Social Policy Midterm PDF

Lecture 1: Introduction Prehistory of Social Welfare Feudalism ○ Means of production: land and other ○ Community welfare Capitalism ○ Capitalism and migration ○ Capitalism and means of production ○ Collapse of community welfare...

Lecture 1: Introduction Prehistory of Social Welfare Feudalism ○ Means of production: land and other ○ Community welfare Capitalism ○ Capitalism and migration ○ Capitalism and means of production ○ Collapse of community welfare ○ Need for an alternative approach to welfare The Statute of Laborers Shortage of labour due to the Black Death Workers asked for better salaries and living conditions The Statute of Laborers: workers should return to their masters and accept whatever employment offered to them The government sided with employers The Poor Law Deserving vs undeserving poor ○ Deserving: through no fault of their own—disability, age, sickness—could not provide for themselves ○ Undeserving: the feckless and work-shy, a burden on their communities and undeserving of any but the harshest treatment from good hardworking people and the instruments of the state. Indoor vs outdoor relief ○ Outdoor relief consisted of limited assistance to the deserving poor—including widows or single women with children, those with a husband unable to work, the ill, and the elderly—provided in their own homes. Workhouses or houses of industry were established for the undeserving poor—those deemed able to work—in more populated centres, where recipients were required to work for their food and lodging Less eligibility ○ Benefits are set at levels lower than those received by the so-called deserving poor. Those supporting a residual model favour low benefit levels that respond to “absolute needs” (i.e., the minimum required to meet basic survival needs) for the undeserving poor in the belief this will somehow force them to seek employment rather than income support. Last resort ○ Support from the government or the “state” is viewed as a last resort. The residual model also suggests that both government and charitable giving should be targeted primarily for the deserving poor or those unable to work because of a disability, age, or family responsibilities. ○ Help-thy-nieghbour Canadian Developments First Nations The poor law Constitution: Welfare is a small and mostly private issue- provincial responsibility Rapid industrialization World War 1 ○ Promise that life will be better when return from war Window of opportunity: something happened around the world that created an acceptance of social welfare that was previously rejected ○ Supporting war efforts To public welfare: WC, MA, OAS ○ Time of prosperity Labour market skyrocketing Investment in stocks People believed strongly in capitalism Great Expectations and the Great Depression (Regina Riot) ○ During the Great Depression, more than 1000 single homeless unemployed men rode the rails in an organized protest that led to a bloody clash ○ Economic despair World War 2 and post-war welfare state building Dismantling the welfare state? ○ 1945-1970s: welfare state ○ 1980s: welfare state shut down Economic Theories Feudalism: Mercantilism- government intervention to protect own economy from competitors ○ Economies from other countries ○ Eg. phone companies Early capitalism: Laissez-faire- no government interference through social welfare, regulations, tariffs, and subsidies ○ Hands off approach Crisis Management: Keynes- government intervention used to prevent crises (demand economy) ○ Something needs to be put in place so that those with no jobs continue to spend money and sustain the economy ○ Eg. welfare Monetarism: Freedman- excessive money supply leads to inflation and needs to be curbed (supply economy) ○ When people spend money, prices go up (inflation) ○ Inflation is harmful to poor people as they cannot make enough money to afford things ○ Kills any idea about investing money Types of Programs Financing Contributory (EI, CPP)  Non-contributory (Child benefits, food stamps, ODSP) Delivery Cash (Payments, tax benefits, deductions) In-kind (Goods and services) Coverage Universal Selective Types of Programs Cash programs (OAS, CPP, EI, WC, SA, Veteran pension, On reserve-assistance for First Nations, Student loans) Tax/fiscal measures (child care deductions, RRSP, medical expenses) In-kind (medicare, social housing, provisions, shelter aid, education, legal aid) Legislation (minimum wage, employee equity requirements, wives and children’s maintenance legislation) Occupational benefits (health, pension, sport, and recreational facilities) Voluntarily and charitable measures (food banks, shelters, soup kitchens) Context of Social Policy Capitalist free market economy provides the context of social welfare The fundamental part of the capitalist economy is the free exchange of goods and labour The exchange is viewed based on a quid pro quo ○ There is a real exchange. The workers contribute labour and in return receive wages ○ The consumers pay money to obtain goods and services In a capitalist economy, this exchange is called the (primary) distribution of goods and services and labour On the contrary, in social welfare, no true exchange occurs. The social welfare exchange is compulsory to the highest extent (except for voluntary contributions) In sharp contrast to free market exchange in a capitalist economy, social welfare is based on taxations, regulations, political bargaining, social rights, court decisions Thus, social welfare exchange is viewed as secondary in sequence and importance and often called re-distribution There is nothing inherent in capitalism that supports social policy or redistribution. In each case, specific social policies require ideological, political, and economic justification ○ 1. Needs (notion of necessity and hence an obligation on the part of ‘others’ to help) Contrasting with private wants Needs are subject to social definition; ‘others’ legitimize ‘wants’ Assumed needs (child benefits) Income vs other needs (legal judgment, medical diagnosis) ○ 2. Social insurance against social risks, Compulsory to increase participation and accept broad risk Everyone pays into it to keep premiums lower Rules established by social policy, not free market Less group experience  Something like car insurance is different than EI ○ Certain groups of people pay more car insurance than others Build-redistribution ○ 3. Compensation for loss From British common law Veteran pension and services Compensation to certain groups (The Aboriginal People) Workers Compensation ○ 4. Investment in Human Capital Education, skills, training, retraining, relocation, information about job search ○ 5. Insuring economic growth and stability To pacify, appease, and prevent social unrest Manipulate social expenditures to increase or reduce the total spending of the population (as per Keynes) To shift expenditures (eg. health and education) from business to taxpayers Lecture 2: Political Economy of Canadian Welfare State Conservatism Implies distrust in sudden or radical change, prefers to maintain traditional institutions and processes, which modified only with extreme caution A political ideology that celebrates stability and tradition Economics (free-market) + social conservatism (traditions and hierarchy)= Anglo-American conservatism The role of the state is a neutral arbiter ○ Against the government playing any significant role ○ The government should only step in when there is a conflict ○ People are responsible for themselves ○ The government is not responsible for social welfare Laissez-faire policies and economic decisions dominate social priorities, balancing the budget Deregulation, privatization, private property, devolution Morality and religion should be asserted against the permissiveness of modern life School prayers, law and order, pro-life approach Decries feminism, multiculturalism, and LGBTQ+ rights Hostile towards easier divorce law and same-sex relationships If society wants to benefit from economic prosperity, it must tolerate inequality, poverty, and unemployment ○ Convinces people to work Workfare ○ If you want benefits, you need to contribute to society/the economy Encourages private solutions for social problems Paternalism for those in society who are designated as not responsible  ○ Eg. If you are poor or have any social problems, it means you are unable to take care of yourself. If you are to receive social assistance, you must be taken care of by someone (a case worker with strict rules) Believes that everyone has their own problems, but society doesn’t have any collective problems. Everyone for themselves People compete with each other Society consists of individuals with their own interests In the most radical form: there is no such thing as society ○ There are only families and individuals Everyone should take care of themselves Only the lazy, unfit, and morally inferior will have problems The individual is separated from society and a biographical portrait of deficiencies is constructed as a source of the person’s troubles Social pathology= diagnostic, functional, and psychosocial traditions in social work Helping those who fail to provide for themselves will encourage others to avoid making efforts to provide for themselves Safety net= basic service ○ Only if you fail and nothing or no one else can help you, the government is there to help as a last resort State welfare crowds out freedom of family, charitable, voluntary help State welfare siphons off resources from productive sectors, welfare services are delivered without competition and provide no work incentives State welfare undermines freedom (to be poor, or sick), imposes high taxes, imposes too much regulation, and decreases freedom Conservatism and Social Work Practice SW with pathological families should focus on coercing and convincing families to adjust to society These members should carry out their individual responsibilities for themselves, to one another, and society as a whole Paternalism- case management Poor law principles Stress monitoring system and active fraud investigation Neo-Conservatism Almost conservatism Blamed much of crises on social welfare More sophisticated in their attacks on the welfare state: restructure the welfare state according to NC traditions rather than eliminate it ○ Eg. traditional conservatives would say we don’t need the welfare state; NC would say we need to make it more competitive, and more private, not completely abolish it Liberalism Liber=freedom  As much individual freedom as possible, while allowing for essential constraints The dominant paradigm in the Western world after WW2. Developed welfare state Reluctant collectivism/modified individualism as compared with NC Like NC, NL believes in freedom, individualism, competitive private enterprise, free market economy Unlike NC, NL holds fewer absolute values, accepts interventions and control over the economy by the state Assumes a more favourable view of human beings; moral and rational, and given certain social conditions- equal opportunities and freedom, the individuals will improve themselves Connect the well-being of individuals with the well-being of society as a whole Like C, L believes that individuals interact with each other to satisfy their individual interests Unlike C, L believes that there is also a collective interest for everyone together NL took from Darwin's theory idea of evolution under which collectivism is the highest stage of human evolution Justify welfare state and social reform Equality of opportunities does not equal equality of outcomes The role of the state goes beyond neutral arbiter and includes intervening and regulating (to a degree- liberals are afraid to do too much regulation) the social, economic, and political life State to behave in the best interest of all of society Reduce the worst excesses of capitalism by limited regulation of the economy and welfare state Redistribution model of social justice with no attention to sources of maldistribution ○ Do not ask why certain programs are needed- eg. the root cause of poverty and why poverty is a thing in the first place. Neoliberalism Inequalities of circumstances are acceptable if they are based on merit and effort but not on social characteristics (race, gender, etc) Social change is an instrument of government to modify society to make it fairer for individuals to compete in the market Modest changes not fundamental Modify the system, not change it Work within the limits of the system Neoliberalism Social Beliefs NC and NL differ in the degree of attitudes to freedom and initialism Unlike NC where freedom from the arbitrary power of the state, NL freedom from social evils=poverty, inequality, child abuse Unlike NC where the total well-being of society= sum of the well-being of all individuals in society, for NL there is also a collective interest Neoliberalism's View on Social Problems NL does not blame solely individuals or families, admitting the imperfection of capitalism Society is viewed as a complexity of the numerous interdependent systems (family, school, workplace) where individuals are attached and interact with one another  These systems are not always able to provide individuals with healthy functioning The systems may get out of tune with each other in societies that experience urbanization, industrialization, technological change, migration, and globalization Neoliberalism Social Welfare View NL accepts social welfare as an instrument for correcting and modifying the negative aspects of capitalism The role of SW is reactive, not proactive Does not seek to reduce inequality about the minimum, nor it does promote solidarity or democracy Institutional concept because people in need are not considered lazy or immoral but in need due to natural processes or human progress such as urbanization and industrialization Social Work Practice with Neoliberalism Paradigm Current SW is mostly based on the NL paradigm, conservative in the past Presently, SW in Canada is based on NL: ○ Personal reform based on general systems theory ○ Limited social reforms= ecological model ○ Advocacy based on pluralism Social Democracy Socialism in its classic definition: ○ A planned economy geared towards the fulfillment of human needs of all rather than a free market geared to profits for a few ○ Public ownership for means of production or regulation of private ownership so they benefit all rather than a circle of private owners Contradictions of capitalism would eventually become intolerable The working class will take over and abolish capitalism A system of social and economic collectivism will be instituted Communal ownership of all property and a classless social structure- communism From each according to his/her ability, to each according to his/her needs The state would be abolished as people would learn how to conduct their affairs without the apparatus of coercion All forms of domination and hierarchy will disappear Freedom is filled with equality: if some people have more resources than others, then they have greater freedom to control their lives, while other people with less resources have less freedom Collectivism: cooperation not competition, the good of the community, not individuals Democratic participation: workers should have a voice in the conditions of their work Social democracy has a working model: Scandinavian countries Humans are social animals, rational, free-willed, responsible, cooperative, consensual State: regulate economy, reduce poverty, and inequality, pursue social justice, and civic participation, and ensure that no group is dominant Social Democracy View of Social Problems  Social inequality is a consequence of coercive institutions that favour the dominant group and is a primary source of conflict Social problems are not the result of deviance or industrialization but a normal consequence of the way society is organized Social problems cannot be dealt with by technical or administrative means, but by reorganization of society that causes the problems in the first place Social Democracy View of Social Welfare Ideal view: how social welfare should be after capitalism Needs must only be met to the full extent Only then market and private property will not be important for distribution Distribution under government control Wide citizen participation, emphasis on prevention Social Democracy and Social Work View social work with dual function ○ Meet the immediate needs of people who lose out in the conflicts that occur in a capitalist society over the distribution of resources ○ To work towards transformation to socialist by peaceful means Weaver et al., 2018 Petry, Erikson, and Laycock detected welfare state expansion at the federal level when the NDP was in power These findings, however, cannot be generalized to provincial politics Gazso and Krahm report that Alberta was the first of the Canadian provinces to severely tighten eligibility requirements and reduce its level of welfare benefits during the 1990s when Alberta was headed by the Progressive Conservative Party The province of Ontario was studied by Klassen and Buchannan ○ They study the role of political party influence on the province's welfare policy between 1985 and 2000- a time frame in which three political parties (Liberals, NDP, and Progressive Conservatives) respectfully ruled in Ontario, each for 5 years ○ Found some influence of political parties, but the effect of economic conditions was much stronger During times of economic growth, the liberals adopted expansionary welfare policies while the conservatives were more restrictive During a downturn in the economy, however, the ideologies informing the respective parties played much less of a role, as the NDP initiated restrictive policies regarding welfare benefits and eligibility that were later endorsed by the Progressive Conservative Party Provincial social welfare programs: three major social welfare programs administered by the Canadian provinces are Social Assistance, Provincial Tax Credit, and Worker’s Compensation No association between increased poverty reduction and political parties in power Lecture 3: Social Policy Environment Values and Beliefs Social welfare efforts reflect the dominant values and beliefs of society Values and beliefs are hard to change A value is the worth, desirability, and usefulness placed on something and a belief is an opinion or conviction on something A shift in values and beliefs causes a shift in social policy Policy always reflects conflicting values and beliefs Religious Values A large proportion of Canadians identify with established religions The development of social policy can be traced back to values reflected in dominant religions Reflects strong symbolism of charity and concern for the needy Sympathetic attitude and practice toward the poor, and disadvantaged No redistribution or social change Disadvantaged are to be treated with kindness and love but this is a matter of personal sentiments and moral obligation Religious values translated to individual reforms, not social change Social Values Social responsibility= most people believe that society should take care of those who cannot take care of themselves Social citizenship= citizens should also be expected to be involved in society ○ People can get help, but they are expected to give something back to society (eg. workfare) Social justice= an ideal condition in which all elements of society have the same basic rights, protections, opportunities, obligations, benefits ○ Called an ideal condition as it is the goal- we are not there yet ○ Continuing to uncover different issues of injustice and will continue to do so ○ The idea of social justice is always changing depending on the conditions Historical inequities should be acknowledged and addressed Deserving vs Undeserving The difference between who is worthy and who is not is firmly based on individual views of the circumstances that led to the need What is missing from this perspective is the consideration of the cause of the need We can help individuals separately, but you cannot get rid of the social issue completely Personal vs System Failure What is often missing is the impact of social, political, and economic systems on access and opportunity Racism, gender, poverty, education, economics ○ If individual failure, then poverty, family breakdown, mental illness, and child welfare should only be addressed by individual efforts ○ If system (social) issues, then these should be addressed by public interventions  ○ Capitalism and traditional call for individualism ○ Democracy calls for social collective participation ○ This leads to disagreement about approaches to social welfare Individual vs System Change If individual, then a person needs to be changed. If social, then society needs to be changed This conflict shapes the focus of social policy implementation Self-sufficiency vs social support Should we support self-sufficiency or accept ongoing needs addressed by social support? self-sufficiency= individualism Social support= collectivism, no matter why ‘in need’, they deserve support Entitlement vs Handout If entitlement, then social support is right, and people are entitled to some basic standards of living If handouts, then social support is provided by people with the power to those in need as a matter of personal sympathy and charity Stigma? ○ If there is too much stigma, people won’t use the program which allows it to be cut ○ If people don’t use the program, it could lead to worse outcomes including poor health, costing the government more in healthcare costs than the program itself ○ People who qualify to use it, should Sympathy vs Empathy Sympathy= compassion, sorrow for someone’s misfortune, and desire to alleviate suffering Empathy requires the identification of oneself with another. Empathy does not presuppose misfortune as does sympathy The empathetic perspective is larger and takes into consideration the external conditions that contribute to misfortune Since any of us could find ourselves in the same situation as the other, given life event, empathy does not lead to a hierarchy of giver/receiver Sympathy stresses the hierarchy under which those who are more fortunate (givers) help those who are less fortunate (receivers) Social Values Crisis response vs prevention Aid to whom we know vs aid to a stranger Wealth, race, education effect Trust vs Suspicious vs Paternalism Giving people resources involves trust In general, everyone agrees that individuals can make bad choices for themselves, but when they minus given resources provided by others, the givers feel a ‘breach of trust’ Paternalism  Eg. give people food stamps instead of cash, so that they have to spend it on food rather than drugs or alcohol ○ Food stamp is governed by the Department of Agriculture (helping capitalist society) (paternalism) The idea is that people cannot solve their own problems, so we have to do it for them Two Traditions of Social Work Charitable Organization Societies ○ Volunteer/charity work ○ People from higher societies come down to underprivileged communities to show them how to be like them/how to become better off/teach them to behave differently ○ Individual focus ○ The idea that the community, groups, and society as a whole were all good ○ Clinical work Settlement Houses ○ Where people could go and live to better themselves ○ More of a community response ○ Community development ○ Initially for immigrants to get settled Then these two traditions emerged to create social work ○ Clinical and community development work Cause vs Function Cause is the issue on which people take a moral stand or position to improve society The function is a day-to-day effort to provide service focusing on organization, techniques, theories, efficiency, standards, accountability, etc. Social workers should support cause while carrying out their daily duties ○ Cause: Poverty ○ Function: day-to-day efforts to provide services to combat poverty Biological Determinism Biological heredity determines how people behave Survival of the fittest Those at the top because of their inherited ability or better survival skills Ignores environmental, and social surroundings, inequality in opportunities, privileges The 1920s New Biological Determinism Herrnstein and Murray (1994) The bell curve claimed that intelligence is inherited and hence predetermined Antithetical to SW beliefs that people may change, and people affected by the environment Social welfare policies attempt to change the environment so people may grow and change Blaming the Victim William Ryan One variation of the individual responsibility Easier and more comfortable to blame the victim than all of society including ‘us’ If the source of the problems is society, then responsibility can be placed on all members of society Self-interest and class interests Second-order victim blaming Dressel et al., 1995 Explain why SW programs fail Poverty addressed by SA If the program fails, critics accuse the client, not the program If clients fail to show up=noncompliance What is a social work agency that is not accessible by public transit? Culture of Poverty Goes hand in hand with blaming the victim Assets that some people are born poor and choose to socialize to remain poor Poverty is a cultural destiny passed from one generation to another Poverty is a set of attitudes and behaviours=culture The only way to help the poor is to teach them to take on a new culture, the dominant culture Charity Organization Society? The 1960s New Version of Culture of Poverty Wilson (1987) Describes a permanent underclass and the culture of the ghetto With economic isolation and distress, the ghetto produced a unique culture antithetical to the dominant Blame both individual and society Solution: social work programs and economic system must become more sensitive to meet the needs of individuals, while individuals should take more responsibility Industrialization Wilensky and Lebeaux (1965) Life under Feudalism Move to capitalism and industrialization Role of land as a means of production Role of extended family and community Industrialization as an instrument of welfare state construction Cycles of History Schlesinger (1986)  Social welfare development followed cycles of individual and social responsibility Continuing to shift in national involvement between public and private interest During the cycles, each period runs its course and brings change When the public purpose is dominant then sweeping changes are made in a short period of time Requires energy and intense public commitment Period of public interest followed by the period of private interests People focus on privatization/acquisitions Private interest leads to dissatisfaction since privatization is not possible for everyone, especially those in need People begin to feel that the system is not fair and they press again for social responsibility The cycles shift in generations, usually a 30-year cycle Progressive movement- acquisitive period in the 1920s, Great Depression in the 1930s, New Deal in the 1940s, Private Interests in the 1950s, War with Poverty in the 1960s, Reaganomics of the 1980s Social Control Piven and Cloward (1971) Regulating the Poor Social welfare is a tool used by those in power to prevent or quell social unrest and reinforce the employment system Also changes by cycles. In times of unrest, benefits are more generous and longer than in other time Elite Power Theory Domhoff (1990) The nation is dominated by a small capitalist class which is well-connected to those who make policy It is difficult for the poor, minorities, and trade unions to make a change Agrees with social control theory, that changes happen when average people organize to disrupt the system Conditions, reasons, and time which motivate people to disrupt the system vary and cannot be predicted in advance The disruption occurred and may be successful Often disruption is supported by those in power Response to disruption and attempt by the elite to hold their own positions Lecture 4: The Global Social Policy Environment Human Well-Being Poverty Inequality Health status Education status Access to vital services (clean water, adequate housing, internet, etc) Disability status  Social capital Life satisfaction and happiness Well-being, Poverty and Inequality Various definitions and concepts exist for well-being First, it addresses what is typically referred to as poverty, that is, whether someone possesses enough resources or abilities to meet their current needs. This definition is based on a comparison of an individual’s income, consumption, education, clean water, or other attributes with some defined threshold below which individuals are considered as being poor in that particular attribute Second, it focuses on inequality in the distribution of these attributes across the population. This is based on the premise that the relative position of individuals or households in society is an important aspect of their welfare In addition, the overall level of inequality in a country, region, or population group, in terms of these attributes, is in itself also an important summary indicator of the level of well-being in that group Select a Poverty Measure Poverty rate is the share of the population whose income or consumption is below the poverty line If the poverty indicator is monetary, then the poverty rate indicates the share of the population that cannot afford to buy a basic basket of goods If the poverty indicator is non-monetary, then the poverty rate indicates the share of the population that does not reach the defined threshold (for instance, the percentage of the population with less than three years of education) The poverty gap provides information regarding how far off households are from the poverty line Poverty severity takes into account not only the distance separating the poor from the poverty line (the poverty gap) but also the inequality among the poor. That is, a higher weight is placed on that household further away from the poverty line Poverty duration is the time spent in poverty ○ The longer in poverty, the more intense the negative outcomes or you just get used to how life is Vulnerability to poverty or at risk of poverty (how many times moved in and out of poverty) Low-Income Cut-Offs LICO was first published in 1967 and is by established and widely recognized approach to estimating low-income cut-offs In short, a LICO is an income threshold below which a family will likely devote a larger share of its income on the necessities of food, shelter, and clothing than the average Canadian family The approach is essential to estimate an income threshold at which families are expected to spend 20% more than the average family on food, shelter, and clothing ○ According to the most recent Family Expenditures Survey in 1992, the average family spent 43% of its after-tax income on food, shelter, and clothing ○ So, plus 20% = 63% Other Measures Low-Income Measures (LIM) ○ Used for international comparisons of poverty ○ Relative low income is one-half median adjusted income of a country Market Basket Measure (MBM) ○ Absolute measure based on the cost of purchasing a set basket of goods Basic Needs Lines (BNL) Relative vs absolute lines Income Distribution and Inequality Poverty vs inequality: poverty refers to some benchmark (poverty line) and how many people live below it Inequality is concerned with the differences in income distribution between individuals, families, groups, and the like Not income by any attribute, for example, consumption, net worth, assets, education (if you have ever had GRE, GMAT, TOEFL) Quintiles, Quartiles, and the Like Quintile represents one-fifth (20%) of the total number of people being studied The top quintile is the 20% of the population with the highest income The low quintile is the 20% of the population with the lowest income In Canada, the top quintile receives 40% of total income, the bottom quintile receives only 6% Quartiles, deciles, and the like The Gini Coefficient Developed by the Italian statistician Corrado Gini in 1912 Measures the degree of inequality Values range from 0-1 A low Gini coefficient indicates more equal income or wealth distribution, while a high Gini coefficient indicates more unequal distribution ○ 0 corresponds to perfect equality (everyone having exactly the same income) ○ 1 corresponds to perfect inequality (where one person has all the income, while everyone else has zero income) What is Globalization The growing integration of international markets for goods, services, and finance Economic globalization emphasizes free trade and the mobility of capital ○ Free trade agreements (eg. GATT, NAFTA) ○ International organizations (IMF, the World Bank, WTO) Transnational corporations (TNCs or MNCs) Chevron Phillip Morris, Coca-Cola, Roche, GE Main Players of Globalization IMF (International Monetary Fund) World Bank  World Trade Organization (WTO) ○ Created in 1995, deals with the rules of trade between nations ○ Environmental policy- a trade barrier that must be eliminated or changed UN (international bodies) responsible for regulating TNCs are ○ UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD); and ○ Division on Transnational Corporations and Investment (DTCI) UN agencies (eg. UNICEF, UNFP, UNHCR, UNESCO) Own programs and donors Problems with budgeting Non-UN organizations (eg. OECD) Non-government organizations (Save the Children, Oxfam, Habitat for Humanities) Globalization Consequences Diminished role of the state Prioritized deficit reduction and tax cuts over social welfare Weakening of civil society Loss of stable, well-paying jobs, emergence of part-time jobs ○ Opposition: eg. Council of Canadians rail against the social cost of globalization; they’re raising awareness so that citizens can resist it Ideology and Welfare State Types Conservatism Liberalism Social democracy Marxism Residual Institutional Social development Structural