Sociology Test 3 PDF

Chapter 9- Sex and Gender Sex is an individuals membership and one of two biological categories ○ characteristics or chromosomes' hormones genitalia and that distinguished males from female ○ secondary characteristics are muscular /bone structure Genders more of the beha...

Chapter 9- Sex and Gender Sex is an individuals membership and one of two biological categories ○ characteristics or chromosomes' hormones genitalia and that distinguished males from female ○ secondary characteristics are muscular /bone structure Genders more of the behavioral aspect of an individual it refers to physical behavior and personality traits that a group considers normal for a male and female Gender identity - individuals self-definition or sense of gender Gender expression - an individual's actions that correlate to One's group: male or female Essentialist - c genders biological or genetic and believe that gender is ○ simple two categories ○ determine through hormones chromosomes and genitals Sexual orientation is the inclination to be heterosexual homosexual or bisexual Homophobia is a fear or discrimination against gay people Misogyny - an ingrained Prejudice or hate for a woman ○ sexism gender inequality homophobia all can be found in all societies Talcott parsons- thanks men tend to be more of the provider and often is an authority figure and woman are more Suited for a caretaking role Gender role socialization - lifelong process of learning how to be a man or be a girl. Primarily through major factors such as School family and peers Social learning theory suggests that babies and children learn through early life how to become a man or a woman  families are usually the primary source of socialization and greatly impact gender role socialization sex roles - very stereotypical ideas of how to be a man or a woman which are enforced through social media movies and peers Feminization of poverty Dash idea that women are more likely to be poor compared to men, women make 83 cents to a man's dollar feminism - the belief in Social political and economic equality of the sexes and the social movements organized around at belief Chapter 10 Social institutions Social institutions - structures that shape the activities of groups. it is a structure not a place. ex. politics, education, religion, family Politics - the methods and tactics of managing and Nation or state as well as administering and controlling its internal and external affairs government - the formal organized agency that exercises power and control and modern society, especially through the creation and enforcement of laws authoritarianism- system of government by and for small group of Elites wish you not represent the average citizen dictatorship - type of authoritarian government where an individual or individuals take power by force rather than being elected or appointed totalitarianism - most extreme authoritarian government where the government tries to control every citizens everyday life monarchy -government by king or queen where the succession runs in the family Absolute monarchies - typically have complete authority over their subjects  constitutional monarchy-A form of government where the monarchs share political power with a constitutional government, the monarchs are often figureheads and have little political control democracy - political system were also doesn't have the right to participate pluralism- system of political power in which everyone has equal access to resources and Power special interest groups - organizations that raise money to influence elected officials or public opinion education - process in which Society transmits knowledge, values and expectations to its members so they can function in society hidden curriculum - values and behaviors that students learn indirectly over the course of schooling because the way K through 12 classes are structured Pygmalion effect - if the teacher believes you are a good student then you will be a good student and vice versa Kozol's ethnography- schools in poor areas will have poor schools Early college high schools - institutions which blend a high school diploma and two years of college towards a bachelor's degree homeschooling - the education of children by their parents at home distance learning (pre-pandemic)- educational course or program in which the teacher and students do not meet together in the classroom School vouchers - payments from government to parents which allowed parents to send their children to a different School District if the original school was deemed failed at a state level  Charter schools- Public Schools ran by private individuals or entities to give parents greater control over their children's education religion - any institutionalized system of shared beliefs and rituals beliefs - Propositions and ideas held on the basis of faith rituals - practices based on those beliefs that identify between sacred(Holy, diving) and profane(Ordinary, everyday) Chapter 11- Economy Capitalism- economic system based on laws of free market competition. Privatization in the means of production Socialism- An economic system based on the collective ownership of the means of production.Collectve distribution of goods and services Commnustic government- Complete central control of means of production, distribution and consumption. Liminates private property, is an extreme version of socialism The agricultural revolution- social and economic changes, population increases and increased efficiency of food production The industrial revolution- The rapid transformation of social life through economic and technological advancements. Ex. assembly line, steam power and urbanization Alienation- The sense of dissatisfaction the modern worker feels as a result of producing goods that are owned and controlled by elites Globalization- cultural and economic changes which results from dramatically increased international rade and exchange in late 20th- early 21st century  Transnational corporations- part of global economy; goes over national borders so their products can be manufactured, distributed, marketed and sold from places all around the world Outsourcing- going overseas to manufacture so it is cheaper/less regulation Chapter 12- Family Family (US census Bureau)- 2 or more individuals related by blood, marriage or adoption and live in the same house Family (Sociology)- Social group where members are bound by legal, biological or emotional Extended family- Large group of kin who are defined as relatives or relations who are usually related by common decent.Extended family usually includes 3 generations living in proximity Nuclear family- hetero sexual couple who have one or more children and live in the same household Structural Functionalism- Views the family as one of the basic institutions that keeps society runnings smoothly by providing functions such as socializing children and providing emotional support Symbolic interactionist- Examine the types of social dynamics and interactions that create and sustain families emphasizing the ways in which our experiences of family bonds are socially created rather than naturally Feminist and queer theorists examine how gender and sexuality affect family relationships Homogamy- “Like marrys like” and is demonstrated by the fact that people tend to choose mates who are similar to each other in class, race, ethnicity, age, religion, education and even levels of attractiveness  Propinquity- tendency to marry or have relationships with people who are in close geographic proximity, usually about 30 miles Endogamy- individuals who marry within their group(race, ethnicity, relgion, class) Exogamy- marrying individuals from a different social group which is less common in the US Monogamy- the practice of marrying one person at a time, is still considered the only legal form of marriage in the United States Polygamy- System of marriage that allows people to have more than one spouse at a time (illegal in US) Polyamory- System of multi person partnerships Second shift- Unpaid labor inside the home that is often expected for women to complete after their day jobs. Domestic abuse- The most common form of family violence. It includes behaviors abusers use to gain and maintain power over their victims. Can be physical, mental, sexual, financial or psychological