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UCSP S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | SEM 1 QUARTERLY EXAM REVIEWER about society. 1.0 ANTHROPOLOGY - To critically study the nature of humanity....
UCSP S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | SEM 1 QUARTERLY EXAM REVIEWER about society. 1.0 ANTHROPOLOGY - To critically study the nature of humanity. - To appreciate all things are interdependent with each other. The study of humanity - To broaden our familiarity with sociological The study of humankind facts. Ex. Human origin, globalization, social change - To expose our minds to the different and world history perspectives on attaining the truth. 1.1 GOALS OF ANTHROPOLOGY 2.2 AREAS OF SOCIOLOGY - Discover what makes people different from one another. Social Organization - Discover what all people have in common. - study of social institutions, social - Look at one’s own culture more objectively like inequality, social mobility, religious an outsider. groups, and bureaucracy. - Produce new knowledge and new theories. Social Psychology - focuses on the study of human nature 1.2 AREAS OF ANTHROPOLOGY and its emphasis on social processes as they affect individuals or responses Cultural Anthropology which are called "social stimuli". - study of living people and their cultures Applied Sociology - concerned with the specific intent of Linguistic Anthropology yielding practical applications for - study of communication mainly human behavior and organizations. among humans The goal of it is to assist in resolving social problems through the use of Biological Anthropology sociological research. - a.k.a. “physical anthropology” , study of humans as biological organisms Population Studies - This area includes size, growth, Archaeology demographic characteristics, - study of past human cultures through composition, migration, changes, and their material remains quality vis-à-vis economic, political, and social systems. 2.0 SOCIOLOGY Human Ecology - It pertains to the study of the effects Latin: Socius - associate of various social organizations Greek: Logos - study of knowledge (religious organizations, political institutions etc.) to the population's - Systematic study of groups and societies behavior. - Focuses on various social corrections institutions organization. Sociological Theory and Research - Gather social input. - It focuses on the discovery of - Studies human civilization theoretical tools, methods, and - Auguste Comte (Father of Sociology) techniques to scientifically explain a - Study of groups and societies that people particular sociological issue. build and how these affect their behavior Social Change 2.1 GOALS OF SOCIOLOGY - It studies factors that cause social organization and social disorganization like calamity, drug - To obtain possible theories and principles abuse, drastic and gradual social CHRISTIA BIGLETE UCSP Q1 REVIEWER PAGE 1 @wonrika UCSP S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | SEM 1 QUARTERLY EXAM REVIEWER change, health and welfare problems, are the elements political instability, unemployment and underemployment, child and women's issues, etc. 3.3 NATION 3.0 POLITICAL SCIENCE A group of people who are bound together through history, customs, value, language, culture, tradition, art, and religion. Politics - Greek: Polis means city/state The art and science of governing city/state. 4.0 ANTHROPOLOGICAL & SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON The social process or strategy in any position CULTURE & SOCIETY of control. Deals with the study of government and political processes, institutions, and behaviors. Concepts of society and culture A study of the complex behavior of various Aspects of culture political actors such as the government Orienting administration, opposition, and subjects 4.1 ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES 3.1 FUNCTIONS OF POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS Cultural Diffusionism - Asserts that culture originates from one more Enact law, ordinances, and rules designed to culture center, which are results of borrowed promote safety, health, peace and order, and elements of the new culture. morals of the community. - Example: Filipino culture is influenced by Levy and regulate taxes. Western civilization brought by the Support education program. colonization of Western countries i.e. Spain. Administer justice. Promote physical, economic, social, and Historical Particularism cultural wellbeing of the people. - Believes that each group of people has its own Preserve the internal and external autonomy of unique culture influenced by its history, the state. geography, and environment. Administer foreign and diplomatic relations. - Example: Filipino people are influenced by superstitious beliefs, which originate from their ancestors. 3.2 GOVERNMENT Anthropological Functionalism - Believes that cultural elements and practices The will of the state is formulated, expressed are interrelated and interdependent and persist and carried out. because they have a purpose. Tasked to impose social control. - Example: Filipinos’ actions are influenced Governs a community or unit. strongly by their religion. Administer Branches of Government Anthropological Structuralism - Legislative - Cultural phenomena and practices have a - Executive relationship to one another. - Judicial - Example: Father and Son; Husband andWife 3.3 STATE Unilineal Evolutionism - States that new cultural forms emerge from the past to pass through similar stages of A compulsory political organization with a development. centralized government that maintains a - Example: from Animism to Monotheism i.e. monopoly on the legitimate use of force within Roman Catholic or Islam a certain geographical territory. Government, people, territory, and sovereignty CHRISTIA BIGLETE UCSP Q1 REVIEWER PAGE 2 @wonrika UCSP S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | SEM 1 QUARTERLY EXAM REVIEWER Cultural Materialism A complex whole which encompasses beliefs, - Culture is influenced by technology resources, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, etc. artifacts, symbols, knowledge, and everything - Example: Pork is prohibited in the Muslim Diet. that a person learns and shares as a member of society 4.2 SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES Anthropological and Sociological Perspectives on Culture Functionalism - Baliao & Parcon (2011) states that culture, in - Views society as an organized network anthropological perspective, is a unique cooperating groups operating orderly to character of every human society which generally accepted norms. includes how we think, act, and what we own. - Example: To be able to produce more - Banaag (2012) implies that culture, in productive graduates in the community, the sociological perspective, is viewed as the government must pour money into education. imprint made by people. Conflict Perspective. Aspects of culture: Characteristics of Culture - Sees the social environment in continuous 1. Shared & contested. struggle which is in contrast with 2. Learned through socialization or enculturation functionalism. 3. Patterned social interactions - Example: Rich versus poor 4. Integrated and at times unstable 5. Transmitted through socialization /enculturation. Symbolic Interactionism 6. Requires language and other forms of - Deals with patterns of behaviors in large units. communication of society such as organization, communities. 7. Dynamic, flexible and adaptive. - Example: Why does an individual in the community avoid eye contact when talking to Material/Tangible – ex. tools, weapons, a stranger? instruments Non Material/Intangible – ex. beliefs, Evolutionism perception, and traditions - Explains how human groups came or exist, grow, and develop. 1. Artifacts - Objects made by human beings, - Example: Before people use telephones to either hand-made or mass produced. communicate with one another, now with the 2. Arts and Recreation - Arts, Music, Drama and advancement of technology, many of us use Literatures, Games and Sports, and Use of cellphones as a means of communication. Leisure Time. 3. Clothes - The people usually wear them in the community. 4.3 SOCIETY 4. Customs and Traditions - The things we do 5. Food - The staple food that the people in the Latin word - Societas: companion /associate community often eat. 6. Government - The one that implement rules, it refers to all people, collectively regarded as keep peace and order, and address conflicts in constituting a community of related the community interdependent individuals living in a particular 7. Knowledge - The psychological result of place. perception,learning, and reasoning it refers to a population of people that is 8. Language - The mental faculty or power of organized in a cooperative manner and a vocal communication population that occupies the same territory. 9. Religion - A strong belief in a supernatural power that control human destiny 10. Shelter - A structure that provides privacy and 4.4 CULTURE protection from danger 11. Tools - Objects used to improve the individual's taste, inclination, and interest in performance of a task the "fine arts". 12. Values - The morals that we live by being civilized CHRISTIA BIGLETE UCSP Q1 REVIEWER PAGE 3 @wonrika UCSP S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | SEM 1 QUARTERLY EXAM REVIEWER Political institutions are very rudimentary. They are so small that they did not develop 4.5 ORIENTATION IN VIEWING OTHER political mechanisms. CULTURES Individuals are hardly free to do whatever they want and are restricted by several elements of As Banaag (2012) explains, in cultural social control such as blood revenge, group relativism, culture only has meaning when pressure, ostracism or banishment, and fear of taken into context. This means, it is wrong to the supernatural. compare, apply, and/or judge one’s own culture from another culture. Basis of their explanations are animistic. Example: A cultural relativist would say that the - Animism is the belief that spirits inhabit Japanese think they are the smartest people because virtually everything in the world of nature that’s their standpoint. 5.2 HORTICULTURAL & PASTORAL SOCIETY 1. Ethnocentrism - the perception of one’s own culture as superior compared to other cultures. 2 Types of society developed about 10,000 - Example: Filipinos are outstanding workers all BCE: Horticultural and Pastoral Society. around the world. Permanent settlements were established though there’s still a division of work between 2. Xenocentrism men and women. - the perception of one’s own culture as inferior Women's status declined as men took the lead compared to other cultures. in most areas of these early societies. - Example: Philippines is only a Third World country Horticultural Society - use a hoe and other simple hand tools to raise crops. 5.0 SOCIETAL EVOLUTION - Less nomadic, as they can keep growing their crops in the same location for some time. - Wealth stems from the amount of land a family 5.1 HUNTING & GATHERING SOCIETY owns. Families with more land are more wealthy and powerful. From the beginnings of human life until about 10,000 BCE Pastoral Society People were nomads. - Others raise and herd animals like sheep, They depend on the local environment which goats, camels, and other domesticated includes hunting or trapping wild animals, animals and use them as their major source of fishing, gathering shellfish, insects, and wild food and, depending on the animal, as a plant foods such as fruits, vegetables, tubers, means of transportation. seeds, and nuts. - Tends to be somewhat nomadic, as they often They move from one place to another for their must move to find better grazing land for their resources. animals. - They often produce excess food that allows Types of kinship group: them to trade with other societies. 1. Nuclear Families -> includes a man, his wife or - Families with more animals are wealthier and wives, and their unmarried children. more powerful. 2. Extended Families -> contains multiple nuclear families linked by a part-child relationship. It Both societies often manage to produce a encourages sharing and serves as a welfare surplus of food from vegetable or animal institution. sources, which allows them to trade with other societies. Men hunt animals. Larger population size often reaching several Women gather fruits, berries, and other hundred members. edibles. Their wealth, and more specifically their Simple tools were developed such as spears differences in wealth, lead to disputes and and axes made from bone, wood, and stone. even fighting over land and animals, resulting CHRISTIA BIGLETE UCSP Q1 REVIEWER PAGE 4 @wonrika UCSP S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | SEM 1 QUARTERLY EXAM REVIEWER in a more aggressive society. The first machines were powered by steam and water, then electricity became the main 5.3 AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY source of power. developed some 5,000 years ago in the Middle Positive Consequences Negative Consequences East through the invention of the plow. The plow allowed much more cultivation of - technological advances - there is a rise and crops. improved people’s health and growth of large cities and The wheel was also invented about the same expanded their life spans. concentrated time then written language and numbers poverty and degrading began to be used. - greater emphasis in this conditions in these cities. Ancient Egypt (Nile River), Iraq (Mesopotamia: society on individualism, Tigris Euphrates), China (Yellow River), Greece, and people in these societies - urbanization changed and Rome were all types of this community, as typically enjoy greater the character of social life well as India (Indus River). They created a political freedom than those by creating a more simple calendar to keep track of planting and in older societies. impersonal and less harvesting. traditional Gesellschaft Produce so much food. Lead to extensive - have lower economic and society. trade, both within the society itself and with gender inequality than other societies. previous societies. - It also led to riots and Become quite large with their numbers, other urban violence sometimes reaching into the millions. - People do have a greater that, among other things, Unprecedented inequality, exemplified in the chance to pull themselves up helped fuel the appearance for the first time of peasants, rise of the modern police people who work on the land of rich force and forced factory landowners. owners to improve workplace conditions. Their greater size and inequality also produce more conflict. - these societies 1. Internal Conflict – rich landowners consume most of the struggle with each other for even world’s resources, pollute greater wealth and power, and the environment peasants sometimes engage in revolts to an unprecedented 2. External Conflict - the governments of degree, and compiled these societies seek other markets for nuclear arsenals that trade and greater wealth. could undo thousands of years of human society in Gender Inequality became very pronounced in an instant. this society. - Men do more physical labor, they have acquired greater power over women. 5.5 POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY - Women are often pregnant in these societies because large families provide more bodies to work in the information age, as wireless technology vies fields and thus more income. with machines and factories as the basis for - This society is much more likely to our economy believe that men should dominate more service jobs, ranging from women. housecleaning to secretarial work to repairing computers. Cell phone, computer, and software companies 5.4 INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY are dominant industries. This process has raised unemployment in emerged in the 1700s as the development of cities, many of whose residents lack the machines and then factories replaced the plow college education and other training needed in and other agricultural equipment as the the information sector. primary mode of production. There is a need for higher education so that CHRISTIA BIGLETE UCSP Q1 REVIEWER PAGE 5 @wonrika UCSP S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | SEM 1 QUARTERLY EXAM REVIEWER factory work does not require advanced This perception of Mead led him into the idea training. that out of social interaction, a sense of self people must pursue greater education and emerges, which is composed of two (2) parts: there is a shift in workplace from cities to i.e. the “Me” and the “I.” homes wherein new communications - “Me” represents the perceptions of technology allows work to be performed from what other people think of us a variety of locations. - “I” is the independent, spontaneous, and unpredictable side of ourselves. 6.0 BECOMING A MEMBER OF SOCIETY 7.0 AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION 6.1 ENCULTURATION/SOCIALIZATION Family - has a major impact on us. Each one lays down transformed into a more knowledgeable and our basic sense of self, forming our initial cooperative member of the society motivations, values, and beliefs. a lifelong process that starts at birth and ends at death. School Can acquire a sense of who they are and - a primary agent of socialization. Schools were where they belong. able to contribute to self-development by exposing us to people who are not our Personality relatives, thus exposing us to new attitudes, - refers to individual differences and values, and ways of looking at the world. characteristic patterns of thinking , feeling and behaving. Peers / peer group - can ease the transition from adolescence to Identity adult responsibilities for it offers young people - Is how someone sees themselves an identity that supports some independence - is what others mostly remember of him/her from their families. Nature Mass Media - refers to the biological/ genetic - in the form of television, has become the predispositions that impact one's human primary source of information about the world, traits. thus enabling us to view a wide range of role models and occupations. Nurture - Describes the influence of learning and other Workplace “environmental” factors on these traits. - allows us to learn to behave properly within an occupation, at the same time, indicates that one has passed out adolescence stage 6.2 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ENCULTURATION/SOCIALIZATION 8.0 CONFORMITY & DEVIANCE 1. Looking Glass Self Theory Conformity - Proposed by Charles Horton Cooley - the act of exhibiting the same as the behavior - states that a person’s sense of self is derived of most other people in a society, group, etc. from the perception of others as we perceive ourselves on how other people think of us. Deviance - the recognized violation of cultural norms. 2. Role-taking Theory - Proposed by George Herbert Mead Forms of Deviance - The development of social awareness is traced 1. Innovation to our early social interaction. We learn more - rejecting the use of socially accepted means ways of drawing out desired behavior from to achieve success. others. - Examples: theft, burglary, embezzlement, etc. CHRISTIA BIGLETE UCSP Q1 REVIEWER PAGE 6 @wonrika UCSP S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | SEM 1 QUARTERLY EXAM REVIEWER legal human rights mechanisms can have real 2. Ritualism meaning, which is why the concept has held, - rejecting the importance of success goals but and continues to hold, a central place in the continue to toil as conscientious and diligent international human rights framework. workers. - Examples: A teacher goes to class without any Human Rights concern for his students. - inherent to all human beings, whatever our An employee who goes to work without any nationality, place of residence, sex, national or concern for the quality of his work. ethnic origin, color, religion, language, or any other status. 3. Retreatism - It is not a privilege. It is something that can be - Withdrawal from society and does not care taken away at someone’s whim. They are about success. “rights” because they are things you are - Examples: alcoholics, drug addicts, gambler allowed to be, do, or have. These rights are there for your protection against people who 4. Rebellion might want to harm or hurt you. - Attempts to change the goals and means of - When human rights are not well-known or society. made known to people, abuses such as - Examples: terrorists, leftist, guerrillas discrimination, intolerance, injustice, oppression, and slavery can arise. - Born out of the atrocities and enormous loss of 8.1 SOCIAL CONTROL life during World War II, the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights was refers to the set of means to ensure that signed in 1948 to provide a common people generally behave in expected and understanding of what everyone’s rights are. It approved ways. forms the basis for a world built on freedom, justice, and peace. 1. Internal Social Control - refers to the socialization process that The Common Good developed within the individual as we do - served as the moral justification of most social things when we know it is the right thing to systems—and of all tyrannies—in history. The do. degree of a society’s enslavement or freedom - Example: People will not kill for they know it’s corresponded to the degree to which that tribal wrong. slogan was invoked or ignored. It is also referred to the public interest. 2. External Social Control - an undefined and undefinable concept. It is a - refers to social sanctions or the system of meaningless concept, unless taken literally, in rewards and punishments designated to which case, it's only possible meaning is – the encourage desired behavior. sum of the good of all the individual men - Example: Giving high grades to students who involved. evidently study hard. - It is tacitly assumed, in such cases, that “the Imprisonment for those who do crimes. common good” means “the good of the majority” as against the minority or the individual. 9.0 HUMAN DIGNITY, HUMAN RIGHTS, & THE COMMON GOOD 10.0 HOW SOCIETY IS ORGANIZED Human Dignity - can’t be taken away CLASSIFICATIONS OF SOCIAL GROUPS - Catholic Social Teaching states that each person has value, is worthy of great respect, and must be free from slavery, manipulation, 10.1 STRUCTURE and exploitation. - the basis of fundamental human rights. 1. Primary group - It is at the heart of human identity. Without - conduct themselves informally, interact dignity none of the protections of the various spontaneously, sympathetically to one another, CHRISTIA BIGLETE UCSP Q1 REVIEWER PAGE 7 @wonrika UCSP S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | SEM 1 QUARTERLY EXAM REVIEWER and enjoy each other's company. It engages on a personal level of intimate relationship and 10.4 PURPOSE strong bonds of association, and emotional attachment. 1. Interest groups - formed for the purpose of protecting and 2. Secondary group promoting the trade, interests, and well-being - members conduct themselves according to of its members. role expectation and treat each other with acknowledgement to status and degree of 2. Pressure groups acquaintance. It engages in transactional - from the private sector of society that are relationships for pursuit, facilitation, and formed to influence the public's views. attainment of goals. 3. Task groups Examples: - constitute a pool of workers labor force, or - Primary Group: Family, Couple, Church performers following a chain of command for - Secondary Group: Co-workers Officemates, the purpose of completing a task. Sports Teammates, Committee Examples: - Interest Group - Guilds, Art Clubs, Labor 10.2 ORGANIZATION Unions, etc. - Pressure Group - Militant Group. Advocacy 1. Formal group group, etc. - intentionally formed and planned for carrying - Task Group - Production Team, Sports Team, out specific purposes. Orchestra, etc. 2.Informal group - formed unplanned and spontaneously 10.5 PERSPECTIVES established out of random association and interaction. As cited by Banaag (2012), Sociologist William G. Summer introduced the concept of Examples: in-group and out-group. - Formal Group: Student Organizations, Professional Associations, Religious Orders, 1. In-group etc - members have a sense of loyalty, camaraderie, - Informal Groups: Peer Group, Dating Group, and solidarity. Non-members are considered Study Group, etc. "outsiders", "the others", or "strangers." 2. Out-group 10.3 MEMBERSHIP - one is perceived to be apart from the others. They are often perceived as odd and 1. Open group indifferent. - Membership is open for everyone. 3. Minority groups 2. Closed group - relatively less dominant in terms of its size, - is exclusive to a selected number of persons status, or degree of influence. either by quota or qualifications. 4. Reference group Examples: - one is not necessarily a member but they - Open Group: Clubs, Public Forums, etc. serve a comparative basis for self-evaluation. - Closed Group: School exclusive for Girls, Political Party, etc. Examples: - Minority Group: Ethnic Groups - Reference Group: Goths, Rockers, Socialites, etc CHRISTIA BIGLETE UCSP Q1 REVIEWER PAGE 8 @wonrika
