Characteristics, Processes, and Ethics of Research PDF

# Characteristics, Processes and Ethics of Research ## Learning Objective Describes the characteristics, processes and ethics of research. ## Characteristics - Empirical - Systematic - Controlled - Analytical - Objective - Original work - Replicability ### Empirical Research is based on direct ex...

# Characteristics, Processes and Ethics of Research ## Learning Objective Describes the characteristics, processes and ethics of research. ## Characteristics - Empirical - Systematic - Controlled - Analytical - Objective - Original work - Replicability ### Empirical Research is based on direct experiences or observations by the researcher. ### Systematic Research is based on valid procedures and principles. ### Objective/Logical - As a researcher, your research must be unbiased and logical. - All findings must be logically based on empirical data which are based on real-life situations. ### Controlled In research, all variables are kept constant, except those that are tested/experimented on. ### Analytical Data gathered must be analyzed critically so that there is no error in coming up with interpretations. ### Critical Research exhibits careful and precise judgment. ### Cyclical Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends with a problem. ### Original Work Research requires effort to get at the researcher's own investigation and produce the data needed to complete the study. ### Replicability The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results. ## Learning Task 1: Yes or No! 1. Research starts with a problem and always ends with an answer. 2. Research utilizes proven logical processes in gathering the data. 3. Research replicates to arrive at valid and conclusive results. 4. Research is conducted in an organized manner with bias. 5. Research utilizes historical and experimental procedures. 6. Research is said to be critical if it exhibits cautious judgment. 7. Research is based on invalid procedures and principles. 8. Research is not based on observation by the researcher. 9. The research process begins with a very broad idea of a topic. 10. The purpose of research is not to inform action. ## Research Process The Research Process can be displayed as both a flowchart and a cyclical diagram: **Flowchart** ``` DEFINE REVIEW THE RESEARCH LITERATURE FORMULATE HYPOTHESIS DESIGN COLLECT RESEARCH DATA PROBLEM DEFINE INTERPRET ANALYZE RESEARCH AND REPORT DATA PROBLEM ``` **Cyclical Diagram** A diagram showing the steps of the Research Process in a cycle is displayed but cannot be recreated here. ## Learning Task 2: FB (Follow and Build) Time! **Directions**: Follow each process on the cycle below and build your own mnemonic device for you to easily remember the research process cycle. **Process | Your idea(s) /note(s) | Term(s) to be used** _A table is displayed but cannot be recreated here_ **My mnemonic device to easily remember the research cycle is**___ ## Which among the processes is the easiest step in a research? Why? ## How about the most difficult? Why? # Ethics in Research - **Honesty**. Strive for honesty in all scientific communications. Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data. Do not deceive colleagues, research sponsors, or the public. - **Objectivity**. Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research. - **Integrity**. Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and action. - **Carefulness**. Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your own work and the work of your peers. Keep good records of research activities. - **Openness**. Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Share your findings especially to your informants/respondents. - **Intellectual Property**. Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. Give proper acknowledgement or credit for all contributions to research. Never plagiarize. - **Confidentiality**. Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets and patient records. - **Responsible Publication**. Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to advance just your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication. - **Legality**. Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental policies. - **Non-Discrimination**. Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors not related to scientific competence and integrity. - **Human Subjects Protection**. When conducting research on human subjects, minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy; take special precautions with vulnerable populations; and strive to distribute the benefits and burdens of research fairly. # Concept Check 1. What is the practice of protecting participants' personal identities and answers by ensuring their responses cannot be linked back to them? - a. Anonymity - b. Confidentiality - c. Privacy - d. Legality 2. Adopting ethical principles in research means: - a. Avoiding harm to participants - b. The researcher is anonymous. - c. Deception is only used when necessary - d. Selected informants give their consent 3. Why is it important that personal data about research participants are kept within secure, confidential records? - a. So that the participants cannot find out what has been written about them. - b. In case individuals, places, or organizations can be harmed through identification or disclosure of personal information. - c. So that government officials, teachers, and other people in authority can have easy access to the data. - d. None of the above