Chapter-2-Psychodynamic-Approach.pdf

Bachelor of Science in Psychology Psych Elec_ Theories of Personality Course Facilitator: Kaiza L. Caballero, RPm, LPT Course Description: A survey of the major theories of personality and the t...

Bachelor of Science in Psychology Psych Elec_ Theories of Personality Course Facilitator: Kaiza L. Caballero, RPm, LPT Course Description: A survey of the major theories of personality and the theoretical and practical issues involved in the scientific field and understanding of personality formation and dynamics. Course Outcome: Apply and understand the major facets personality theory in understanding human behavior. Chapter 2: Psychodynamic Approach Lesson 1: Psychoanalytic Theory of Sigmund Freud Learning Objectives At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to: explain the key concepts of Freudian theory, including the levels of mental life and the provinces of the mind; analyze the significance of psychosexual stages in personality development according to Freud; and demonstrate understanding of defense mechanisms and their role in protecting the ego. Introduction In 1884, a young and ambitious physician named Sigmund Freud believed he had discovered a miraculous drug, cocaine, with various beneficial properties. After successful trials on patients and himself, he extolled its virtues in a pamphlet but neglected to complete experiments on its analgesic value. Freud's delay in research led to a colleague completing the experiments and gaining recognition for the drug's benefits, showcasing the early history of cocaine's use and Freud's involvement in its exploration. Biography of Sigmund Freud Birth and Early Life Born on March 6 or May 6, 1856, in Freiberg, Moravia (now part of the Czech Republic). Firstborn child of Jacob and Amalie Nathanson Freud. Moved to Vienna in early childhood. Education and Career Studied medicine at the University of Vienna. Explored hypnosis and psychoanalysis. Founded the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society in 1908. Published "Interpretation of Dreams" in 1899. Personal Life and Challenges Had strained relationships with colleagues like Breuer, Adler, and Jung. Faced professional isolation and personal crises in the late 1890s. Suffered from self-doubts and depression in midlife. Contributions and Legacy KCP-CTELA-BSPsych-Theories of Personality Kaiza L. Caballero, RPm, LPT June 18, 2024 Rev 00  Developed psychoanalysis and introduced free association technique. Explored the role of sexuality and aggression in human behavior. Known for his intense intellectual curiosity and exceptional writing skills. Final Years and Views Passed away in 1939 in London. Held a somewhat irrational dislike for America and Americans. Freud's legacy continues to influence psychology and modern thought. Let’s Try This Activity 1: Free Association Ice Breaker Instructions 1. Form a circle with all 45 participants. 2. Choose a volunteer to start. 3. The volunteer will say a word out loud (e.g., "apple"). 4. The person next to them must quickly say the first word that comes to mind related to "apple" (e.g., "fruit"). 5. Continue around the circle with each person saying the first word that comes to mind related to the previous word. 6. Encourage participants to respond quickly without overthinking. 7. Repeat the process until everyone has had a turn. 8. In a ¼ sheet of paper explain what is the meaning behind the word that you mentioned during the activity Discussion Questions 1. How did you feel when you had to respond quickly to the word association? 2. Did you notice any patterns or connections between the words mentioned? 3. How did this exercise help you think on your feet and be creative? Keep in Mind Levels of Mental Life Freud's key contribution to personality theory is his study of the unconscious and his belief that individuals are primarily driven by motives of which they have limited awareness. He categorizes mental life into two main levels: the unconscious and the conscious. Within the unconscious, there are two distinct levels - the unconscious proper and the preconscious. These three levels are utilized in Freudian psychology to describe both a process and a theoretical location, despite not having a physical presence in the body. Freud discussed both the unconscious itself and unconscious processes. Unconscious The unconscious mind contains drives, urges, and instincts that influence our thoughts and actions without our awareness. Sigmund Freud believed in the existence of the unconscious, which can be indirectly proven through dreams, slips of the tongue, and repression. Unconscious processes often enter consciousness in disguised forms to avoid censorship. Freud also proposed the concept of phylogenetic endowment, inherited unconscious images from our ancestors. Unconscious drives can manifest in consciousness through transformations, such as expressing hidden urges through teasing or joking. The unconscious mind is active and influences behavior, sometimes leading to indirect expressions of emotions like hostility disguised as exaggerated affection. Preconscious The preconscious level of the mind, according to Freud, consists of elements that are not currently conscious but can easily or with some effort become conscious. Contents in the preconscious originate from two main sources. Firstly, conscious perceptions briefly stay in consciousness before shifting to the preconscious when attention moves to something else. These ideas, moving between consciousness and the preconscious, are typically free from anxiety and closely resemble conscious thoughts rather than unconscious desires. Secondly, preconscious images also stem from the KCP-CTELA-BSPsych-Theories of Personality Kaiza L. Caballero, RPm, LPT June 18, 2024 Rev 00  unconscious. Freud suggested that ideas can bypass the censor and enter the preconscious in a disguised manner. Some of these remain in the preconscious without becoming fully conscious to prevent anxiety escalation. Others may enter consciousness but in a disguised form through dreams, slips of the tongue, or defensive mechanisms. Consciousness in Psychoanalytic Theory Consciousness is a key aspect in psychoanalytic theory, defined as the mental elements present in awareness at a specific moment. It is the level of mental life that we can directly access. Ideas enter consciousness through two pathways: the perceptual conscious system, which perceives external stimuli from the outer world, and from within the mental structure, including nonthreatening ideas from the preconscious and disguised images from the unconscious. These images, once in the preconscious, may manifest as distorted defensive behaviors or dream elements in consciousness. Freud likened the unconscious to a chaotic entrance hall where diverse individuals strive to move into a smaller, guarded reception room. The guard, representing the primary censor, prevents undesirables (unconscious images) from entering the reception room (preconscious), ensuring that only select elements reach the important guest (consciousness) behind a screen (final censor). This analogy illustrates the intricate dynamics of the mind in processing different levels of awareness and the role of censorship in shaping our conscious experiences. Provinces of the Mind Freud's initial topographic model of the mind focused on the conflict between conscious and unconscious forces for almost two decades. In the 1920s, he introduced a three-part structural model which included das Es (id), das Ich (ego), and das Uber-Ich (superego). These divisions helped Freud explain mental images based on their functions. The id represents the most primitive part of the mind, the ego is the "I," and the superego is the "over-I." While these provinces are hypothetical constructs without physical existence, they interact with the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious components of mental life. The ego spans different topographic levels, the superego is preconscious and unconscious, and the id is entirely KCP-CTELA-BSPsych-Theories of Personality Kaiza L. Caballero, RPm, LPT June 18, 2024 Rev 00 unconscious. The relationship between the provinces of the mind and the levels of mental life is depicted in Figure above. The Id The id, a core part of personality, operates unconsciously and is driven by the pleasure principle, constantly seeking to satisfy basic desires without regard for reality. Freud likened a newborn infant to an id, as it seeks gratification without restrictions from the ego and superego. The id is unrealistic, pleasure-seeking, illogical, and amoral, harboring opposing desires simultaneously. It remains unchanged by experiences, holding onto childhood wish impulses for decades. The id is primitive, chaotic, unchangeable, and filled with energy from basic drives. It operates through the primary process, necessitating the development of a secondary process by the ego to connect with the external world. The Ego The ego is a crucial part of the mind that develops from the id in infancy and serves as the link to the external world. Governed by the reality principle, it balances the demands of the pleasure-seeking id and the moralistic superego. The ego operates on conscious, preconscious, and unconscious levels, influencing decision-making. It strives to reconcile conflicting demands while facing anxiety and utilizing defense mechanisms like repression. As individuals mature, the ego gains more control over the id but remains dependent on it for energy. The development of the ego involves learning from parental rewards and punishments, leading to the formation of the superego around the age of 5 or 6. The Superego In Freudian psychology, the superego, also known as the above-I, embodies the moral and ideal components of one's personality. It operates based on moralistic and idealistic principles, contrasting with the pleasure-seeking id and the reality-driven ego. Unlike the ego, the superego does not possess its own energy and is a product of the ego. However, a key distinction is that the superego lacks a connection to the external world, leading to unrealistic expectations for perfection according to Freud (1923/1961a). The superego consists of two main parts: the conscience and the ego-ideal. While Freud did not clearly define these functions, the conscience typically forms from experiences of punishment for wrong actions, guiding us on what not to do. In contrast, the ego-ideal emerges from experiences of being rewarded for correct behavior, influencing what we should strive to do. Initially, a basic conscience develops as a child adheres to parental rules out of fear of losing love or approval. As the child progresses through the Oedipal stage of development, these standards become internalized through identification with parental figures A well-developed superego acts to control sexual and aggressive impulses through the process of repression. It cannot produce repressions by itself, but it can order the ego to do so. The superego watches closely over the ego, judging its actions and intentions. Guilt is the result when the ego acts—or even intends to act—contrary to the moral standards of the superego. Feelings of inferiority arise when the ego is unable to meet the superego’s standards of perfection. Guilt, then, is a function of the conscience, whereas inferiority feelings stem from the ego-ideal (Freud, 1933/1964) Relationship among Id, Ego, and Superego KCP-CTELA-BSPsych-Theories of Personality Kaiza L. Caballero, RPm, LPT June 18, 2024 Rev 00 The superego, unlike the ego, aims for perfection without considering the challenges the ego faces in fulfilling its demands. While some of its demands are achievable, it often overlooks the practicality of its requirements, similar to how parents' expectations may sometimes be unrealistic. Freud noted that the boundaries between the mind's regions are fluid, with individuals varying in the development of these divisions. In some, the superego remains stagnant after childhood, while in others, it dominates, leading to feelings of guilt and inferiority. Alternatively, the ego and superego may alternate control, causing mood swings and self-esteem fluctuations. In a healthy individual, the id and superego harmoniously integrate with the ego, minimizing conflicts. Three hypothetical persons illustrate these dynamics: the first, with a dominant id and weak ego, constantly seeks pleasure without restraint; the second, with a strong superego and weak ego, experiences inner conflicts; and the third, with a balanced ego incorporating both id and superego demands, demonstrates psychological health and control over impulses and morality. Dynamics of Personality Personality is not just about the structure or composition of the mind but also about what it does. According to Freud, there is a dynamic or motivational principle behind people's actions. This principle explains the driving forces that lead individuals to seek pleasure and alleviate tension and anxiety. Freud believed that this motivation stems from the psychical and physical energy generated by their fundamental drives. Drives In psychology, Freud introduced the concept of drives, using the German word "Trieb" to describe internal stimuli or impulses within individuals. While Freud's translators initially referred to this as instinct, a more accurate translation would be "drive" or "impulse." Drives function as a constant motivational force that distinguishes them from external stimuli which can be avoided through flight. Freud categorized drives into two main groups: sex (Eros) and aggression (Thanatos), both originating in the id but controlled by the ego. Each drive possesses its unique form of psychic energy, with libido representing the sex drive while the aggressive drive's energy remains unnamed. Furthermore, each basic drive is defined by its impetus, source, aim, and object, where the impetus is the force exerted, the source is the excited or tense body region, the aim is pleasure-seeking to reduce tension, and the object is the means through which satisfaction is achieved. Sex The sexual drive aims for pleasure beyond just genital satisfaction, according to Freud. He believed the entire body could experience pleasure, with the mouth and anus being erogenous zones. The path to reducing sexual tension may vary in form and can be inhibited. Sexual pleasure can stem from various organs, making it hard to recognize as sexual behavior. The object of desire can change, with libido being redirected or reinvested in different objects or individuals. Sex can manifest in various forms like narcissism, love, sadism, and masochism. Infants are primarily self-centered, displaying primary narcissism, which evolves as they grow. Love develops when libido is invested in someone other than oneself, often starting with the caregiver. Sadism involves deriving pleasure from inflicting pain on others, while masochism involves deriving pleasure from experiencing pain. Both sadism and masochism can be common needs or considered perversions depending on the context. Aggression Freud's exploration of aggression stemmed from his personal experiences and the loss of his daughter. In "Beyond the Pleasure Principle," he likened aggression to the sexual drive, initially proposing the idea tentatively. Over time, aggression became a fundamental concept in Freud's work. He suggested that the destructive drive aims to revert the organism to an inorganic state, ultimately leading to self- destruction. Aggression manifests in various forms like teasing, gossip, and humor, contributing to wars and persecution. Freud believed that societal barriers, such as moral commandments, are essential to restrain aggressive impulses. The constant conflict between life and death instincts is regulated by the reality principle, preventing the unfettered expression of aggression and sexuality. This conflict often results in anxiety, pushing many desires into the unconscious mind. Anxiety Summary: According to Freudian dynamic theory, anxiety is a crucial component shared with sex and aggression. Freud described anxiety as an unpleasant emotional state accompanied by physical sensations, acting KCP-CTELA-BSPsych-Theories of Personality Kaiza L. Caballero, RPm, LPT June 18, 2024 Rev 00  as a warning signal of potential danger. The ego is responsible for experiencing anxiety, with different types such as neurotic, moral, and realistic anxiety stemming from interactions with the id, superego, and external world. Neurotic anxiety arises from apprehension of unknown threats rooted in id impulses, often triggered by authority figures due to unconscious childhood feelings. Moral anxiety emerges from conflicts between the ego and superego, leading to anxiety over moral transgressions. Realistic anxiety, akin to fear, involves a sense of potential danger without a specific trigger, unlike fear. These anxiety types often overlap, like when irrational fears combine with real dangers, causing multiple anxieties simultaneously. Anxiety acts as a mechanism to protect the ego by signaling potential threats, facilitating defensive responses. Moreover, anxiety triggers repression, helping manage the discomfort of anxiety to prevent overwhelming the individual. Defense Mechanisms Defense mechanisms were first introduced by Sigmund Freud in 1926 and later refined by his daughter Anna Freud in 1946. These mechanisms are considered normal and commonly used by individuals, but when taken to an extreme, they can result in compulsive, repetitive, and neurotic behaviors. The more one relies on defense mechanisms, the less psychic energy is available to address primal desires from the id. Essentially, defense mechanisms are established by the ego to avoid confronting sexual and aggressive impulses and to shield oneself from the anxiety they provoke. Freud outlined several key defense mechanisms, including repression, reaction formation, displacement, fixation, regression, projection, introjection, and sublimation. Repression Repression is a fundamental defense mechanism that plays a crucial role in protecting the ego from unwanted id impulses by pushing them into the unconscious mind. This process, as described by Freud, can lead to a lifetime of suppression. For instance, a young girl might repress her hostility towards her sister to avoid overwhelming anxiety. Society, in general, does not allow complete freedom for expressions of sexuality and aggression. Children who face punishment or suppression of these behaviors may develop anxiety when experiencing such impulses, leading to partial repression rather than complete suppression. After impulses are repressed into the unconscious, Freud proposed several outcomes. They may remain unchanged, surface in their original form causing extreme anxiety, or manifest in disguised forms. These disguised forms serve to deceive the ego and can appear as physical symptoms like sexual impotency in individuals dealing with sexual guilt. Repressed drives can also manifest in dreams, slips of the tongue, or through other defense mechanisms, providing an outlet for these suppressed impulses. Reaction formation It is a defense mechanism where a repressed impulse becomes conscious by adopting a disguise opposite to its original form. This behavior is characterized by being exaggerated, obsessive, and compulsive. An example is a young woman who actually resents and hates her mother but outwardly displays excessive love towards her due to societal expectations. Her exaggerated display of love is not genuine but a reaction formation to avoid anxiety caused by her true feelings. Despite others potentially seeing through her facade, the woman deceives herself and clings to this false display of affection to conceal her unconscious hatred towards her mother (Freud, 1926/1959a). Displacement Sigmund Freud introduced the concept of displacement in psychology, where individuals redirect their unacceptable feelings or urges from one target to another to disguise the original impulse. Unlike reaction formations, which focus on one object, displacement allows for a variety of targets. For instance, a person may transfer anger from their roommate to other individuals or objects while maintaining a friendly demeanor towards the roommate. Freud used displacement in different contexts, such as transforming the sexual object onto other entities or replacing one neurotic symptom with another. Displacement is also evident in dream formation, where destructive urges towards a parent may be projected onto animals like dogs or wolves in dreams, reflecting unconscious desires. KCP-CTELA-BSPsych-Theories of Personality Kaiza L. Caballero, RPm, LPT June 18, 2024 Rev 00  Fixation Psychical growth typically progresses continuously through different developmental stages. However, this growth process can be hindered by moments of stress and anxiety. Fixation occurs when the ego, facing overwhelming anxiety about advancing to the next stage, opts to remain in a current, more comfortable psychological stage. Fixation is defined as the permanent attachment of libido to an earlier, more primitive developmental stage according to Freud. Fixations, like other defense mechanisms, are common. Individuals finding pleasure in activities such as eating, smoking, or talking may exhibit an oral fixation, while those fixated on neatness and orderliness may display an anal fixation. Regression Regression, a concept introduced by Freud in 1917, refers to the phenomenon where individuals revert to earlier developmental stages during times of stress and anxiety. This behavior is commonly observed in children, such as a weaned child regressing to demanding a bottle when a new sibling is born, feeling threatened by the attention given to the new baby. However, regressions are not limited to children; they also occur in adults. Adults may resort to familiar and secure patterns of behavior when faced with anxiety-inducing situations, like adopting the fetal position or seeking comfort from a parent. This regressive behavior is akin to fixated behavior, characterized by rigidity and infantile traits. Unlike fixations, regressions are usually temporary, requiring a temporary diversion of psychic energy. Projection Projection is a defense mechanism where internal impulses causing anxiety are attributed to an external object, typically another person. This mechanism involves seeing unacceptable feelings in others that actually exist within one's own unconscious mind. For instance, a man may view actions of older women as seductive, despite consciously finding the idea of sexual interactions with them repugnant. This discrepancy stems from a buried erotic attraction to older women in his unconscious. Projection allows individuals to deny their true feelings, alleviating anxiety and guilt while enabling them to maintain interest in individuals resembling significant figures like their mother. Paranoia, an extreme form of projection, involves delusions of jealousy and persecution. Freud distinguishes paranoia from projection by highlighting repressed homosexual feelings toward the persecutor in paranoia cases. Typically, the perceived persecutor is a former same-sex friend, though delusions can be transferred to someone of the opposite sex. Paranoiacs defend against overpowering homosexual impulses by projecting reversed feelings onto the persecutor, creating a cycle of disclaimed responsibility and delusions of persecution and jealousy. Ultimately, projection with associated delusions underpins all instances of paranoia. Introjection and Sublimation in Defense Mechanisms Introjection is a defense mechanism where individuals integrate positive qualities of others into their own ego, boosting their self-worth. For example, adolescents may adopt traits of celebrities to feel better about themselves. Freud viewed introjection as rooted in the resolution of the Oedipus complex, where children internalize parental values to shape their superego. This process evolves as children grow, helping individuals cope with feelings of inadequacy by internalizing values and beliefs of others. Sublimation Sublimation, another defense mechanism, involves redirecting sexual desires into socially acceptable activities like art and music. Freud believed sublimation benefits both individuals and society, citing Michelangelo's art as an example. Most people balance sublimation with direct expression of desires, contributing to cultural achievements while pursuing personal pleasures. In conclusion, defense mechanisms like introjection and sublimation safeguard the ego from anxiety. While they are universal and can lead to psychopathology if taken to extremes, they generally benefit individuals and society, with sublimation notably serving both personal and societal interests. Psychosexual Stages of Development: Milestone of Personality Development Freud's developmental theory focuses primarily on early childhood, despite his limited experience with children. He believed that the first 4 or 5 years of life, known as the infantile stage, are crucial for shaping one's personality. This phase is succeeded by a latency period lasting 6 or 7 years, characterized by minimal sexual development. Subsequently, during puberty, there is a resurgence of sexual activity, marking the onset of the genital stage. Psychosexual development progresses until reaching maturity. KCP-CTELA-BSPsych-Theories of Personality Kaiza L. Caballero, RPm, LPT June 18, 2024 Rev 00  - Psychosexual conflicts involve the release of psychic energy (e.g., tension reduction) concentrated in various regions of the body, and external constraints against doing so (e.g., parents, social customs). - Erogenous zones are those regions of the body containing this concentrated source of psychic energy. According to Freud, at each psychosexual stage, a different erogenous zone was the center of the psychosexual conflict Infantile Period Freud's theory highlights that infants experience a period of sexual development in the first 4 or 5 years after birth. Initially met with resistance, the idea is now widely accepted, acknowledging children's interest in genitals and pleasure. Childhood sexuality, distinct from adult sexuality, is autoerotic and non-reproductive. Both children and adults can satisfy sexual impulses through various organs, such as the mouth and anus. Freud categorized the infantile stage into oral, anal, and phallic phases, each focusing on different erogenous zones. These phases overlap and continue into later stages of development. Oral Stage Freud's first infantile stage of development is the oral phase, where infants derive pleasure from sucking and obtaining nourishment through the mouth. Initially, infants experience no ambivalence and minimal frustration during feeding. However, as they grow older, scheduled feedings, longer intervals between meals, and weaning can lead to anxiety and frustration. This transition marks the emergence of teeth and the onset of the oral-sadistic period, characterized by behaviors like biting and thumb sucking as defense mechanisms. The mouth remains an erogenous zone as children mature, with adults finding various ways to gratify oral needs such as sucking candy, chewing gum, and smoking. During the oral stage of development, fixation at the early part may lead to the formation of an oral incorporative personality, where individuals deal with adult conflicts through oral activities like eating or drinking. As the stage progresses (around 18 to 24 months), the infant's emerging teeth can be used to express anger or frustration, such as by biting during weaning. Fixation at this later phase can result in an oral aggressive or oral sadistic personality in adults, characterized by coping with conflicts through behaviors like yelling or swearing. Anal Phase The anal phase of development, as described by Freud, occurs during the second year of life and is characterized by satisfaction gained through aggressive behavior and the excretory function. This phase consists of two subphases: the early anal period and the late anal period. During the early anal period, children derive satisfaction from destroying or losing objects, exhibiting a stronger tendency towards aggression rather than eroticism. Children may act aggressively towards their parents due to frustration with toilet training. In the late anal period, children may show an interest in their feces, finding pleasure in defecating. Freud notes that parental reactions to this behavior can influence the development of generosity or withholding behaviors in adulthood. Anal characters, according to Freud, are individuals who derive erotic satisfaction from possessing objects and maintaining excessive orderliness. This anal eroticism can manifest as the anal triad of orderliness, stinginess, and obstinacy in adulthood. Freud also discusses the connection between anal eroticism, penis envy, and childbirth in girls, as well as the lack of distinction in psychosexual growth between genders during the oral and anal stages. Both active and passive orientations can develop in children of any gender, with various combinations of masculine and feminine qualities emerging. Freud's Theory on Toilet Training and Personality Development Freud suggested that challenges faced during toilet training could impact a person's future personality. Some infants, faced with strict cleanliness demands, may resist defecating, leading to fixation at the anal stage. This fixation can result in an anal retentive personality in adulthood, marked by an obsession with neatness and orderliness. Alternatively, a child responding to toilet training challenges with anger may develop an anal sadistic personality, characterized by explosive and unpredictable KCP-CTELA-BSPsych-Theories of Personality Kaiza L. Caballero, RPm, LPT June 18, 2024 Rev 00  reactions to stress. These personality traits stem from how individuals handle conflicts later in life, whether through extreme cleanliness or aggressive outbursts. Phallic Stage Around the age of 3 or 4, children enter the phallic phase of development, where the genital area becomes a key focus. Freud emphasized the importance of physical differences between males and females in shaping psychological variances. Masturbation, initially from the oral stage, becomes more prominent during this phase but is typically suppressed by parents. The Oedipus complex plays a significant role in personality development, particularly for boys, where they transition from identifying with their father to desiring their mother. This complex involves feelings of rivalry towards the father and incestuous desires for the mother. For girls, the phallic phase involves penis envy and a complex relationship with both parents. Freud's theories on female development have been criticized for being sexist, and he himself admitted uncertainty about his understanding of women. Freud's concepts were often proposed without strong empirical evidence, and he remained skeptical about the absolute validity of his theories on women. Latency Period During the latency period, which occurs between the ages of 4 or 5 until puberty, children experience a period of inactive psychosexual development. This stage is influenced by parental efforts to discourage sexual behavior in children, leading them to redirect their energy towards school, friendships, and hobbies. Freud proposed that this phase may also stem from our evolutionary history, specifically the Oedipus complex and subsequent sexual latency period. This theory suggests that early humans lived in families controlled by a dominant father figure who forbade sexual relationships within the family. The sons would eventually rebel against their father, forming a clan that prohibited killing the father or engaging in incest. Over generations, this prohibition became ingrained in individuals' psychosexual development, leading to the latency period characterized by suppressed sexual urges. Despite the presence of sexual desires during latency, they are channeled into social and cultural achievements rather than sexual activities. Genital Period Puberty marks the onset of the genital period, signaling a resurgence of sexual desires with significant differences from childhood. Adolescents shift from self-directed sexual energy to focusing on others, enabling reproduction. Girls transition from penis envy to valuing their own genitalia, while boys view female genitalia positively. The sexual drive becomes more organized, with erogenous zones like the mouth and anus taking a secondary role to the genitals. This phase represents a synthesis of various sexual components, allowing individuals to direct their libido outward. While some aspects of sexual desires may be repressed or sublimated, individuals can express their sexuality through masturbation or other acts. Erogenous zones like the mouth retain pleasure-seeking behaviors, demonstrating a blend of infantile and adult sexual characteristics Maturity KCP-CTELA-BSPsych-Theories of Personality Kaiza L. Caballero, RPm, LPT June 18, 2024 Rev 00  Maturity encompasses both the genital period that starts at puberty and a psychological maturity stage that Freud hinted at but never fully developed. Psychological maturity is rarely achieved due to the prevalence of opportunities for developing disorders or neurotic tendencies. Psychoanalytically mature individuals would exhibit a balanced mind structure, with the ego managing the id and superego while accommodating reasonable desires. Their id impulses would be expressed openly without shame or guilt, and the superego would transcend parental influences without any hostility. Consciousness would play a significant role for mature individuals, minimizing the need to suppress urges. Their repressions would manifest as sublimations rather than neurotic symptoms. With the dissolution of the Oedipus complex, their libido would shift towards seeking both affectionate and sensual love. Ultimately, psychologically mature individuals navigate childhood and adolescence experiences with control over their psychic energy and a well-functioning ego in an expanding realm of consciousness. Applications of Psychoanalytic Theory Sigmund Freud, a pioneering thinker in psychology, focused on developing psychoanalytic theory rather than solely treating patients. He initially used an active therapeutic technique involving the extraction of repressed childhood memories before transitioning to a more passive approach. Freud emphasized the importance of dreams and unconscious slips in understanding human personality. Freud’s Early Therapeutic Technique Freud's early method involved a suggestive approach to elicit repressed memories, leading to the confession of childhood seductions. Over time, he realized that these memories might be fantasies rather than reality, eventually identifying the Oedipus complex as a key concept in neurotic symptoms. Freud’s Later Therapeutic Technique In his later work, Freud focused on uncovering repressed memories through free association and dream analysis. The goal was to make unconscious thoughts conscious, strengthening the ego and expanding its perception. The transference relationship with the analyst played a crucial role in therapy, allowing patients to work through childhood experiences. Dream Analysis Freud utilized dream analysis to uncover unconscious wishes, focusing on the transformation from manifest to latent content. Dreams were seen as wish fulfillment, with symbols like condensation and displacement playing a role in disguising unconscious material. Freud believed that interpreting dreams was essential for understanding the unconscious mind. KCP-CTELA-BSPsych-Theories of Personality Kaiza L. Caballero, RPm, LPT June 18, 2024 Rev 00 KCP-CTELA-BSPsych-Theories of Personality Kaiza L. Caballero, RPm, LPT June 18, 2024 Rev 00  Freudian Slips Freud also explored Freudian slips, considering everyday mistakes as revealing unconscious intentions. These parapraxes, including slips of the tongue or misreading, were seen as meaningful acts reflecting unconscious desires. Freud believed that these slips, like dreams, provided insight into hidden aspects of the mind. Critique of Freud Freud's understanding of women, gender, and sexuality was limited due to societal norms of his time. Women had little influence in Freud's early psychoanalytic movement. Freud's views on femininity evolved over time, but he struggled to understand women. Freud's upbringing, societal influences, and beliefs hindered his understanding of women. Feminist theorists like Judith Butler critiqued Freud's theories on gender and sexuality. Was Freud a Scientist? Freud considered himself a human scientist rather than a natural scientist. Translations of Freud's works may have misrepresented his views. Critics argue that Freud's theory-building methods were unscientific. Freud's theory faced challenges in testing and falsifiability. Psychoanalysis was not the dominant theory in present-day psychotherapy. Freud's theory lacked operationally defined terms and was not parsimonious. Freud’s Concept of humanity Freud's theory leans towards determinism, stating that human behavior is mostly determined by past events rather than present goals. Freud believed adult personality is shaped by childhood experiences, particularly the Oedipus complex. Freud's theory is pessimistic, suggesting humans have innate death wishes and tendencies towards self-destruction and exploitation. According to Freud, present behavior is shaped by past causes rather than future goals. Psychoanalytic theory heavily emphasizes unconscious motivations over conscious ones. Freud's perspective on human personality balances biological and social influences, with roots in biology but also considering early social experiences. Psychoanalytic theory acknowledges both commonalities and unique individual experiences shaping personalities. What I have Learned Fill in the blank: 1. Sigmund Freud was born on __ 6 or May 6, 1856, in Freiberg, Moravia. 2. Freud explored __ and psychoanalysis. 3. Freud's legacy continues to influence __ and modern thought. 4. Freud categorized mental life into two main levels: the __ and the conscious. 5. The __ represents the most primitive part of the mind, driven by the pleasure principle. Multiple Choice Questions: Choose the correct answer from the choices for each question. 6. What was Freud's initial view on the benefits of cocaine? a. He believed it had no beneficial properties. b. He extolled its virtues in a pamphlet. c. He completed experiments on its analgesic value. d. He recognized a colleague's work on the drug's benefits. 7. Which of the following is NOT one of Freud's key contributions to personality theory? a. The study of the unconscious b. The belief that individuals are primarily driven by motives of which they have limited awareness c. The categorization of mental life into three levels: the unconscious, preconscious, and conscious d. The development of the Myers-Briggs personality typing system 8. According to Freudian psychology, which province of the mind is entirely unconscious? KCP-CTELA-BSPsych-Theories of Personality Kaiza L. Caballero, RPm, LPT June 18, 2024 Rev 00  a. The ego b. The superego c. The id d. The preconscious 9. What is the primary function of the ego in Freudian theory? a. To seek pleasure without regard for reality b. To judge the morality of actions c. To balance the demands of the id and superego d. To repress unconscious desires 10. Which defense mechanism involves redirecting unacceptable feelings or urges from one target to another? a. Repression b. Reaction formation c. Displacement d. Projection Open Ended Questions: Answer the following questions in complete sentences: 11. Describe Freud's concept of the unconscious mind and its influence on behavior. 12. Explain the role of anxiety in Freudian dynamic theory and how it relates to defense mechanisms. 13. Discuss the significance of Freud's psychosexual stages of development in shaping personality. Share your Thoughts and Feelings: Lesson 2: Neo-Psychoanalytic Theory Learning Objectives At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to: explain the key concepts of Carl Jung's analytical psychology, including the collective unconscious and archetypes; analyze Karen Horney's psychoanalytic social theory, focusing on the impact of childhood experiences and basic anxiety; discuss Alfred Adler's individual psychology, emphasizing social interest and the pursuit of superiority; understand Henry Murray's theory of personology, integrating conscious and unconscious forces in personality development; apply the different neo-psychoanalytic theory through case analysis. I. Analytical Psychology of Carl Jung KCP-CTELA-BSPsych-Theories of Personality Kaiza L. Caballero, RPm, LPT June 18, 2024 Rev 00 Introduction Carl Gustav Jung, who is feeling lost and uncertain after a bitter end to a long-term relationship with a mentor. He starts having strange dreams and visions, leading him to question his work as a doctor. Jung, also a talented artist, begins illustrating his visions without understanding them. One day, he hears a clear female voice from within him declaring his work as "art," leading to a conversation with this inner voice. This experience is part of Jung's midlife exploration into his unconscious mind, detailed in his autobiography "Memories, Dreams, Reflections." Jung's journey includes his break with Sigmund Freud and his struggle to redefine his understanding of himself and his work. Carl Gustav Jung, a former colleague of Freud, diverged from traditional psychoanalysis to pioneer analytical psychology. This theory posits that hidden phenomena can impact individuals, with Jung proposing that not only repressed experiences but also emotionally charged ancestral experiences drive human behavior. Jung introduced the concept of the collective unconscious, comprising inherited images passed down through generations. Within the collective unconscious lie archetypes, such as the paramount idea of self-realization, attainable through balancing conflicting personality traits. Jung's framework revolves around embracing opposites – individuals embody introversion and extraversion, rationality and irrationality, masculinity and femininity, consciousness and unconsciousness, influenced by the past yet pulled towards the future. Exploring Carl Jung's life sheds light on his unique theories, with the concept of the collective unconscious standing out as a captivating aspect of his personality theory. Biography of Carl Gustav Jung Carl Gustav Jung was born on July 26, 1875, in Kesswil, Switzerland. His parents had difficulties in their marriage; his father was a minister, and his mother had a mystical side. Jung's early life was as an only child, with a deep connection to his mother's mystical nature. He identified with two personalities within himself, No. 1 and No. 2, during his school years. Jung's No. 1 personality became dominant in his late teens, focusing on school and career. Despite financial constraints, Jung pursued a career in medicine, specifically psychiatry. After completing medical school, Jung worked at Burghöltzli Mental Hospital in Zürich. Jung married Emma Rauschenbach and began teaching at the University of Zürich. He initially had mixed feelings about Freud's work but later developed a strong bond with him. Freud and Jung's first meeting lasted 13 hours, leading to a mutual respect and friendship between them. Freud saw Jung as his successor due to Jung's non-Jewish, non-Viennese background, intellect, and personal connection. Jung and Freud went to the US in 1909 for lectures, where tension between them grew, especially during dream interpretations. Jung felt Freud lost authority when he refused to share personal details for dream interpretation. Freud dismissed Jung's dream interpretations, causing strain. Jung had complex relationships with women, including his wife Emma and former patient Toni Wolff. Jung's break with Freud in 1914 was influenced by personal and theoretical differences, possibly related to Jung's early experiences. Jung underwent a period of self-analysis and creative illness after breaking with Freud, leading to the development of his own personality theory. Jung's exploration of his unconscious led to the discovery of archetypes and individuation. Jung lived in Switzerland, had five children, and had diverse interests like alchemy and mythology. He became a professor in Basel but resigned due to poor health, and died in 1961, leaving a lasting impact beyond psychology. Keep in Mind Levels of the Psyche Jung developed a personality theory similar to Freud's, emphasizing the presence of conscious and unconscious levels within the psyche. However, Jung diverged from Freud by highlighting the significance of the collective unconscious, which he believed was rooted in humanity's ancient history rather than personal experiences. This concept of the collective unconscious was central to Jung's theory, overshadowing the conscious and personal unconscious aspects. KCP-CTELA-BSPsych-Theories of Personality Kaiza L. Caballero, RPm, LPT June 18, 2024 Rev 00  Conscious In Jungian psychology, conscious images are those perceived by the ego, while unconscious elements have no connection to the ego. Jung's view of the ego differs from Freud's, considering it the center of consciousness but not the core of personality. The ego, according to Jung, is not the entirety of personality but requires the integration of the broader self, primarily unconscious. A psychologically healthy individual prioritizes the unconscious self over the ego. Consciousness has a limited role in analytical psychology, and an excessive focus on expanding one's conscious mind can lead to mental imbalance. Healthy individuals maintain contact with their conscious world while exploring their unconscious self to achieve individuation, a process crucial for self-realization. Personal Unconscious The personal unconscious encompasses repressed, forgotten, or subliminally perceived experiences unique to an individual. It includes repressed memories, forgotten events, and experiences initially perceived below consciousness. Formed by individual experiences, the personal unconscious varies for each person, with some images easily recalled, others remembered with difficulty, and some beyond conscious reach. Jung's concept aligns closely with Freud's view of the unconscious and preconscious. Contents of the personal unconscious are known as complexes - emotionally charged clusters of associated ideas. For instance, experiences with a mother can form a mother complex, where the mere mention of "mother" triggers an emotional response hindering thought flow. Complexes are predominantly personal but can also draw from humanity's collective experience. The mother complex, for example, not only stems from personal interactions but also from broader societal perceptions of motherhood. These complexes can be partly conscious, arising from both personal and collective unconscious realms. Collective Unconscious The collective unconscious, as proposed by Jung, is distinct from the personal unconscious as it is rooted in the ancestral history of the entire human species. Unlike the personal unconscious shaped by individual experiences, the collective unconscious contains inherited psychic potential passed down through generations. This shared unconsciousness contains universal concepts like God, mother, water, and earth, influencing people from all cultures through myths, legends, and religious beliefs. Active rather than dormant, the collective unconscious shapes thoughts, emotions, and actions, giving rise to profound "big dreams" with meaning beyond the dreamer. It manifests in individuals' innate tendencies to react in specific ways based on biologically inherited response tendencies, often seen in surprising reactions such as a mother's sudden love for her newborn. Humans possess numerous biologically based predispositions, each corresponding to typical life situations, forming part of their biological constitution as autonomous archetypes through repeated experiences. Archetypes Archetypes are ancient images derived from the collective unconscious, different from individualized complexes and instincts. Jung saw archetypes as universal psychic patterns ingrained in all humans, shaping personality alongside instincts. These archetypes originate from early human experiences and can be activated by personal encounters that mirror the archetype. While archetypes cannot be directly represented, they manifest through dreams, fantasies, and delusions. Jung, through his own experiences, discovered the significance of archetypal dreams and their impact on understanding the self. Dreams are a key source of archetypal material, often containing motifs unknown to the dreamer but resonating with ancient cultures. Jung also noted evidence of archetypes in hallucinations of psychotic patients, linking them to universal symbols. Contrasting Freud's view, Jung emphasized the collective unconscious and autonomous archetypes, such as the persona, shadow, anima, animus, great mother, wise old man, hero, and self, each with distinct characteristics and influences on human behavior. - The persona The persona is the side of one's personality shown to the world, likened to a mask worn by actors. Jung believed that society expects individuals to project specific roles, like a physician's bedside manner or a politician's public image. While the persona is essential, Jung warned against identifying too closely with it, as it could KCP-CTELA-BSPsych-Theories of Personality Kaiza L. Caballero, RPm, LPT June 18, 2024 Rev 00  hinder self-realization. Balancing societal expectations with one's true self is crucial for psychological well-being. Jung's personal struggle to maintain touch with his persona during a challenging period highlighted the importance of grounding oneself in realities like work, family, and personal identity to avoid losing touch with one's true individuality. - The Shadow The shadow, symbolizing darkness and hidden qualities, embodies aspects of ourselves that we try to ignore and keep concealed. It includes both negative traits and positive attributes that we are hesitant to confront. Carl Jung emphasized the importance of acknowledging and understanding our shadow to achieve wholeness, viewing it as a test of courage. It is common to project our own dark side onto others, avoiding self-reflection. Failure to recognize our shadow can result in a life plagued by misfortune, as seen in characters like Darth Vader and Voldemort who exemplify shadow archetypes. Jung's personal experience, recounted in "Memories, Dreams, Reflections," highlights the significance of embracing the shadow for personal growth and liberation from past influences. - Anima Jung, similar to Freud, believed that all individuals have both masculine and feminine aspects. The feminine side in men, known as the anima, is deeply rooted in the collective unconscious and is challenging to understand. Jung himself encountered his anima after parting ways with Freud, viewing her as the "soul" and an archetype of the unconscious. The anima is shaped by early experiences with women and influences how men perceive and interact with women. Men often project their anima onto their partners, leading to misunderstandings but also adding to the allure of women. The anima can manifest in dreams as a woman or a feeling, affecting men's emotional side and causing irrational moods. Men typically struggle to acknowledge the influence of the anima, often trying to rationalize their feelings in a masculine way. - Animus and the Female-Male Relationship The animus is the masculine archetype in women, symbolizing thinking and reasoning. It is not a woman's own, but stems from the collective unconscious through encounters of prehistoric women with men. In female-male relationships, women may project past experiences with male figures onto their partners. Jung believed the animus influences a woman's thinking and opinions, contributing to irrational beliefs. These projections, along with the man's anima and personal unconscious, shape female-male dynamics. - The Great Mother Derived from the anima and animus, the great mother archetype exists in all individuals, embodying both positive and negative aspects. Symbolizing fertility and nourishment, as well as power and destruction, the great mother archetype represents opposing forces. Jung noted the mythological background projected onto personal mothers, emphasizing the archetype's impact on our perceptions. Symbols like trees, the sea, or Mother Nature represent the duality of the great mother archetype, seen in legends and literary works. Rebirth and realization are linked to the great mother archetype, the concept of rebirth symbolizes processes like reincarnation and self-realization. People worldwide seek rebirth for self-realization or reaching perfection. This desire for rebirth is evident in cultural beliefs and practices, reflecting a universal yearning for transformation and growth. - Wise Old Man The wise old man archetype embodies deep wisdom and insight into life's mysteries, existing in the collective unconscious. Individuals like politicians may project authority and wisdom superficially, akin to the Wizard in "Wizard of Oz," gathering followers through seemingly profound yet empty words. This archetype manifests in various roles like father, teacher, or guru, aiding protagonists in tales to navigate challenges and gain wisdom. However, societal peril arises when people mistake KCP-CTELA-BSPsych-Theories of Personality Kaiza L. Caballero, RPm, LPT June 18, 2024 Rev 00  false wisdom for genuine insight, as seen in Jung's critique of his father's religious teachings lacking true conviction. - Hero The hero archetype, prevalent in myths and legends, depicts a powerful figure who battles formidable foes like dragons or monsters, symbolizing the triumph of good over evil. Heroes, like Achilles or Macbeth, often meet downfall due to a fatal flaw, emphasizing vulnerability as essential for heroism. The hero's essence resonates with humans, reflected in our admiration for heroic figures in media, offering inspiration and liberation from feelings of helplessness. This archetype symbolizes humanity's evolution from unconsciousness to consciousness, with the hero's victory representing the light of awareness dispelling darkness. - The Self Jung proposed that individuals possess an innate drive towards growth, perfection, and completion, known as the self. This overarching archetype pulls together other archetypes and facilitates self-realization. Symbolized by concepts of perfection and wholeness, the self's ultimate symbol is the mandala, depicted as a circle within a square or vice versa, representing unity and balance in the collective unconscious. The self encompasses personal and collective unconscious images, distinct from the ego which symbolizes consciousness alone. In Jung's model, consciousness is a small part of the total personality, with personal and collective unconscious depicted in separate circles. The balance between consciousness and the self is idealized, with some individuals lacking connection to their unconscious depths while others are overwhelmed by it, leading to one-sided personalities. Jung's model includes four key archetypes within the mandala – persona, shadow, animus, and anima – each representing different aspects of the psyche. While the persona is more conscious for most people, the shadow, anima, and animus may vary in accessibility to consciousness. This portrayal highlights that each archetype comprises elements of consciousness, personal unconscious, and collective unconscious, emphasizing the complexity and interconnectedness of the human psyche. The concept of the perfect self, represented by the mandala in the collective unconscious, symbolizes order, unity, and totality. Figures like Jesus Christ, Buddha, and Krishna are manifestations of this ideal personality. Jung observed that mandala symbols appear in dreams of people regardless of their understanding, suggesting a search for balance amidst disorder. The self integrates opposing elements like male and female, good and evil, symbolized by yang and yin, while the mandala symbolizes unity and self-realization. To achieve complete self-realization, individuals must confront their unconscious fears and acknowledge their shadow self. During Jung's midlife crisis, he had a vision featuring Elijah, Salome, and a black snake. Elijah represented wisdom, Salome symbolized beauty and seduction, and the snake was Jung's heroic counterpart. Jung later realized these figures were archetypes and emphasized the importance of identifying and integrating unconscious contents to maintain one's identity and resist the influence of the collective unconscious. KCP-CTELA-BSPsych-Theories of Personality Kaiza L. Caballero, RPm, LPT June 18, 2024 Rev 00  Dynamics of Personality In the study of personality dynamics, Jung's perspectives on causality, teleology, progression, and regression are explored. Causality and Teleology Jung proposed that motivation stems from both past causes and future goals. While causality suggests that current events are influenced by past experiences, teleology emphasizes that present actions are guided by future aspirations. Jung critiqued Freud for solely focusing on causality, advocating for a balance between causal and teleological explanations in understanding motivation. Jung's View on Dreams Jung believed that dreams can be influenced by past experiences but also serve as a tool for decision- making about the future. He highlighted the importance of balancing both causal and teleological forces in shaping behavior. Progression and Regression Self-realization necessitates adaptation to both external and internal environments. Progression involves forward energy flow towards external adaptation, while regression involves backward energy flow towards internal adaptation. Both progression and regression are crucial for individual growth and self-realization, as they complement each other in achieving a balanced personality development. Jung's Personal Experience Jung's midlife crisis exemplified regression, where he turned inward towards his unconscious psyche, temporarily halting external accomplishments. This period of regression was essential for his personal growth and eventual re-engagement with the external world, leading to a more balanced personality and a deeper understanding of self-realization. Psychological Types Carl Jung identified various psychological types based on the combination of two basic attitudes - introversion and extraversion - along with four separate functions: thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting. Attitudes Jung defined attitude as a predisposition to act in a characteristic direction. He noted that each person possesses both introverted and extraverted attitudes, with one usually being conscious and the other KCP-CTELA-BSPsych-Theories of Personality Kaiza L. Caballero, RPm, LPT June 18, 2024 Rev 00  unconscious. These attitudes complement each other and can be likened to the yin and yang relationship. - Introversion Introversion, according to Jung, involves directing psychic energy inward towards the subjective realm. Introverts are attuned to their inner world, perceiving the external world selectively through their own subjective lens. Jung himself experienced episodes of intense introversion during his life, leading to periods of deep self-reflection and exploration of his unconscious. - Extraversion Conversely, extraversion entails directing psychic energy outward towards the objective world. Extraverts are more influenced by their surroundings and tend to focus on external realities while downplaying the subjective. Jung emphasized the importance of achieving a balance between introversion and extraversion for psychological well-being. - Balancing Introversion and Extraversion Jung highlighted that individuals are not entirely introverted or extraverted, but rather strive for a balance between the two attitudes. Healthy individuals can navigate comfortably between their internal and external worlds, integrating both perspectives harmoniously. In comparing Freud and Adler's theories on extraversion and introversion, Jung classified Freud's theory as extraverted due to its emphasis on external experiences, while considering Adler's theory introverted for its focus on subjective perceptions. Jung viewed his own theory as balanced, capable of incorporating both objective and subjective elements seamlessly. Functions Introversion and extraversion can combine with the four functions - sensing, thinking, feeling, and intuiting - to form eight possible orientations or types. Sensing detects existence, thinking recognizes meaning, feeling evaluates value, and intuition provides knowledge without understanding the source. - Thinking Thinking involves logical intellectual activity that generates a chain of ideas. Extraverted thinking relies on concrete thoughts, while introverted thinking KCP-CTELA-BSPsych-Theories of Personality Kaiza L. Caballero, RPm, LPT June 18, 2024 Rev 00  interprets events based on internal meanings. Examples include mathematicians using extraverted thinking and philosophers utilizing introverted thinking. - Feeling Feeling entails evaluating ideas or events, with extraverted feeling relying on objective data and external values. In contrast, introverted feeling bases judgments on subjective perceptions, often leading to individualized conscience and values. - Sensing Sensing receives physical stimuli and transmits them to consciousness. Extraverted sensing perceives external stimuli objectively, while introverted sensing interprets sensory stimuli subjectively. Examples include proofreaders using extraverted sensing and portrait artists utilizing introverted sensing. - Intuiting Intuition goes beyond consciousness, providing raw material for thinking and feeling. Extraverted intuitives perceive facts externally but subliminally, while introverted intuitives are guided by subjective perceptions that may seem peculiar to others. In most cases, the four functions appear in a hierarchy, with one dominant, another secondary, and the remaining two in inferior positions. Individuals typically rely on their dominant function in approaching situations, with some developing two functions and a few mature individuals cultivating three. Complete self-realization involves highly developed proficiency in all four functions. Psychological Types Jung proposed eight psychological types based on attitudes and functions. Extraverted thinking types strictly follow societal rules, repress emotions, and excel in logical thinking. They are perceived as rigid but make good scientists. a. Extraverted Thinking Types These individuals strictly adhere to societal norms, suppressing emotions and prioritizing objectivity. They excel in scientific pursuits due to their logical approach to understanding the external world. b. Extraverted Feeling Types They prioritize emotions over logical thinking, conforming to traditional values and seeking social acceptance. Often perceived as sociable and emotionally responsive, more common among women. c. Extraverted Sensing Types Focused on pleasure and new experiences, adaptable to various situations, and people. Outgoing and enjoy life without much introspection. d. Extraverted Intuiting Types Successful in business and politics, they excel in exploiting opportunities and inspiring others with creative ideas. They make decisions based on intuition rather than reflection, often leading to successful outcomes. e. Introverted Thinking Types Struggle with communication and practical judgment, focusing on thoughts over emotions. Value privacy, prefer abstract concepts, and self-reflection, often seen as stubborn and aloof. KCP-CTELA-BSPsych-Theories of Personality Kaiza L. Caballero, RPm, LPT June 18, 2024 Rev 00  f. Introverted Feeling Types Repress rational thought, displaying deep emotions inwardly. Perceived as mysterious, quiet, and lacking consideration for others' feelings, appear cold and self-assured. g. Introverted Sensing Types Appear detached from reality, viewing human activities with benevolence. Express themselves through art or music, repress intuition, and maintain a calm demeanor. h. Introverted Intuiting Types Visionaries with little connection to reality, seen as eccentric and odd. Struggle with practical matters, daydreamers, and find it challenging to plan for the future. Development of Personality Jung's theory of personality development focuses on individuation, the process of self-realization that occurs in the second half of life, typically after age 35 or 40. During this period, individuals have the chance to integrate different aspects of their personality and achieve self-realization. Jung highlights the importance of maintaining psychological health in middle age by finding a balance between conflicting processes, a skill honed through navigating earlier life stages. Stages of Development Jung categorizes life into four main stages: childhood, youth, middle life, and old age. He compares this progression to the journey of the sun through the sky, where the brightness of the sun symbolizes consciousness. Each stage represents a different phase of life, with childhood symbolizing potential, youth representing growth and maturation, middle life signifying a peak before decline, and old age reflecting a dimming of consciousness. Childhood Childhood, according to Jung, consists of three substages: the anarchic phase characterized by sporadic consciousness, the monarchic phase where the ego develops, and the dualistic phase where children become aware of themselves as separate individuals. These phases mark the evolution of consciousness and self-awareness in early life. Youth Youth spans from puberty to middle age, marked by a quest for independence, forming relationships, and establishing oneself in the world. Jung emphasizes the need to transition from childhood ideals to adult responsibilities during this period, avoiding clinging to past beliefs—a phenomenon he terms the conservative principle. Middle Life Middle life, starting around age 35 or 40, presents a pivotal stage where individuals face the reality of aging. Jung warns against clinging to youthful values, as this can hinder personal growth and self- realization. Embracing change, shifting ideals, and finding new meaning in life are vital for a fulfilling middle age, often requiring a transition from external pursuits to internal introspection. Old Age In old age, individuals encounter a decline in consciousness akin to the setting sun. Jung challenges the common fear of death, suggesting that embracing mortality is key to a fulfilling life. By helping individuals confront their fears and find new purpose, Jung believed that old age could be a time of renewal and spiritual growth, not stagnation. Jung's approach to treating patients in middle and old age involved helping them establish new goals, confront their fears, and find meaning in life transitions, often using dream interpretation to uncover unconscious attitudes towards mortality and renewal. Self-Realization: A Journey to Wholeness Self-realization, also known as psychological rebirth or individuation, is a profound process of becoming a complete individual as described by Jung. Analytical psychology highlights the integration of opposite KCP-CTELA-BSPsych-Theories of Personality Kaiza L. Caballero, RPm, LPT June 18, 2024 Rev 00  aspects within oneself to achieve unity. This integration involves acknowledging and harmonizing various psychological components to form a cohesive individual. Individuals who have undergone self- realization have successfully recognized and balanced elements such as their persona, anima or animus, introversion, and extraversion. This achievement requires elevating all psychological functions to a superior level, a challenging task indeed. Attaining self-realization is a rare feat accomplished by those who can merge their unconscious mind with their conscious self. It involves confronting one's shadow, embracing both feminine and masculine sides, and shifting the focus from the ego to the self. This transformative process typically occurs in mid-life and is primarily achieved by individuals who can prioritize the self over the ego. The core of a self-realized person's personality is their unconscious self, not just an expanded consciousness that may inflate the ego, resulting in a one-sided individual lacking depth. Self-realized individuals possess the ability to navigate both external and internal realms effectively. Unlike those with psychological disturbances, they engage with the real world while acknowledging and embracing the regressive journey towards self-discovery. They view unconscious images as valuable resources for personal growth, welcoming them in dreams and reflective practices. By maintaining a balance among all aspects of their personality, self-realized individuals avoid being controlled by either unconscious processes or the conscious ego. This equilibrium enables them to lead fulfilling lives while continuously evolving and integrating all facets of their being. Psychic Energy: Opposites, Equivalence, Entropy Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud had differing views on libido, with Jung believing it to be a general life energy rather than solely sexual. Despite this, Jung had an active sex life, unlike Freud who struggled with sexual issues. Jung saw libido as a psychic energy that fuels psychological activities like thinking and feeling. He believed in three principles - opposites, equivalence, and entropy - to explain psychic energy. Opposites create conflict and energy, equivalence involves energy transfer to different areas of personality, and entropy aims for balance in the distribution of psychic energy within the individual. Jung's concepts draw parallels from physics, emphasizing the dynamic nature of psychic energy and its impact on human behavior and motivation. Application of Analytic Psychology Carl Jung, a prominent figure in psychology, delved into various fields beyond psychology to shape his understanding of humanity. He emphasized the interdisciplinary nature of studying personality, drawing insights from sociology, history, anthropology, biology, physics, religion, mythology, and philosophy. Jung considered knowledge from diverse disciplines essential to comprehend the complexity of the human psyche fully. Contrary to being labeled a mystic or philosopher, Jung viewed himself as a scientific investigator. He believed that intellect alone was insufficient to grasp the psyche and emphasized the importance of engaging the whole person in understanding it. Data Collection for Analytical Psychology Theories Jung's research for his theories involved extensive reading across various disciplines and utilizing techniques like the word association test, dream analysis, active imagination, and psychotherapy. He combined data from these sources with studies on medieval alchemy and occult phenomena to validate the hypotheses of analytical psychology. Word Association Test Jung made significant contributions to the development of the word association test. Initially used to support Freud's theory of the unconscious as an autonomous process, Jung later utilized the test to uncover feeling-toned complexes in individuals. By analyzing emotional responses to stimulus words, Jung identified complexes based on measurable reactions like changes in breathing, skin conductivity, and verbal responses. Dream Analysis In line with Freud, Jung recognized the importance of dreams as meaningful expressions of the unconscious. However, he diverged from Freud's focus on sexual symbolism, asserting that dreams encompass a broader range of symbolic representations aimed at understanding the incomprehensible KCP-CTELA-BSPsych-Theories of Personality Kaiza L. Caballero, RPm, LPT June 18, 2024 Rev 00  aspects of reality. Jungian dream interpretation aims to integrate elements from the personal and collective unconscious to facilitate self-realization. Active Imagination Active imagination, a technique employed by Jung in self-analysis and therapy, involves engaging with and exploring unconscious imagery to reveal archetypal symbols. This method allows individuals to communicate with autonomous images emerging from the unconscious, aiding in self-discovery and integration of unconscious material into consciousness. Psychotherapy Jung proposed four stages of therapy, culminating in transformation, where the therapist assists patients in achieving self-realization and wholeness. By incorporating techniques like dream analysis and active imagination, Jung aimed to help patients balance unconscious material with conscious attitudes, promoting personal growth and psychological well-being. Jung's eclectic approach tailored therapy to individual needs, emphasizing the importance of achieving a philosophical orientation and meaningful life for his patients. Related Research Jung's approach to personality psychology was influential in its early development, but its influence has decreased over time. Most current research related to Jung focuses on personality types, with the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) being the most commonly used measure. The MBTI includes a fifth and sixth function, Judging and Perceiving, resulting in 16 possible personality types. Judging involves firm conclusions, while Perceiving involves staying open-minded. The MBTI is used by school counselors to guide students towards suitable areas of study. Research shows that individuals high in intuition and feeling dimensions may find teaching rewarding. Recent studies have explored the role of Jungian personality types in leadership styles, clergy, and congregations. The MBTI has been extensively used in organizational behavior research, especially concerning leadership and managerial behaviors. Effective managers often exhibit preferences for thinking over feeling and judging over perceiving. Studies have examined the "person-job fit" using the MBTI, showing interesting trends in the preferences of business students and managers. Psychological type profiles of clergy and churchgoers have been studied, revealing differences in preferences for sensing, feeling, judging, and perceiving functions. Differences between male and female lay church leaders and churchgoers have been highlighted, showing distinct preferences in psychological types. Lay church leaders often exhibit a strong preference for Sensing-Judging functions, influencing church culture and relationships within congregations. Criticisms of the MBTI include debates on type versus trait theories and concerns about the consistency and reliability of typologies over time. The MBTI is effective in measuring Jung's types and predicting career interests, but questions remain about categorizing individuals and the stability of type scores. Critique of Jung: Jungian psychology appeals to a wide audience, both professional and lay people. Jung studied religion, mythology, folklore, and philosophical fantasies. Jung considered himself a scientist in his study of religion and mythology. Analytical psychology needs to be evaluated based on six criteria. Jung's theory, like Freud's, is hard to test empirically. Concepts like the collective unconscious are challenging to verify or falsify. Evidence for concepts like archetype and collective unconscious comes from Jung's inner experiences. Acceptance of these concepts relies more on faith than empirical evidence. Jung's theory on functions and attitudes can be studied and tested. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator has led to numerous investigations based on Jung's theory. Analytical psychology adds a new dimension to personality theory with the collective unconscious. KCP-CTELA-BSPsych-Theories of Personality Kaiza L. Caballero, RPm, LPT June 18, 2024 Rev 00  Jung's theory organizes knowledge in a unique way, incorporating occult and parapsychological aspects. Jung's theory has limited practicality in everyday problem-solving. The concept of a collective unconscious may help in understanding cultural myths and life traumas. Jung's theory lacks clear operational definitions and consistent terms. Terms like regression and introverted are used interchangeably. Jung's psychology is complex and not very simple. While adding depth to personality theory, Jung's theory may be more complex than necessary. Concept of Humanity according to Jung Humans are complex beings with opposing poles according to Jung. Motivation in humans comes from conscious thoughts, personal unconscious images, and ancestral memory traces. Each person is a mix of opposing forces, not entirely introverted or extraverted. People have a persona, shadow, anima/animus, and various complexes and archetypes. Individuals can explore their psyche through self-realization and individuation. Achieving balance and recognizing inner forces are crucial steps in this process. Jung's theory leans towards biology over social influences. The collective unconscious is part of biological inheritance, influencing behaviors and activities. II. Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler Introduction In 1937, Abraham Maslow had a revealing encounter with Alfred Adler, who vehemently denied being a follower of Sigmund Freud despite popular belief. Adler, known for his individual psychology, clashed with Freud over key beliefs. Freud emphasized sex and aggression as motivators, while Adler focused on social influences and the pursuit of superiority. Freud believed in the unconscious shaping behavior, whereas Adler stressed personal responsibility and future outlook. The rift between them led Adler to establish individual psychology in opposition to Freud's theories, centered on social interest and the belief in people's agency in shaping their own personalities. Adler's optimistic view of humanity and emphasis on conscious behavior differed significantly from Freud's psychoanalytic approach. Biography of Alfred Adler Alfred Adler, born on February 7, 1870, near Vienna, had a challenging childhood. His weak health and near-death experience at age 5 influenced his decision to become a physician. Despite competing with his successful older brother Sigmund, Adler gained fame for his work in psychology. Adler and Freud, both of Jewish descent, had contrasting views on religion and personal experiences with family tragedies. While Freud struggled with guilt over his brother's death, Adler saw death as a challenge to overcome. Their differing perspectives also extended to their professional organizations and theories on human motivation. Adler's journey to becoming a physician faced obstacles, but he eventually achieved his goal. He served in the Hungarian army, pursued postgraduate studies, and transitioned from eye specialist to psychiatry and general medicine. His encounter with Freud led to their collaboration and eventual split due to irreconcilable differences in theories. World War I and financial struggles impacted both Freud and Adler, leading to significant changes in their theories. Adler emphasized social interest and compassion as key motivators, diverging from Freud's focus on aggression and sexuality. Despite setbacks, Adler's lectures and establishment of child guidance clinics helped advance his ideas. In his later years, Adler found success in the United States, teaching at universities and gaining popularity as a speaker. His marriage to Raissa Epstein, a politically active woman, brought forth four KCP-CTELA-BSPsych-Theories of Personality Kaiza L. Caballero, RPm, LPT June 18, 2024 Rev 00  children, two of whom followed in their father's footsteps. Adler's love for music and interest in art and literature shaped his work, reflecting his belief in gender equality and advocacy for women's rights. Adler's robust health took a toll in his later years, culminating in his sudden death from a heart attack in 1937. His legacy as a pioneering psychologist continues to influence the field, highlighting his unique contributions to individual psychology. Alfred Adler, although influential to later theorists like Harry Stack Sullivan and Carl Rogers, is not as well- known as Freud or Carl Jung. The lack of a structured organization to promote his ideas, coupled with his less polished writing style and the integration of his concepts into the works of others, have contributed to his relative obscurity. Despite this, Adler's insights into human personality are profound. Adler's theory is rooted in the idea that individuals are born with weak bodies, leading to feelings of inferiority and a reliance on others. This innate sense of unity with fellow beings, known as social interest, is crucial for psychological well-being. Adler's theory can be summarized in key points: 1. The driving force behind behavior is the pursuit of success or superiority. 2. Individual perceptions influence behavior and personality. 3. Personality is coherent and consistent. 4. Human actions should be evaluated based on social interest. 5. A person's style of life emerges from their self-consistent personality structure. 6. Creative power shapes one's style of life. Adler's theory, though straightforward, delves deep into the complexities of human nature, emphasizing the importance of social connection and the pursuit of personal growth and fulfillment. Inferiority Feelings: The Source of Human Striving Adler believed that inferiority feelings are always present as a motivating force in behavior. “To be a human being means to feel oneself inferior,” Adler wrote (1933/1939, p. 96). Because this condition is common to all of us, then, it is not a sign of weakness or abnormality. - Inferiority feelings: The normal condition of all people; the source of all human striving. - Compensation: A motivation to overcome inferiority, to strive for higher levels of development. Many people with physical disabilities strive to compensate for their weaknesses. Adler proposed that inferiority feelings are the source of all human striving. Individual growth results from compensation, from our attempts to overcome our real or imagined inferiorities. Throughout our lives, we are driven by the need to overcome this sense of inferiority and to strive for increasingly higher levels of development. The process begins in infancy. Infants are small and helpless and are totally dependent on adults. Adler believed that the infant is aware of his or her parents’ greater power and strength and of the hopelessness of trying to resist or challenge that power. As a result, the infant develops feelings of inferiority relative to the larger, stronger people around him or her. Although this initial experience of inferiority applies to everyone in infancy, it is not genetically determined. Rather, it is a function of the environment, which is the same for all infants, a climate of helplessness and dependence on adults. Inferiority feelings are inescapable, but more important they are necessary because they provide the motivation to strive and grow The Inferiority Complex Inferiority complex: A condition that develops when a person is unable to compensate for normal inferiority feelings When a child struggles to grow and develop, their inability to overcome feelings of inferiority can lead to the development of an inferiority complex. In