Focused Reading Notes 1: Basic Acoustics and F0 Measures PDF

FOCUSED READING NOTES 1: BASIC ACOUSTICS AND F0 MEASURES Use this assignment to focus your attention on key points as you complete the reading assignments for Week 1. Submit your answers as a Word or PDF file. You can type directly in this document or print the document, write...

FOCUSED READING NOTES 1: BASIC ACOUSTICS AND F0 MEASURES Use this assignment to focus your attention on key points as you complete the reading assignments for Week 1. Submit your answers as a Word or PDF file. You can type directly in this document or print the document, write your notes by hand, and scan it to a PDF file. Sound Transmission (pp. 9–32) 1. Sound as pressure wave (pp. 9–15) a. When a tuning fork vibrates, it creates alternating regions of __compression________ (high positive pressure) and ____rarefraction______ (low pressure) that propagate through the surrounding air. b. When air molecules are set into motion, they oscillate back and forth around their resting position due to the opposing forces of ___elasticity_______ and ___inertia_______. c. State the difference between a transverse wave and a longitudinal wave. Which type of wave does sound travel as? A transverse wave is where the molecules move like an ocean wave. They go perpendicular to the wave. Whereas a longitudinal wave goes parallel to the wave. Sound travels like a longitudinal wave. 2. State the difference between periodic and aperiodic waveforms. How would you describe the perceptual quality of periodic and aperiodic sound waves? A periodic wave has the same or identical repeating patterns of cycles versus the aperiodic wave has no repeating pattern. The perceptual qualities are that a periodic wave is like a vowel, a smooth sound whereas aperiodic is noise like /f/ or /s/. 3. Waveforms (pp. 19–20) a. What property is represented on the x-axis of a waveform? time b. What property is represented on the y-axis? amplitude or the intensity 4. Pure tones and complex sounds (pp. 21–22) a. Define complex sound. a complex sound is like speech or noise, there are more than just one frequency b. What do we call the lowest component frequency of a complex sound? fundamental frequency c. Define/explain what it means to be one of the harmonic frequencies of a complex periodic sound. It means that it is a frequency that is one of the whole number multiples of the fundamental. 5. Sound spectra (pp. 23–24) a. What property is represented along the x-axis in a sound spectrum? Frequency b. What property is represented along the y-axis? Intensity/amplitude c. What property is NOT depicted in a line spectrum? Time 6. Interference (pp. 28–30)  a. If a region of compression (pressure peak) meets another region of compression, the result will be _constructive_________ interference. The amplitude of the resulting wave is __________. b. If a region of compression (pressure peak) meets a region of rarefaction, the result will be _destructive_________ interference. The amplitude of the resulting wave is _decreased_________. c. The type of interference between waves (constructive or destructive) depends on their relative ______phase____ (i.e., the relative timing of pressure peaks and troughs). 7. Frequency and pitch (pp. 31–32) a. How is frequency related to pitch? Pitch is the perceptual part of frequency. b. Which vibrates at a higher frequency, a large object or a small object? An object that is tense/stiff or an object that is loose/relaxed? A smaller object vibrates at a higher frequency. A tense object is higher too, like a guitar string. Loose is lower. Vocal Fold Vibration and F0 (pp. 137–146) 8. Explain what each of the following components refers to in the term “myoelastic aerodynamic theory of phonation.” a. myo-muscle force b. elastic tissue elasticity c. aerodynamic air pressures and flows i. What is the name of the principle that causes air flowing through the glottis to become negative in pressure? Bernoulli's Principle 9. Harmonics (pp. 142–143) a. Do higher-frequency harmonics typically have higher or lower amplitude than lower-frequency harmonics? The lowest frequency has the greatest amplitude. b. Harmonic spacing: In an individual with a high F0, is the space between harmonics larger or smaller than in an individual with a low F0? How does this influence the quality of the voice? Someone with a high Fo means a wider harmonic spacing. For example, kids with a high Fo would have less harmonics, wider spacing and therefore a less rich quality of voice when compared to an adult voice. Clinical Measures of Frequency (pp. 155–158) 10. What term is used for average fundamental frequency in an oral reading or conversational speech task? Speaking fundamental frequency SFF 11. Frequency variability a. What measure is typically used to quantify frequency variability in speech? Standard deviation of fundamental frequency b. How does frequency variability differ across average adult male and female speakers? Females have wider frequency variability 12. MPFR a. Define MPFR. maximum phonational frequency range b. Identify one factor generally thought to affect a speaker’s MPFR. Health can affect a speakers MPFR