social latitudes and longitudes.pdf

Latitude and | G Longitude—Locating = ‘ Places on the...

Latitude and | G Longitude—Locating = ‘ Places on the Globe | a ts Nie iin § wo: K\ 21C: Communication, Awareness*9 ¢,Mist ©) LEAD IN 5,. Sy “te 4 We have atready learnt about globes. Now, take a globe and turn it till India faces you, Ther, Choose the right answers to the following questions: 1. India lies in this hemisphere | 4. Northern = _ UUNTUEE CNN b. Southern wes «. India lies on this side of the Prime Meridian |a. East b = ! 3. This important line of latitude passes a. Tropic of Cancer |b. Tropic of Capricors ‘ through India | Geographers use various tools to study the 4By Ban the end of this lesson, you will be able f these, , two of the most im | Earth. O POrtant an to: globes and maps. t * explain what a globe is and identify its > main features WHAT IS A GLOBE: * demonstrate how to use one A globe is a three-dimensional scale Model o¢ * define latitude and longitude and discuss thei the Earth (greatly reduced in size, but a tr heir maini features representation). : ue explain the differences between local time, standard time, and UTC e Aglobe is more accurate than a Map, as je * calculate time from longitude follows the curvature of the Earth. * locate a place with the help of the earth e Italso gives grid us the correct shape and size of continents and countries, and shows distances and directions without distortion. © Globes are of different sizes and types. They can be small enough to be carried in pockets, and large enough to occupy a large room. e Globes are useful in many ways. They show us the distribution of land and water bodies on the surface of the Earth, and the shape of continents and countries. They are used for locating places, for planning long-  ance dyetarice seaBet and ay routes ale Hong j the great circles, P and for studying y the the movernents of erie ole, goods, and information across — peop! ie i , 956 the globe, They are also used to determine ’ the pure’ of satellites, points of reference on a globe und an The globe, Ike the Earth, spins aro imaginary line called the axis, The two end th Pole and the roints of che axis are the theNorglob South pole, The axis of e, like that of the Earth, 16 tilted at an angle of 23% degrees (231") €0 the vertical, The South Pole and the North Pole act as reference points to locate places on the globe. ator, runs Another imaginary line called the Equ The Equator around che middle of the globe, the divides the globe into two equal halves, Northern Southern Hemisphere and the Hemisphere. To give the exact location of a place, geographers use a globally recognised coordinate system, formed by intersecting lines of latitude and longitude. LINES OF LATITUDE Lines of latitude are imaginary lines that run horizontally across the sure of the globy They measure the angular distance in degrees, minutes and seconds, ofa point north or south of the Equator.(Lines of latitude are also referred to as parallels. \ s characteristics of parallel » (ines of jatitude run parallel to the Equator, in an east-west direction. However, they ; give the north-south coordinates of a Nort h Pole = 75°N lace a Aree circa 66%4°N 0°N ° fare equidistant from each othen ae » The Equator is the 0° latitude, It ise the longest parallel.(The parallels decrea seth from the Equator in leng to the.poles.\The 90° north and south - parallels are just dots, and represent th Pole |. ~ theNorth Pole and CnySoudot ue respectively. Dol. yee * The parallels are numbered upwards and downwards from the Equator. from 0° at the Equator "They increase to 90° at the poles. e The letters ‘N’ and ‘S’ are used to 3 , _ indicate the north and south parallels, South Pole Tespectively, Hk ap e s ae Lines of latitude or parallel "3 Lhe Q0 an rhe Northern Men, _There Si) bn cearcnu tagetind om rhe Wtre™ Tih. ® xee 1SO dex ees Of Flaptude fa s. : 20 on the Southern sree howe Herc ren Important parallels wen names, The. my aru ?have been given on a Hane *Y are the ¢ Some bnes of lantude are importa Te +. “Qu rabtude), the Tropic- of of Cancer tancer (2 36° N lantu de), the Tropic ateof Capnic Cire orm (230 S No, ‘ (-- ds) and the Antaretic Circle (661° ¢ | , — oe eae N fatinude), ane t©.. * Slane, lantude), the Arctic Circle (607° serature - ea the pempe>ra ‘Zones Of the Earth Ge araliels help differentiate Une TENE rt eee Temperature Zones of the Ea h a (Ne isa i < b's ans,s there ro the tilted nature of the E arth’s ih) seEart cistmbution of heator solar eneryy fanthe ssurface of the ant depenc son orev) a place xgets The€ t of ounnt amammou of heheat (or ; solar en ere re ide nce of the Sun ’s : ray s at that(ha! po;int {he mo inc — ye e a d s\ More oH be be the the he heat receiv ed. direct the rays, the more will , the less will be the he lanting = the rav; s of the Sun 2G Logical reasoning, EL IL Epistemic yg h =. Ss ~ ~ es SUS S& ; 7 Fs ee 5 Do J learn: Let S$s expel - iment Tamper, leMBSG Evidence-based thinking, Obsanan.. “Ott, & é2) peaciealanaaimiaiai = S SOTy SON R) i j ' i fou willwi need a rorch, and a chart paperer for You exp iment. for thisthis exper a Darken the room. Place the chart paper on a table and shine the toreh straight down at ig Ask a classmate to mark the area covered by the beam of light on the chart paper. Now. tik an Sto Nae the torch and cast its light at the same spot on the chart paper. Mark the ar rea Covered by Y thyae St 8 aires beam of light too. - ; ay * What do you observe? Use your observations to aT explain to the class the phenomena of unequal heating of the Earth’s surface. Based on the amount of solar energy received, each hemisphere is divided into three temperature or heat zones—the torrid zone, the temperate zone and the frigid zone. The torrid zone As the Earth revolves around the Sun, due to the North Pole FRIGID DONE tilted nature of the Earth’s axis, the Sun appears to move between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. In the region between the two tropics, the mid-day Sun shines pe rpendicularly overhead at least once a year.(As this zone gets the direct rays of the Sun, it is the hottest one. It is known as the torrid zone or the tropical zone}\No place beyond the tropics gets the direct rays of the Sun) Most of southern India lies in the torrid zone.) The temperat s ‘$y he zone lying between the Tropic of Cancer and So FRIGIO ZONE the Arctic Circle in the Northern Hemisphere, and Temperature zones of the Earth =  a trapic of Caphicorn and eer the Troy ¢ Nand the Antarctic Ctcle in the 4 fe ge ir yned rays of the Sun) These re , are there outhern Hert Esiadeee, at 2, i‘ TOMNEE,} RIONS - veretcy to ‘ ny A Bouse levately heated! friey are pat , yermperate Yes qne egidt 8 as th we Move. towards. the poles, so their ability ie va or ' e Arctic Circle and the North Pole in the ctic Cj 4. " Hemisphere, gets the least solat energy’ -ircle and the South Pole in the a zones oF polar regions) frigid ‘gael rgyliThes y} S e ne are very € regions cold, and are yes OF LONGITUDE North Pole L ec ainary lines that run vertical (The wee surface of the globe rom across ah Pole to the South Pole, \are | a of longitude or meridians) A “ge ca" be defined as the angular B ce,in degrees, minutes, and primememe “tan an |is the 0° longitude Meridi. The rough Greenwich in England. he globe, like it does the garth, into the Eastern and Western pemispheres- characteristics of meridians South Pole nes of longitude run from the North a Lines of longitude Pole to the South Pole and they give the east-west coordinates of a place « Unlike parallels, meridians do not form full circles—they form os ; frre distance between the meridians decreases as you travel towards the | ales from a maximum of about 111 km at the Equator to zero at the poles where the meridians4 meet.). yy : o (The meridians are numbered from the Prime Meridian The lines to the east of the Prime Meridian are numbered from 0 to 179° E longitude, and those on the west numbered from 0 to179° W. The 180° longitude is called neither west nor easter’ are 360 degrees of longitude) is a line that divides + The meridians form Great Circles around the Earth. A Great Circle ‘a sphere into two equal halves. For example, the 0° and 180° meridians form a Great - Circle, and divide the globe into two, Routes that follow Great Circles mark the shortest distance between any two places, so most long-distance flights follow this route. Local time, Standard time and UTC Asthe Earth rotates, the Sun shines directly over each meridian once every day at mid-day _. or noon, This is known as the local time. The local time of a particular place is determined @ ol by the mid-day Sun, Therefore, all places that lie on a meridian haye the ridians passing through them, each with pe : » : : Ary ’ Many countries have several me. (Oe. time. There would be great confusion if each place in country followeg en | Mn) +4 | Its \ f avoid this confusion, most countries follow a ry ard time. The standa country is usually taken as the time of the central meridian of that County The local time of the central meridian of India, 82°30°E, is taken as the Stang ry for the entire country. It is called the Indian Standard Time (IST). The ce a" tim ). passes through Mirzapur near Prayagra| (Allahabad te The standard time of a country can also be used for the purpose of calcular; globally. By convention, many organisations, suen tee he : twenty.fo based on the local time at the 0° longitude; or the Frime -Meridian, Thig ; 5 Cal| inOu hy Universal Time Coordinated or UTC (prior to 1972, the UTC was calleq Greeny tl Time or GMT). - Me. q Calculating time using longitude We can use longitude to calculate time. Let us see how. As the Earth rotates Fro east, the places which are to the east of the Prime Meridi ans are ahead jn time , Sst ty to the west are behind in time. Thus, the Sun rises in Delhi before it does jn Londand thos,. ‘ 4. night in London when it is sunrise in Delhi. Similarly, when the Sun rises In London sti. oe. ’ LY ; ’ H. 0) “4 still night in New York, which lies to the west of London. ritig | I OES ! The Earth completes a rotation every 24 hours, and there are 360° of longitude: SO the AOS ( H Earth rotates through 3609/24 of a circle every hour. This means it takes one hour So ‘ CO ro tate : I through 15°, and 4 minutes to rotate through 1°. { i Therefore, the difference in time between each succeeding degree of longitude, say for U i example, 30° and 31° longitude, is 4 minutes. We can use this information to calculate tha j ! ' time in a place or the longitude of a place. ‘2 ( j Let us calculate the time in (a) New York and in (b) Tokyo when its 10:00 a.m. in Mumbaj._ ] ' (Mumbai lies at roughly 73° E longitude, New York at 74° W, and Tokyo at 140°E) ‘ 1 ! I I 74° W 0° Prime 73° E 140° E New York Meridian Mumbai Tokyo 1 i 1 i { i J A J H ! ' ' i Behind Ahead of | j Mumbai in time Mumbai in time 4 4 | | ; ! J t ¢ The difference in longitude between Mumbai and New York is 73° + 74° = 147°. (Si J New York lies to the west of the Prime Meridian, and Mumbai to the east of the P 1 { Meridian, we have to add the longitude of the two places.) ae., then the E/W.  % ae THE EARTH GRID intersect The parallels and meridians d called the at right angles to form a gri grid. It is Earth grid or the geographic used to find the exact location of any place on the Earth's surface. The location of a place is given by a pair of coordinates—the values of the lines E of latitude and longitude that intersect at that point. The latitude Is always mentioned first. For example, New Orleans is located at 30°N, 90°W, that is where the 30°N latitude crosses the 90°W longitude. Inters ; ecting lines Of laatit longitude that form the Earth : Srid ae me =. =. - i { e globe: a spherical (round) scale model of the Earth ( ( e scale model: a physical representation ofan object that is similar in shape to the obj l ( much smaller than it lec, ( t coordinates: (here) a set of numbers used to indicate the exact position of a place ! t Equator: 0° latitude; an imaginary line that divides the Earth into the Northern a F ' ! Southern hemispheres Mth ! e Prime Meridian: 0° longitude; an imaginary line that passes through Greenwich and { diyMie l the Earth into the Eastern and the Western hemispheres \ a ~ese en en I Nene.... e | Create a 4-tab Foldable to help you revise the main points covered in this lesson 1 | A rough guideline for this lesson is given here. The words in maroon will appear on th Use short phrases to note down the main points within each key concept.. i} ! i ! e What is a globe?: Definition—Points of reference on a globe—lines of latitude and 1 longitude : 1 1 e Lines of latitude: Definition—Characteristics of parallels—Important paral ee Temperature zones of the Earth Hehe ] i} e Lines of longitude: Definition—Characteristics of mendiant peal time, standard time, 1 and UTC—Calculating time using longitude—Worldwigettime e zones—The Ine i i Date Line : i | e The Earth grid: Definition—Locating places using the. Earthgid | While you create the foldable, highlight topics or concepts you feel you have not inde ' fully. You could ask either a friend or your teacher to explain the concept once more.