Social Psychology Ch 3.pdf

Social Psychology Thomas Heinzen Chapter 3 The Social Self Heizen, Social Psychology, 1e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2019. 1  Social Psychology Thomas Heinzen and Wind Goodfriend Chapter 3 The Social Self Heinzen and Goodfriend,...

Social Psychology Thomas Heinzen Chapter 3 The Social Self Heizen, Social Psychology, 1e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2019. 1  Social Psychology Thomas Heinzen and Wind Goodfriend Chapter 3 The Social Self Heinzen and Goodfriend, Social Psychology, 1e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2019. 2  What Is the “Self”? A story we tell ourselves about ourselves This self-story is social, involving family, friends, and more Even if self excludes others (e.g., I’m a “loner” –or- I am different from others), the self is social. Heinzen and Goodfriend, Social Psychology, 1e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2019. 4  The Scientific Study of Self- Awareness Self-awareness defined Separate entity from others and objects Darwin first observed imitation as self- awareness Imitate others Mirror neurons The mirror recognition test Humans Animals and Other Information Implications of self concept Culture and mirror test Value of sight and mirror test (elephants and operational definition) Heinzen and Goodfriend, Social Psychology, 1e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2019. 5  The Self Concept Social Comparison Self-concept defined Personal Summary Social comparison theory Upward & Downward WIDE W - Similar Others I – Influences Self Concept D – Upward or Downward E – Protection of Esteem Heinzen and Goodfriend, Social Psychology, 1e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2019. 7 Defining and Measuring the Self Concept Social identity theory Categorization – Naturally notice and categorize difference Applies to objects, events, people, etc. With respect to people leads to Ingroup/outgroup differentiation Some effects of this differentiation Emphasis on Social Identity as a Function of Culture 8  Defining and Measuring the Self Concept Self-schema theory Definition of Schema Types of Schema Self, person, object, role, event Levels of Schema (see next slides) Superordinate, Basic, Subordinate Heinzen and Goodfriend, Social Psychology, 1e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2019. 9 Levels of Schema Heizen, Social Psychology, 1e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2019. 10 Levels of Schema Heizen, Social Psychology, 1e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2019. 11 Heizen, Social Psychology, 1e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2019. 12  Implications of Schema Information accessed first In “main body” of schema – Basic Level Is remembered/thought of first And on same page (or not) in conversations As a function of organization of information in each individual’s schema Strengthens associated beliefs Availability (heuristic): Ease of retrieval effects estimates of probability. If it’s easier to remember, we believe it occurs more often. Level of information accessed most often Basic Schemas needed but also contribute to individuals acting as cognitive misers 14  Alternative Models – Semantic Activation Network And William James – Stream of Consciousness 15  How Do We Know the Self Is Social? Self-perception theory Self-discrepancy theory Self-expansion theory Heinzen and Goodfriend, Social Psychology, 1e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2019. 16 Self-Perception Theory “Who am I?” answered by observing own behaviors Caveat: If we do not have a readily available explanation Overjustification Effect Self-perception is similar to perceiving others Example Perceiving Others: Heider’s Theory of Attribution Why we engage in attribution Perception of ability to predict gives us a sense of control Heizen, Social Psychology, 1e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2019. 17 18  Heider’s Theory of Attribution Confident Internal Confident External Attribution Attribution Motivation High Low Ability High Low Environment Against For Heizen, Social Psychology, 1e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2019. 19  Student Performed Well Grade of A on an exam Confident Internal Confident External Attribution Attribution Motivation Studied many hours for Studied a half hour before exam the exam Ability Is a good test taker Is not a good test taker Environment Killer exam Very easy exam Heizen, Social Psychology, 1e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2019. 20  Self-Discrepancy Theory Three simultaneous selves: Actual Ideal Ought A discrepancy results in negative emotions Discrepancy and Cognitive Dissonance Heinzen and Goodfriend, Social Psychology, 1e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2019. 22 Cognitive Dissonance – Discrepancy between two (or more) attitudes or attitudes and behaviors. To resolve: Change attitude, change behavior, change perception of attitude, change perception of behavior. 23  Self-Expansion Theory Basic intrinsic motivation to grow and improve Humanism Self-concept expands through close social relationships Perceived level of attractiveness of other individual(s) related to need to self-expand oneself. Perceived similarity to other and/or perceived positive influence of other on oneself enhance desire to self-expand Process occurs subconsciously Bonding incorporates others’ strengths, resources, and knowledge. End of relationships related to perceptions of lack of expansion. 24  Why Do We Present Different Selves in Different Situations? Self-monitoring: Social chameleons https://openpsychometrics.org/tests/SMS/ Complete scale and type score into chat Heinzen and Goodfriend, Social Psychology, 1e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2019. 26  Why Do We Present Different Selves in Different Situations? We use impression management to get what we want Self-monitoring: Social chameleons Assuming range 0 – 25, higher scores higher degree self monitoring 0 – 8 viewed as low self monitor 15 or above viewed as high self monitor Impression management general tendency/Self- Monitoring individual difference Heinzen and Goodfriend, Social Psychology, 1e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2019. 27 Self-Monitoring: Social Chameleons Changing behavior to fit in Low SM acts the same way across situations High SM change to fit the situation High SM: Sales and politics; appear inauthentic Heinzen and Goodfriend, Social Psychology, 1e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2019. 28  We Use Impression Management to Get What We Want Ingratiation Other enhancement Opinion conformity Self-promotion Self-enhancement Entitlement Taking credit positive events Conspicuous consumption Materialism Heinzen and Goodfriend, Social Psychology, 1e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2019. 29 Is Truth Always the Self’s Friend? Not really Heinzen and Goodfriend, Social Psychology, 1e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2019. 31 Optimal Margin Theory: Positive Illusions Can Be Beneficial Positive illusions Control – Illusion of more than we actually have Optimism – Unrealistically optimistic regarding future Meaning – Discover meaning in critical life events (e.g., bereavement, post traumatic grown) Subjective age Heinzen and Goodfriend, Social Psychology, 1e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2019. 32  Self-Serving Bias People have a biased view of: Their traits (overestimate talents) Their behaviors (causes success/failure) Success – internal Failure - external Personal feedback (skewed view) Of course - there are individual differences here Heinzen and Goodfriend, Social Psychology, 1e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2019. 33  Defining Self-Esteem Subjective, personal evaluation of the self-concept Self-esteem is NOT: Self-compassion Narcissism Self-efficacy Heinzen and Goodfriend, Social Psychology, 1e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2019. 34 What Is Self-Esteem and How Can We Measure It? Defining self-esteem Strategies for measuring self-esteem Global (Rosenberg) https://openpsychometrics.org/tests/RSE.php Trends in scores next slide Collective self-esteem https://www.asc.ohio- state.edu/psychology/crockerlab/cse.php Contingencies of worth https://scales.arabpsychology.com/s/contingencies- of-self-worth-scale-csws/#google_vignette Heinzen and Goodfriend, Social Psychology, 1e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2019. 35  Rosenberg Trends https://openpsychometrics.org/tests/RSE.php Heizen, Social Psychology, 1e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2019. 36  Collective Self-Esteem Evaluation of a person’s identified ingroups Membership: I am a worthy member of the social groups I belong to. Private: I often regret that I belong to some of the social groups I do. Public: Overall, my social groups are considered good by others. Identity: Overall, my group memberships have very little to do with how I feel about myself. Heinzen and Goodfriend, Social Psychology, 1e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2019. 37  Collective Self-Esteem Basking in reflected glory (BIRGing) – and Sports BIRG and other groups Relation to CSE Relation to Social Identity Heinzen and Goodfriend, Social Psychology, 1e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2019. 38  Contingencies of Self - Worth Appearance: When I think I look attractive, I feel good about myself. God’s Love: My self-worth is based on God’s love. Competition: I feel worthwhile when I perform better than others on a task or skill. Virtue: Doing something I know is wrong makes me lose my self-respect. Approval from Others: I don’t care if other people have a negative opinion about me. Family Support: Knowing that my family members love me makes me feel good about myself. Academic Competence: My opinion about myself isn’t tied to how well I do in school. Heinzen and Goodfriend, Social Psychology, 1e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2019. 39  Two Strategies for Measuring Self-Esteem Explicit, direct measures Self-report surveys Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale Straightforward; subject to social desirability bias Implicit, indirect measures Measure association strength by reaction time Implicit Attitude Test (IAT) https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/takeatest.html Avoids social desirability; validity concerns Heinzen and Goodfriend, Social Psychology, 1e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2019. 40 Heizen, Social Psychology, 1e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2019. 41 42  Self-Esteem Has a Dark Side The self-esteem movement(s) Heinzen and Goodfriend, Social Psychology, 1e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2019. 44 The Relentless Pursuit of Self-Esteem May Be Harmful Fragile but high-self esteem associated with: Reluctance to take academic risks Avoiding helpful feedback Increase in bullying and aggression toward others Narcissism as a personality disorder – self absorption/love of self Heinzen and Goodfriend, Social Psychology, 1e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2019. 45  Self Esteem Heizen, Social Psychology, 1e. ©SAGE Publishing, 2019. 46