Sociology 101 Final Exam PDF

EDUCATION - What was the U.S. high school graduation rate in 2015? a. b. 93% c. 83% d. 63% e. 53% ACHIEVEMENT GAP -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Disp...

EDUCATION - What was the U.S. high school graduation rate in 2015? a. b. 93% c. 83% d. 63% e. 53% ACHIEVEMENT GAP -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Disparity in several educational measures between the permanence of group defined by gender, race, ethnicity, ability, and socioeconomic status. RESOURCES - Cognitive and Noncognitive Resources - Intelligence: level of intellectual ability particularly as measured by the intelligence quotient (IQ) test - Intelligence quotient IQ: - A score attained on test of symbolic or reasoning abilities - Emotional Intelligence: - The ability to identify, asses, and control the emotions of oneself or others. EDUCATION - When we think of education, we tend to see it from an individual perspective. - We may think of our own reasons for attending college: to cultivate our intelligence, to enjoy a fun and social \"college experience,\" or to prepare for a career. - We also tend to think of education as a means of upward mobility. - But sociologists look beyond the individual student and his or her goals to connect these to the larger social functions of schools. - We discuss three major sociological theories of the role schooling plays in the larger society: schooling as a process of assimilation or acculturation, schooling as a credentialing mechanism, and schooling as a process of social, of cultural, and reproduction. GOALS OF EDUCATION 1. Assimilation: 2. Credentialism: Students who do graduate from college are likely to begin a career in debt. HOW MUCH IS IT WORTH? As can be seen by the trend in the graph, while the Federal Pell Grant maximum has risen slightly between 1976 and 2008, it has not been able to keep pace with the total cost of college. ROLE EDUCATION IN QUESTION - **Education**: a social institution through which a society's children are though - Valued paced on education - Investment by society - Distribution through a nation - Social factors and the imbalance FORMAL AND INFORMAL EDUCATION - The family and the classroom - Formal Education - formal curriculum - Informal Education - cultural values, norms, and behaviors - Cultural Transmission ACCESS TO EDUCATION - Universal access - Educational needs of all - Special education - Gifted - English language learners FUNCTIONALISM - - Manifest Function - Latent Function **SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF EDUCATION** - Hidden Curriculum Conflict Theory - Status - Cost - Cultural capital - Hidden curriculum - Tracking Pierre Bourdieu and Cultural Capital - Cultural capital . The advantages that well-to-do parents usually provide their children **EDUCATION TODAY** - Macrosocial Influences on Student Outcomes: Do Schools and Neighborhoods Matter? - No Children left behind - Tracking and within-school effects Tracking: dividing students into groups that receive different instruction on the basis of assumed similarities in ability or attainments - School discipline ADDITIONAL THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES - Feminist perspective a. Grade inflation b. Steering - Symbolic interactions perspective a. Credentialism - Professor vs teacher RESEARCH ON EDUCATION - Cultural and Social-Psychological Influences on Student Outcomes - [Gender and achievement] - [Stereotype threat] . Stereotype promise: a phenomenon where being viewed through the lens of a positive stereotype may lead one to perform in such a way that confirms the positive stereotype, thereby enhancing performance EQUAL EDUCATION - President Eisenhower sent members of the 101st airborne division from Kentucky to escort black students into Little Rock Central High School after the governor of Arkansas tried to deny them entry. - Brown Vs Board of Education RESEARCH ON EDUCATION - Public-Policy Influences on
Student Outcomes - Educational reform in the United States - Educational policy
today  Standardized testing: a situation in which all students take the same test under the same conditions EQUAL EDUCATION - HEAD START \-\-\-- prek - Busing - No Child Left Behind - Teaching to the test - Bilingual education \-\-- - Common Core CHARTER SCHOOLS The debate over the performance of charter schools vs. public schools is a charged one. Dozens of studies have been made on the topic, and some, as reflected in Stanford\'s CREDO study above, do not support the claim that charter schools always outperform public schools. A graph on a white board Description automatically generated CURRENT FOCUSSES - 1. Teacher training ' 2. Social promotion 3. Affirmative action 4. Rising students loan debt. RESEARCH ON EDUCATION - global perspectives, EDUCATION AND LITERACY THE IMPACT OF THE MEDIA AND EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY ON EVERYDAY LIFE - Digital Divide - Technology of education. - Education and technology gap:  - Information poverty: the state of people who have little or no access to information technology, such as computers. - Lifelong learning: Cyberspace: - electronic networks of interaction between individuals at different computer terminals - In 2016 less half then half words population \\ TYPES OF DEMOCRACY - Monarchies and liberal democracies 1. 2. Monarchies: system of government in which unselect kings or queens rule 3. Constitutional monarch: kings or queens who are largely figureheads AUTHORITARIANISM Populist Authoritarianism - - [Populist:] the belief that politics should reflect the needs and interests of ordinary people rather than those of elite individuals or groups. - [Authoritarianism:] a political system in which the governing bodies or leaders use force to maintain control. THE CONCEPT OF STATE. - [Nation-state:] particular types of states, characteristic of the modern world, in which governments have sovereign power within defined territorial areas, and populations are citizens who know themselves to be part of single nations - [Nation:] people with a common identity that ideally includes shared culture, language, and feelings of belonging - [State:] a political apparatus ruling over a given territorial order, whose authority is backed by law and the ability to use force CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STATE - - **[Sovereignty:]** the undisputed political rule of a state over a given territorial area. - **[Failed states]**: states in which the central government Characteristics of the State - [Power:] the ability of Individuals or the members of a group to achieve aims or further the interests they hold - [Authority]: government\'s legitimate use of power - [Nationalism:] a set of beliefs and symbols expressing identification with a national community - [Citizenship]citizens: members of a political community who have both rights and duties associated with that membership CITIZENSHIP RIGHTS - [Civil rights:] legal rights held by all citizens in a given national community - [Political rights:] rights of political participation, such as the right to vote in local and national elections, held by citizenship of a national community - [Social rights:] rights of social and welfare provision held by all citizens in a national community, including. For example, the right to claim unemployment benefits and sickness payments provided by the state. - [welfare state]: a political system that provides a wide range of welfare benefits for its citizens - [revolution:] processes of political change involving the mobilizing of a mass social movement, which by the use of violence, successfully overthrows an existing regime and forms a new government - [social movements:] large groups of people who seek to accomplish, or to block, a process of social change Theory SYMBOL The White House, one of the world\'s most widely recognized state buildings, symbolizes the authority of the U.S. presidency. (Courtesy U.S. National Archives/Wikimedia Commons) WHOSE RULES? THEORIES OFN DEMOCRAT - Democratic Elitism A theory of the limits of democracy, which holds that in large-scale societies democratic participation is necessarily limited to the regular election of political leaders WHO RULES? THEORIES OF DEMOCRACY - The Power Elite - [Power elite]: small networks of Individuals who hold concentrated power in modern society - The Role of the Military POWER ELITE & MILITARY MIGHT Nazi leader Adolf Hitler was one of the most powerful and destructive dictators in modern history. He is pictured here with fascist Benito Mussolini of Italy. (Photo courtesy of U.S. National Archives and Records MILITARY SPENDING  TECHNOLOGY Technology has a huge impact in our society. Technology = a to power Although military technology has evolved considerably over the course of history, the fundamental causes of conflict among nations remain essentially the same. CURRENT DAY AND IN THE PAST - Democracy in the United States - Elections - The Electoral College. MIDDLERS - Interest groups Group organizes to pursue interests in the political arena, operating primarily by lobbying the members of legislative bodies. - Lobbyists RECENT RESEARCH ON U.S. POLITICS AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: PART 4 - Democracy In the United States - Interest groups POLITOCAL PARTIIPATIONS - Political participation in the United States \- Age groups -racial differences income differences Gender differences - The political participation of women SOCIAL MOVEMENTS - Political and Social Change through Social Movements - Why do social movements occur? Structural strain is defined as the tensions or grievances that lead to conflicting interests between groups. - Inequalities ROSA PARKS CONDITION S FOR CHANGE SOCIAL MOVEMENTS OF TODAY Political and Social Change through Social Movements Technology and social movements -Slactivism HOW FAR DO THE POWERFUL GO? - Think about the power some people have - Acquired legitimate power? Earned Power - Ascribed Birthright power Through marriage DICTADOR Former Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein used fear and intimidation to keep citizens in check. WORK AND ECONOMIC LIFE [Economy ] The system of production and exchange that provides for the material needs of individuals living in a given society. [Capitalism ] An economic system based on the private ownership of wealth, which is invested and reinvested in order to produce profit ECONOMIC APPROACHES Vladimir Ilyich Lenin was one of the founders of Russian communism. J.P. Morgan was one of the most influential capitalists in history. They have very different views on how economies should be run. (Photos (a) and (b) courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) CHINA The economies of China and Russia after World War Il are examples of one form of socialism Example is Tetris - Tetris within communism SOCIALISM ADOPTION Sociologists look for signs of convergence and divergence in the societies of countries that have joined the European Union. INFLUENCER - [Technology]: the application of knowledge of the material world to production; the creation of material instruments used in human interaction with nature. instant communications have allowed many international THEORIES OF WORK AND ECONOMIC LIFE Primary types of capitalism - [Corporations ] - Business firms or companies - [Family capitalism ] - Capitalistic enterprise owned and administered by entrepreneurial families - [Managerial capitalism ] - Capitalistic enterprises administered by managerial executives rather than owners - [Global capitalism ] - The current transnational phase of capitalism, characterized by global markets, production, finances; a transnational capitalist class whose business concerns are global rather than national; and transnational systems of governance that promote. WORK AND ECONOMIC LIFE - Corporations and Corporate Power - [Monopoly:] the domination by a single firm in a given industry - [Oligopoly:] the domination by a small number of firms in a given industry Transnational Corporations Another view The NY Stock Exchange is where shares of stock in companies that are rest TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS - Business corporations located in two or more countries - International division of labor The specialization in producing goods for the world market that divides regions into zones of industrial or agricultural production or high- or low-skilled labor - Transnational corporations plan globally THE TWENTY-FIRST-CENTURY CORPORATION Shipping industry\-\-- son los containers que se envian en barcos. BASIC CONCEPTS [Work:] The activity by which people produce from the natural world and so ensure their survival [Occupation:] Any form of paid employment in which an individual regularly works Dec 4 STRIKES : UNION - It has an enormous powe Workers - Workers and their challenges - Lockout and "work to rule" - Growing unemployed - - Inequality and the growing differences between corporal leaders and everyone else. UNEMPLOYEMENT 2008 Global Unemployment ECONOMIC SECTORS A screen shot of a graph Description automatically generated ECONOMIC FOCUS - In an agriculture economy, crops ECONOMIC FUTURE? - What Will the Economy of the Future
Look Like? - [Knowledge economy] - [Portfolio workers] . Workers who possess a diversity of skills or qualifications and are therefore able to move easily from job to job Mon 9 - Edu - Gov QThe expectancy of the population in 2050 is 9.8 billion. Life expectancy is related to economics.... Healthcare Example China citizens have just one kid Ch 20 Demography is the study of population. (job) - projected population in Africa(usaid) - us - Europe decrease -- show population growth POPULATION ANALYSIS DEMOGRAPHY - Crude birth rates Statistical measures representing this number of births with a given population per year, normally calculated in terms of the number of births per 1,000 members - Fertility The average number of children produced by women of childbearing age in a particular society - Fecundity A measure of the number of children that is biologically possible for a woman to produce. - Crude death rates (mortality rates) Statistical measures representing the number of desths that occur annually in a given population per year normally as the ratio of deaths per 1,000 members - Mortality The number of deaths in a population - Infant mortality rates The number of infants who die during the first year of life, per 1000 live births. Life expectancy The number of years the average person can expect to live Life span The maximum length of life that is biologically possible DYNAMICS OF POPULATION CHANGE - Rates of population growth or decline - A measurement of population growth is calculated by subtracting the yearly number of deaths per 1,000 from the number of births per 1,000. URBAN SOCIOLOGY Urbanization the movement of the population into towns and cities and away from the land. URBAN SOCIOLOGY: SOME INFLUENTIAL THEORIES - The Chicago school - Urbanism as a way of life - Proximity and anonymity - People in cities live very close to each other and regularly interact with people they don't know. URBAN SOCIOLOGY: THE CHICAGO SCHOOL - [Ecological approach ] A perspective emphasizing the "natural" distribution of city neighborhoods into areas having contrasting characteristics. - [Urban ecology ] - An approach to the study of urban life is based on an analogy with the adjustment of plants and organisms to the physical environment. - Inner city: the areas comprising the central neighborhoods of a city, as distinct from the suburbs - [Urbanism as a way of life] - urbanism: a term used by Louis Wirth to denote distinctive characteristics of urban social life, such as its impersonality URBANIZATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT The Rise of the Megalopolis. - [Urbanization ] The development of towns and cities. - [Conurbation ] An agglomeration of towns or cities into an unbroken urban environment. - [Megalopolis ] A term used in modern times to refer to very large conurbations. - [Megacities ] A term used to describe large, intensely concentrated urban spaces that serve as connection points for the global economy RECENT RESEARCH ON POPULATION, URBANIZATION, AND THE ENVIRONMENT - Challenges of Urbanization in the Global South - - Economic challenges. - Environmental challenges. - Social challenges. RURAL, SUBURBAN AND URBAN LIFE IN THE UNITED STATES - The decline of rural America? - aging in place: a phenomenon in which many rural areas have disproportionately high numbers of older adults because young people seek opportunities elsewhere and leave the older persons behind - Suburbanization - the development of suburbia, areas of housing outside inner cities - the history of suburbs - evolving suburbs in the twenty-first century Zones: are divide by zones- areas. URBANIZATION - Urban problems: gentrification, urban renewal, and racial renewal - Urban Renewal (or development) \- the process of renovating deteriorating neighborhoods by using public funds to renew old buildings and construct new ones, often through large-scale demolition of slum housing. - Gentrification a process of urban renewal in which older, deteriorated housing is refurbished by affluent people moving into the area POPULATION GROWTH URBANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES - The environment: a social issue? - Global environment threats environmental ecology: the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of life and the interactions between organisms and their natural environment - Biodiversity - Global warming and climate change - Energy - Sustainable development development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY - Climate change and it effects on people and communities - Tracking public health issues like asthma in LIC - Cancer clusters - Pollution - Water - Soil - Garbage E-waste - Air - Toxic and Radioactive Waste ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM Minority group neighborhoods (populated primarily by people of color and members of low socioeconomic groups) are burdened with a disproportionate number of hazards, including toxic waste facilities, garbage dumps, and other sources of environmental pollution and foul odors that lower the quality of life. UNANSWERED QUESTIONS Will global population growth resources? - Malthusianism A doctrine about population dynamics developed by Thomas Malthus, according to which population increase comes up again Sociology has three aspects environmental-