 8  WASTE MANAGEMENT PREPARED BY: JAMEL S. MENDEZ, RMT 9