Medical Terminology-Lecture (4) - PDF

New Mansoura University Faculty of Pharmacy Pharm D Program ___________________________________________________________________________ pharmacy orientation & medical terminology By...

New Mansoura University Faculty of Pharmacy Pharm D Program ___________________________________________________________________________ pharmacy orientation & medical terminology By Dr. Manar Gamal, Ph.D Assistant Professor of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of pharmacy- Mansoura university Lecture 4  Clinical Aspects of the Cardiovascular System Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis: Root ather/o means "porridge" or "gruel.“ -The development of fatty, fibrous patches (plaques) in the lining of arteries, causing narrowing of the lumen and hardening of the vessel wall. -The most common form of arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). Ischemia: Local deficiency of blood supply caused by obstruction of the circulation. Dyslipidemia: Disorder in serum lipid levels, which is an important factor in development of atherosclerosis. Includes hyperlipidemia (high lipids), hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol), hypertriglyceridemia (high triglycerides).  Aneurysm Aneurysm: A localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery. -caused by weakness of the vessel wall: may eventually burst Dissecting aneurysm: An aneurysm in which blood enters the arterial wall and separates the layers. Usually involves the aorta.  Blood pressure - is the force exerted by blood against the wall of a blood vessel. It is commonly measured in a large artery with an inflatable cuff known a sphygmomanometer. -Both systolic and diastolic pressures are measured and reported as systolic then diastolic separated by a slash, such as 120/80. -Pressure is expressed as millimeters of mercury (mm Hg), that is, the height to which the pressure can push a column of mercury in a tube. -Blood pressure is a valuable diagnostic measurement that is easily obtained.  Blood pressure defects Hypertension: A condition of higher-than-normal blood pressure. It is defined as a systolic pressure greater than 140 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure greater than 90 mm Hg Hypotension: A condition of lower-than-normal blood pressure  Heart Disease Coronary artery Coronary Myocardial Artery infarction (Ml) disease (CAD) Disease A disease results from atherosclerosis of the Angina pectoris Localized necrosis (death) of vessels that supply cardiac muscle tissue resulting from A feeling of constriction blood to the heart around the heart or pain blockage or narrowing of the muscle, is a leading that may radiate to the left cause of death in coronary artery that supplies that arm or shoulder, usually industrialized countries brought on by exertion; area. Myocardial infarction is caused by insufficient blood supply to the heart usually caused by formation of a thrombus (clot) in a vessel. 6  Heart Disease Arrhythmia Tachycardia Arrhythmia Any abnormality in the rate or An abnormally Bradycardia rhythm of the rapid heart rate, heartbeat. Also A slow heart rate usually over 100 called of less than 60 beats per minute dysrhythmia. beats per minute 7  Heart Disease Heart Failure Shock Heart failure A condition caused by the inability of the heart Circulatory failure(sudden drop in blood flow to maintain adequate circulation of blood through the body) resulting in inadequate Edema: swelling of body tissue caused by the blood supply to the heart. presence of fluids. Cardiogenic shock Cyanosis: bluish discoloration of the skin caused hypovolemic shock by lack of oxygen septic shock syncope (fainting): temporary loss of consciousness caused by inadequate blood flow to the brain 8  Disorders of the Veins Varicose vein: (root varic/o) A twisted and swollen vein resulting from breakdown of the valves. Pooling of blood, and chronic dilatation of the vessel; also called varix or varicosity. Hemorrhoid: A varicose vein in the rectum Phlebitis: Inflammation of a vein Thrombophlebitis: Inflammation of a vein associated with formation of a blood clot. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT): Thrombophlebitis involving the deep veins 10  Diagnosis Coronary angiography Radiographic study of the coronary arteries after introduction of an opaque dye by means of a catheter. Echocardiography A noninvasive method that uses ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures  Diagnosis Electrocardiography (ECG) Study of the electrical activity of the heart as detected by electrodes (leads) placed on the surface of the body. Also abbreviated EKG from the German electrocardiography.  Diagnosis Cardiac catheterization Passage of a catheter into the heart through a vessel to inject a contrast medium for imaging, diagnosing abnormalities, obtaining samples, or measuring pressure.  Treatment and Surgical Procedures Angioplasty: A procedure that reopens a narrowed vessel and restores blood flow. Commonly accomplished by surgically removing plaque, inflating a balloon within the vessel, or installing a device (stent) to keep the vessel open. 16  Treatment and Surgical Procedures Stent: A small metal device in the shape of a coil or slotted tube that is placed inside an artery to keep the vessel open after balloon angioplasty. 18  Treatment and Surgical Procedures Atherectomy: Removal of atheromatous plaque from the lining of a vessel. May be done by open surgery or through the lumen of the vessel. 19  Treatment and Surgical Procedures Coronary artery-Bypass graft: (CABG) Surgical creation of a shunt to bypass a blocked coronary artery. The aorta is connected to a point past the obstruction with another vessel or a piece of another vessel, usually the saphenous vein of the leg or the left internal mammary artery 20  Treatment and Surgical Procedures Artificial pacemaker: A battery-operated device that generates electrical impulses to regulate the beating of the heart 21  Medications Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitor: A drug that lowers blood pressure by blocking the formation in the blood of angiotensin II, a substance that normally acts to increase blood pressure Angiotensin II receptor Antagonist: A drug that blocks tissue receptors for angiotensin II Antiarrhythmic agent: A drug that regulates the rate and rhythm of the heartbeat Beta-adrenergic Blocking agent: Drug that decreases the rate and strength of heart contractions Digitalis: A drug that slows and strengthens heart muscle contractions  Medications Hypolipidemic agent: Drug that lowers serum cholesterol Statins: Drugs that act to lower lipids in the blood. The drug names end with -statin, such as lovastatin, pravastatin, atorvastatin. Nitroglycerin: A drug used in the treatment of angina pectoris to dilate coronary vessels Streptokinase (SK): An enzyme used to dissolve blood clots Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA): A drug used to dissolve blood clots. It activates production of a substance (plasmin) in the blood that normally dissolves clots. Vasodilators: A drug that widens blood vessels and improves blood flow  New Mansoura University Faculty of Pharmacy Pharm D Program ___________________________________________________________________________ pharmacy orientation & medical terminology By Dr. Manar Gamal, Ph.D Assistant Professor of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of pharmacy- Mansoura university Part 2  4. Governmental pharmacist  As pharmacist in pharmacy departments in Ministry of Health or general authority for health services which has the following responsibilities: -Registration of new drug product and re-registration of present drug product. - Licensure to new graduate pharmacist and to non-national pharmacist. - Licensure to pharmacies and pharmaceutical companies. - Establish and monitor the drug policies.  5. Industrial pharmacist  The practice of pharmacy in the pharmaceutical industry, which includes companies that research, manufacture, or sell medicines.  Industrial pharmacy offers opportunities to pharmacists of all educational levels.  The pharmacist may hold a position in: Drug information Quality control and quality assurance Research and development (R&D) Clinical trial & post-marketing surveillance Manufacture and production Management Production and quality control supervisory positions in the industrial plant are often held by pharmacists with bachelor’s degrees in scientific research.  6. Sales and marketing pharmacist  The pharmacist is involved in this activity by law. The promotion activity includes: Regular visits to physician and pharmacist to give presentation on the advantages of a product. Marketing studies, design of promotional aids, participation in conferences.  7. Academic field  Pharmacists in academic field engage in many activities such as: Education: Pharmaceutical education offer opportunities to pharmacists with an advanced degree in any of the professional specialties. They work as teachers in colleges and universities. Research  8. Military pharmacist  Military pharmacy offers opportunities to pharmacists to serve as officer in the army.  Pharmacists are responsible for: 1. Manufacture of generic products 2. Distribute drugs to military areas and hospitals 3. Dispense drugs to personnel working in the army. 4. Counseling patients on the correct use of their medications. 5. Processing prescriptions. 6. Providing pharmacy information to health care team.  9. Pharmacist in poison control center  As medication specialists, pharmacists may be involved in direct patient care associated with toxicologic emergencies.  They also may play a vital role with work at poison control centers through triaging calls, developing, or assisting with the development of specific protocols and policies for local hospitals, and educating the public about preventing poisonings and accidental ingestions.  However, regardless of setting, pharmacists can engage the public in education regarding safe medication practices.  9. Pharmacist in poison control center  10. Pharmacist in Drug information center (DIC)  Drug information is defined as the knowledge of facts acquired through reading, study, or practical experience concerning any chemical substance intended for use in diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of disease.  Drug information is the provision of written and/or verbal information about drugs and drug therapy in response to a request from other healthcare providing organizations, committees, patients, and public community.  It is the service that encompasses the activities of specially trained individuals to provide accurate, unbiased, factual information, primarily in response to patient-oriented problems occurred from the healthcare teams.  10. Pharmacist in Drug information center  Role of clinical pharmacist in drug information center: 1. Communicates information about the services available. 2. Responds to queries accordingly to the degree of urgency. 3. Maintains a documented system for recording details of the query & enquirer. 4. Maintains documents for recording various responses to queries. 5. Records the queries & their response references. 6. Stores drug information service documents. 7. Ensures the service is evaluated at regular intervals. 8. Seeks regular feedback from users to ensure that the drug information service has been provided in a timely and satisfactory manner. 9. Perform quality assurance of the information which has provided for improved quality of service. Drug information center  11. Forensic pharmacist  are pharmacists who specialize in legal cases.  combine the science of pharmaceutical drug research with criminal justice and legal practice.  engage in work relating to litigation, the regulatory process, and the criminal justice system.  may be called upon to testify about the side effects of a drug, or they may perform research to determine the effect that a drug had in a person's death.  Forensic labs are often called in to identify unknown powders, liquids and pills that may be illicit drugs. 11. Forensic pharmacist