SIKOLOHIYANG-PILIPINO-REVIEWER.pdf

Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino Psychology)  The approach is one of ‘‘indigenization from within’’ whereby the theoretical framework and methodology emerge from the experiences of the people from the indigenous culture.  It is based on assessing historical and socio-cultural rea...

Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino Psychology)  The approach is one of ‘‘indigenization from within’’ whereby the theoretical framework and methodology emerge from the experiences of the people from the indigenous culture.  It is based on assessing historical and socio-cultural realities, understanding the local language, unraveling Filipino characteristics, and explaining them through the eyes of the native Filipino.  Anchored on Filipino thought and experience as understood from a Filipino perspective (Enriquez, 1975).  The most important aspect of this definition is the Filipino Orientation.  Later defined as ‘‘The Study of Diwa” (psyche). Which in Filipino directly refers to the wealth of ideas referred to by the philosophical concept of ‘essence’ and an entire range of psychological concepts from awareness to motives to behavior’’.  The Principal Emphasis is to foster national identity and consciousness, social involvement, and psychology of language and culture.  the Scientific Study of Psychology derived from the experience, ideas, and cultural orientation of Filipinos. Early Beginnings (1970s)  Virgilio Gaspar Enriquez  Embarked on a research into the historical and cultural roots of Philippine Psychology with Dr. Alfredo V. Lagmay  Produced a two-volume bibliography on Filipino psychology and a locally developed personality test, Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao (Measure of Character and Personality) - utilized dimensions of personality that are relevant to Filipinos. Major Characteristics  Identity and national consciousness  It’s against a psychology that perpetuates colonial status of the Filipino  It is concerned with both science and humanistic approaches  Psychological practice in a Philippine context  It also maintains mentalism-behaviorism approach  It is not inconsistent with a universal psychology. Development of Indigenous Concepts and Theories  There is a good deal of literature on the Filipino personality which has become available.  The Filipino personality is a popular area of study of many foreign scholars who came to the Philippines. Rethinking of Filipino Values  Enriquez was critical of this approach.  He encouraged Filipino scholars to take a second look at these values using a Filipino orientation. The Core Values 1. Core Value or Kapwa  Shared Identity (Shared Inner Self - The other person is also yourself)  treat one another as equal.   Humaneness at the Highest Level - Core of Filipino Psychology TWO CATEGORIES:  IBANG TAO / OUTSIDER  MakiTUNGO - Courtesy / Civility  MakiSALAMUHA - Mixing  MakiLAHOK – Joining  MakiBAGAY – Adapting  MakiSAMA - Getting along with/united  HINDI IBANG TAO / ONE-OF-US  MakiPAGPALAGAYANG LOOB – Rapport or mutual trust  MakiSANGKOT – Involvement or joining others  MakiISA - Oneness, unity with 2. Pivotal Interpersonal Value/ Pakiramdam  Shared Inner Perception  Knowing Through Feeling or Tacit Knowing; Participatory Sensitivity  To feel or to be sensitive to  A unique social skill inherent in Filipino personhood.  There is ‘‘hesitation to react, attention to subtle cues and non-verbal behavior in mental role-playing” 3. Linking Socio-personal Value/ Kagandahang Loob  Shared Humanity 4. Accomodative Surface Values  Hiya / Shame  Andres (1994) an ingredient in why Filipinos overspend during fiestas in order to please their visitors, even to the extent of going into debt.  Bonifacio (1976) different meanings of the word hiya depending on its form  Nakakahiya (embarrassing)  Napahiya (placed in an awkward position)  Ikinahiya (be embarrassed with someone)  Mahiyain (shy)  kahihiyan (sense of propriety, or embarrassment)  Utang na Loob / Norm of Reciprocity  Kaut (1961) “debt of gratitude’’  Andres (1994) ”the principle of reciprocity incurred when an individual helps another.  Hollnsteiner (1961) recipient of the favor is forced to show his gratitude properly by returning the favor with interest.  It also maintains mentalism-behaviorism approach  Context of Filipino culture “gratitude or solidarity’’  Beautiful element of Filipino interpersonal relationships that binds a person to his or her home community or home country.  Pakikisama & Pakikipagkapwa/ Smooth Internal Relationship (SIR)  Lynch (1961, 1973) a ‘‘smooth interpersonal relations’’ by going along with the group or the majority decision, conformity. 5. Confrontative Surface Values  Bahala na / Fatalistic Passiveness  Bostrom (1968) comparing it with American fatalism  Thomas Andres - filipino attitude that makes him accept sufferings and problems, leaving everything to God.  Lagmay (1977) not ‘‘fatalism’’ but ‘‘determination and risktaking’’.  no exact English translation.  ready to face the difficult situation before them, and will do their best to achieve their objectives  Bahala na - determination  Sama ng loob – resentment  Lakas ng loob - guts  Pakikibaka - resistance 6. Societal Values  Karangalan or Dignity  Katarungan or Justice  Kalayaan or Freedom Internality and Externality Components of Filipino Personality  Puri  refers to honor which is physical, such as that bestowed through compliments or applauses for a good performance, thus external  Dangal  refers to honor from within – knowledge of one’s true worth, character, achievement and success. OTHER EXAMPLES:  saya and ligaya – happiness  pigil and timpi – control  dama and damdam – feel Development of Indigenous Personality Measures  tests were developed to measure a wide variety of Filipino characteristics  Enriquez, together with PPRH, developed the PUP (Measure of Character and Personality) in 1975.  doing studies on the Filipino child and the Filipino adolescent.  Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao (PUP) (Measure of Character and Personality)  utilized dimensions of personality that are relevant to Filipinos.  Cipres-Ortega and Guanzon-Lapeňa (1997)  Documented and organized the information on both published and unpublished work 1970s  tests developed in creativity, self- perception, personality and vocational testing 1980s  increased interest in personality testing, with a number of researchers doing studies on the Filipino child and the Filipino adolescent. 1990s  tests were developed to measure a wide variety of Filipino characteristics Development of Indigenous Research Methods  Carlos Santiago  did a study on pagkalalaki (masculinity/maleness/manhood)  This study was to be the turning point in Philippine social research  Pakapa-kapa (groping) approach was first introduced. Five Basic Guiding Principles 1. The level of interaction or relationship that exists between the researcher and the researched significantly determines the quality of the data obtained in the research process  levels of interaction are Ibang-Tao (Outsider) at Hindi- Ibang- Tao (One-of-us).  first level under Hindi-Ibang-Tao (Pakikipagpalagayang-loob) should be reached in order to be assured of good quality data. 2. Research participants should always be treated as equal fellow human being and not like a ‘‘guinea pig’’ 3. The welfare of the participants take precedence over the data obtained from them. 4. The method to be used should be chosen on the basis of appropriateness to the population (and not sophistication of the method) and should be made to adapt to existing cultural norms. 5. The language of the people should be the language of research at all times. Areas of Applications of Sikolohiyang Pilipino 1. Teaching, research, conferences, symposium 2. The work of Bulatao (techniques in therapy) for Filipino personality 3. Providing psychological help to children in different circumstances. 4. Feminist psychology 5. In industry (marketing of specific products) and understanding consumer behavior. Towards Universal Psychology through Indigenization  Universal psychology  Psychology of industrialized and developed countries of the West.  Aims to be a science comparable to that of the natural sciences, thus approximating the laws of universality. 2 Types of Indigenization 1. Indigenization from Without  transport psych theories/concepts/methods, and modify to fit to local cultural context. 2. Indigenization from Within  culture as source of knowledge to come up with cross-cultural knowledge. UNIVERSALITY OF SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO SIKOPIL  generate its own set of hypotheses, theories, and body of knowledge. Articulation and clarification of new concepts and methods. New Set of Principles  Diversity – from experiences & particularities of various countries and cultures.  Equality - respects equally valid, important & relevant & do not to impose its ideas to others. Limits of Western Concepts & Methods 1. The need for innovation 2. Applicability   SIKOPIL from Movement to an Academic Discipline Principal emphasis in psychology  Identity and national consciousness  Social awareness and involvement  Psychology of language and culture  Applications & bases of Filipino psychology Primary Areas of Protests of Sikolohiyang Pilipino It is against  perpetuates the colonial status of the Filipino mind  exploitation of the masses  the imposition of psychologies developed in foreign countries Positions of Sikolohiyang Pilipino  On Psychological Practice  concerned with folk practices  indigenous techniques of healing  popular religio-political movements  On Science – Humanism issue  (serving the interest of all mankind)  study of psychological phenomena  utilizing such for the purpose of serving the interest of all mankind  affording protection to the disadvantaged  On Mentalism - Behaviorism issue  uses both phenomenological & behavioristic concepts  greater emphasis on the collective experience  On Analysis – Wholeness Issue  interprets the result of analysis with a bias for wholeness SIKOPIL is a “Taong-Bahay”  Sikolohiyang Pilipino can be a metaphor  difference between tao sa bahay (person in the house) and taong-bahay (house person). Ethnic Psychology Native Psychological Thought  Indigenous Psychology  kinagisnan and katutubong sikolohiya.  Psychology of Filipinos  perceived ethnic traits, as observed by foreigners or as felt and expressed by Filipinos.  The Practice of Psychology by Filipinos  techniques of enculturation, socialization. ETHNIC PSYCHOLOGY  Kinagisnang Sikolohiya  subconscious psychology imbedded  (one has been born into; unaware)  Example: kaluluwa at ginhawa  Katutubong Sikolohiya  psychology worked out by Filipinos with indigenous elements as basis  (innate to the Filipino) Example:  Kartilya of the Katipunan  Jose Rizal  Hermano Pule  Isabelo de los Reyes. Katutubong Sikolohiya and Kinagisnang sikolohiya constitute Katutubong sikolohiya  Psychology of Filipinos  Based on mainly Western system of thought Example  Spanish: Pigafetta’s quite objective observation of the Filipinos in the Visayas (impressed by them)  American: Worcester’s view of the Filipinos as distinct ethnic groups different from one another as Christian and non-Christian (pagans and Moros).  Practice of psychology by Filipinos: A.) Indigenous Techniques of Enculturation/ Socialization  myths for social control, or as affected by Christianity or Islam. B.) Proto-clinical Practice  tagapayo, manghuhula  ancient techniques of group therapy Psycho-Medical System: religion as cohesive element and explanation. (1565) Babaylan or Catalonan techniques of healing; disease theory, causation, therapy. (1650) Messianic movements (1730) Herbolaryo (1900) Espiritista FILIPINO PSCYHOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE  Filipino Language  a tool for identifying/rediscovering indigenous concepts  Enriquez does his theorizing in Filipino and does his writing in Pilipino  a heuristic device, a discovery procedure  (ENRIQUEZ) has a rich vocabulary of feeling and sentiment. LANGUAGE  Heuristic Tool  provided the instrument to refine the tools of research so as to discover categories and subcategories which would be lost to a Western English-speaking researcher Methods: Ethnography, Language Analysis, Semantics, Introspection THE PHILIPPINE LINGUA FRANCA  The use and propagation of a language based on the Manila lingua franca  Manila being the seat of government, the business hub, melting pot, center of history. Thinking and Language 1.) Interdependence of knowledge & language,  thinking process cannot work independently of language 2. Language is not a neutral system of signs nor is it value-free  partisan to the values, perspectives, and rules of cognition of a particular class or society Language, History, and Socio-Economic-Cultural Life 1.) Shape the thinking and language of a people, giving distinctive meanings and value judgments to their words. 2.) Genuine vehicle of the innermost thoughts and intimate feelings of a people Psychological Concepts and Human Behavior  formation of Psychological Concepts is the important stage in the entire process of understanding human behavior.  These concepts lay the foundation for the formation of indigenous psychological theories and models of analysis. Development of Technical Terminology in Filipino Psychology  System of affixation in the Filipino language  The meaning changes because of the use of affixes  (suffixes, prefixes, infixes, postfixes)  paki, mang, mapa, ika, ipang, ma, ka, maka  Direct Borrowing (saling-angkat)  Surface Assimilation (saling-paimbabaw)  Grammatical Translation (saling-panggramatika)  Loan Translation (saling-hiram)  Parallel Translation (salitang-tapat)  Indigenous - concept oriented translation  Amalgamated translation (salitang sanib) CATEGORIZATION OF WORDS AND CONCEPTS  Foreign concepts (konseptong banyaga)  Superficial assimilation - (paimbabaw na asimilasyon)  Labeling (pagbibinyag)  Semantic indigenization (pag-aandukha)  Indigenous concepts (katutubong konsepto)