Sociology Chapter 1-3 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of sociology?

  • To analyze individual behaviors in isolation
  • To understand and address social issues and social change (correct)
  • To develop economic theories
  • To predict individual life outcomes based on genetics

Which theoretical perspective emphasizes competition for power and resources?

  • Conflict theory (correct)
  • Structural functionalism
  • Symbolic interactionism
  • Postmodernism

What method of sociological research involves observing people in their natural environment?

  • Experiments
  • Surveys
  • Content analysis
  • Participant observation (correct)

Which of the following is NOT one of the seven social institutions identified in sociology?

<p>Art (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of sociological imagination primarily concerned with?

<p>Connecting personal experiences to broader social patterns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a micro-level perspective in sociology?

<p>Focus on individuals and their daily interactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are empirical statements characterized by?

<p>Being fact-based and provable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes operationalization in sociological research?

<p>The process of defining a concept to make it measurable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the practice of labeling individuals as deviant to maintain the power of dominant groups?

<p>Labeling Theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a caste system?

<p>Fluid social structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theoretical perspective asserts that inequality incentivizes individuals to fulfill roles that society needs?

<p>Structural Functionalism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of gender socialization, which of the following is true?

<p>It begins at birth and is learned through various societal institutions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do moral entrepreneurs primarily seek to achieve?

<p>Changing norms to align with their moral worldview (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main critique of the meritocracy concept?

<p>It fails to address gender wage disparities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes structural mobility?

<p>Upward or downward mobility for entire groups due to societal changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do conflict theorists view economic inequality?

<p>As a result of power dynamics and class struggles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do gender scripts refer to in the context of socialization?

<p>Expectations for appropriate behaviors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the nuclear family?

<p>Parents and children related by genetics, marriage, or choice (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the pay disparity between men and women?

<p>Women typically earn 80-83 cents for every dollar earned by men (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do conflict theorists view the family?

<p>As a site of competition and inequality over resources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a trend observed in modern marriage and family structures?

<p>More adults living alone or with roommates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes racism?

<p>A system of oppression maintained by cultural and institutional dynamics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the social contract represent in society?

<p>A mutual understanding between citizens to relinquish some rights for protection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly characterizes the structural functionalist perspective on family?

<p>Families provide stability, regulate behavior, and socialize members (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do structural functionalists believe about the education system?

<p>It transmits culture and knowledge slowly and rigidly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is ethnicity primarily defined?

<p>Through cultural markers of difference and shared elements of life (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is identified as the strongest predictor of educational success?

<p>Socioeconomic status (SES) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory posits that power is concentrated in the hands of a small elite group?

<p>Elite Theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about colorblind ideology?

<p>It ignores the reality of racial disparities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is preschool enrollment in the US under-enrolled?

<p>Preschool programs are too expensive for many families (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does discrimination refer to in a sociological context?

<p>The unlawful and unfair treatment of members of a specific group (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What demographic trend is observed regarding gender and caretaking responsibilities?

<p>Men are taking on significantly more child care responsibilities over time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines material culture?

<p>Artifacts and leisure goods (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes norms within a culture?

<p>Expectations for behavior learned through observation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does family play in socialization?

<p>First and most influential agent of socialization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the relativist perspective define deviance?

<p>Deviance is determined by culture and social constructs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does cultural capital encompass?

<p>Education, style, appearance, and speech (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a total institution?

<p>A military base (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to structural functionalism, what is the societal role of crime and deviance?

<p>Act as normal and necessary aspects of society (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes subcultures from larger cultures?

<p>Have unique norms, values, and practices while accepting some mainstream values (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of medical sociology?

<p>Sociologists who study health and illness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the fundamental cause theory argue?

<p>Socioeconomic status is the most important factor explaining health disparities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a social determinant of health?

<p>Access to education and its quality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the healthcare system in the US?

<p>Approximately 50% of people receive insurance through employment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'overshoot' refer to in environmental sociology?

<p>Utilizing resources beyond the Earth's regenerative capacity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern of climate justice?

<p>Linking climate change with global inequalities in its creation and impact (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines medicalization?

<p>The recognition of conditions as medical issues that were previously viewed differently (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Environmental racism refers to which of the following?

<p>The disproportionate impact of environmental hazards on minority groups (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is Sociology?

The scientific study of how individuals both shape and are shaped by society. It aims to understand and address social issues and social change.

What is Sociological Imagination?

The ability to connect personal experiences to patterns in society, understanding the relationship between individuals and their social context.

Individualistic Perspective

Claims that people succeed or fail solely based on their own individual efforts, ignoring the role of social structures and factors.

Two core commitments of Sociology

The combination of using the sociological eye to observe social patterns and taking action to challenge these patterns.

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What is Sociological Theory?

A set of ideas that helps us understand and explain social patterns.

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What is Structural Functionalism?

A theory that emphasizes the interconnectedness of society, with its interdependent parts working together to maintain stability.

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What is Conflict Theory?

A theory that highlights the competition for power and resources within society, emphasizing inequality and conflict.

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What is Symbolic Interactionism?

A theory that focuses on how individuals create and maintain society through shared symbols and interactions.

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What is culture?

Shared characteristics that make a group distinct from others.

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What is material culture?

Physical objects and possessions that represent a culture, such as clothing, art, food, and technology.

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What is nonmaterial culture?

Abstract ideas and values that guide a culture's behavior, such as beliefs, norms, and language.

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What are norms?

Expected behaviors and social rules within a culture, learned through observation and interaction.

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What are beliefs?

What a society believes to be true, regardless of whether it is factually correct.

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What are values?

What a society values, deems important, and finds desirable.

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What are subcultures?

Groups within a larger culture that share distinct norms, values, beliefs, and practices.

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What is cultural capital?

Knowledge, skills, and behaviors that demonstrate competence and belonging within a culture.

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Labeling Theory

A theory that explains how social interactions and labels influence individuals' behavior, leading them to identify as deviant and act accordingly.

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Moral Entrepreneurs

Groups or individuals who actively promote their own moral values and seek to impose them on society.

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Income

The money earned from various sources, including wages, investments, and social security benefits.

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Wealth

The total value of assets, including savings, property, and investments, owned by an individual or group.

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Structural Functionalist view on Inequality

A theoretical perspective that argues economic inequality is beneficial because it motivates individuals to work harder and contribute to society.

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Meritocracy

A system in which social positions and rewards are determined by a person's abilities and achievements.

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Caste System

A social system where there is little or no social mobility, and individuals are assigned social roles based on their birth into a specific caste.

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Structural Mobility

Changes in the socioeconomic structure of a society that lead to upward or downward mobility for a whole class or group of people.

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Gender Scripts

Expectations about appropriate behaviors for different genders.

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Elite Theory

The idea that power is concentrated in the hands of a small, elite group, often with ties to corporations, politics, and the military.

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Stereotypes

Predetermined ideas about a group of people that are often inaccurate and lead to prejudice.

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Racism

A system of oppression based on racial hierarchy that manifests through historical, cultural, institutional, and interpersonal factors.

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Colorblind ideology

The belief that race should be ignored, despite ongoing racial disparities in areas like healthcare, education, and housing.

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Race

A social construct that defines individuals based on perceived physical markers, such as skin color, hair, and facial features.

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Ethnicity

Cultural markers that differentiate groups of people, often including shared characteristics like language, traditions, and customs.

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Discrimination

Unfair treatment of individuals based on their membership in a particular group.

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Economic Elite Dominance

The power of the wealthy to control the economy, leading to their dominance in society.

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Structural Functionalist View of Leaders

The role of leaders in society is to balance competing interests of citizens to create stability.

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Pluralism

A theory within Structural Functionalism that sees politics as a battleground where interest groups compete for power and influence.

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Nuclear Family

A typical family unit consisting of parents and their children. It represents the most basic core of interconnected individuals.

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Institutionalization of the Family

The process of establishing and solidifying family structures through laws, policies and social practices. It reflects how society views and regulates families.

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Sandwich Generation

The middle-aged generation tasked with caring for both their own children and their aging parents.

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Conflict Theory and Family

This perspective views family as a site of inequality where resource competition and reinforced gender disparities occur.

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Structural Functionalism and Family

This theory focuses on how families contribute to the stability and harmony of society by socializing individuals and promoting social order.

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What is medical sociology?

The study of how health and illness are shaped by social factors, such as social inequalities, cultural beliefs, and the healthcare system.

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What is medicalization?

The process by which conditions or behaviors that were previously not considered medical come to be defined as medical problems, requiring treatment or intervention.

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What is fundamental cause theory?

A theory that argues that socioeconomic status is a fundamental cause of health disparities, as it influences access to resources that promote health.

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What are the social determinants of health?

Conditions in the environments where people live, learn, work, play, and age that influence health, functioning, and quality of life.

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What is sustainability?

The ability of a social-economic system to function within the ecological constraints of the Earth, ensuring resources are used sustainably for future generations.

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What is ecological footprint?

A measure that represents the amount of productive land and water area required to provide the resources a person or population consumes and to absorb their waste.

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What is overshoot?

The state of using resources at a rate faster than the Earth's ability to replenish them, leading to environmental degradation and resource depletion.

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What is environmental racism?

The pattern of environmental hazards disproportionately affecting racial and ethnic minority groups. It highlights the intersection of environmental issues and social inequalities.

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Study Notes

Chapter 1: Sociology

  • Sociology is the scientific study of how individuals shape and are shaped by society
  • Its goal is to understand and address social issues and social change
  • Sociological imagination connects personal experiences to broader social patterns and relationships between individuals and society
  • Individualistic perspective asserts that success or failure depends entirely on individual efforts
  • Sociology is committed to observing social patterns and taking action to challenge those patterns

Chapter 2: Theory

  • Sociological theory helps understand social patterns
  • Structural functionalism (Durkheim) views society as interdependent parts working together
  • The function of society depends on interdependent parts working together

Chapter 3: Research

  • Empirical statements are fact-based and provable
  • Normative statements are opinions
  • Data is any meaningful piece of information, like facts, statistics, quotes, and images
  • Research methods include surveys, interviews, observation (including participant observation), and experiments

Chapter 4: Culture

  • Culture is a way of life for a particular group of people, distinct from other groups through shared characteristics
  • Material culture includes artifacts and leisure goods
  • Nonmaterial culture includes norms, values, beliefs, symbols, and language
  • Norms are expectations for behavior learned through observation and interaction
  • Values are what a society deems desirable and important
  • Subcultures are groups within a larger culture with unique norms, values, and practices
  • Cultural capital refers to knowledge, behaviors, skills demonstrating cultural competence

Chapter 5: Socialization

  • Socialization is how people learn societal norms and expectations
  • It's part of social reproduction, passing culture through generations
  • Agents of socialization include family, school, peers, and media
  • Total institutions, like military or prisons, have highly structured environments with closed systems

Chapter 6: Deviance

  • Deviance includes behaviors, conditions, or beliefs that violate cultural norms and have stigmatizing connotations
  • Deviance is socially constructed
  • Types include statistical deviance, legalistic deviance (crime), and normative deviance

Chapter 7: Economic Inequality

  • Income is earnings from employment, investments, or social security
  • Wealth encompasses assets, savings, property
  • Structural functionalism views inequality as a motivator for work. Meritocracy is the belief that those with talent will rise to the top
  • Conflict theory views inequality as a result of power, competition, and control of resources

Chapter 8: Gender

  • Sex refers to biological traits and gender is a social construct reflecting cultural and social meanings
  • Gender socialization is the process of learning societal expectations and norms about gender roles
  • Symbolic interactionism views gender as socially constructed through interaction
  • Conflict theory examines how gender influences access to resources

Chapter 9: Race

  • Ethnicity refers to cultural markers of difference, shared elements of life, and is socially constructed
  • Race refers to visible physical markers of difference, like color, hair, and facial features, and is socially constructed
  • Prejudice involves irrational feelings about a group without collecting information and discrimination leads to unfair treatment toward a group

Chapter 10: CJS

  • Incarceration rates vary across the world
  • Power exercise is community supported. Authority and legitimacy are concepts discussed in the relationship between the community and the state. Social contract is an agreement
  • Conflict theory describes the state as a tool for the dominant elite

Chapter 11: Family

  • Nuclear families consist of parents and children
  • Family structures are institutionalized through interaction, laws, and practices
  • Trends in marriage and divorce have shifted over time
  • Symbolic interactionism and conflict theory provide different perspectives on family structures and their impact on society

Chapter 12: Education

  • Education transmits culture, history, knowledge, and skills
  • Education is slow to adapt to societal changes, shaped by roles, rules, and routines
  • Socioeconomic status (SES) and funding inequalities affect educational outcomes
  • Factors influencing educational success include socioeconomic status and school funding

Chapter 13: Health

  • Medical sociology studies health, illness, and health disparities
  • Social determinants of health affect access to resources
  • Medicalization is the process of conditions becoming viewed as medical issues, rather than natural or moral failings

Chapter 14: Environmental Sociology

  • Environmental sociology studies the interaction between social and natural systems
  • Sustainability is the ability of social-economic systems to operate within Earth's ecological limits
  • Ecological footprint measures resource consumption

Chapter 15: Social Movements

  • Social movements are collective efforts to achieve social change
  • Types of movements include alternative, redemptive, reformative, and revolutionary
  • Civil disobedience is a tactic where people break laws to protest injustice

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