SI-Generated Mock Exam 1 PDF

SI-Generated Mock Exam 1 This mock exam is not an actual representation of your test. It is only a tool to help understand difficult concepts located with the course. Answers on last page. 1. If a mother’s genotype is homozygous r...

SI-Generated Mock Exam 1 This mock exam is not an actual representation of your test. It is only a tool to help understand difficult concepts located with the course. Answers on last page. 1. If a mother’s genotype is homozygous recessive and the father is heterozygous and has the illness, which of the following represents the chance that their child will have PKD? A. 0% B. 25& C. 50% D. 100% 2. A woman drinks an excessive amount of alcohol during her pregnancy. Which of the following teratogenic disorders will the baby be at risk for? A. Thalidomide babies B. Sickle cell anemia C. Fetal alcohol syndrome D. Trisomy 21 3. How does ADH play a role in a fluid volume deficit? A. ADH is secreted from the pituitary gland and acts as a compensatory mechanism by excreting excess fluid. B. ADH is secreted from the adrenal gland and acts as a compensatory mechanism by retaining essential fluid. C. ADH is secreted from the pituitary gland and acts as a compensatory mechanism by retaining fluid. D. ADH is secreted from the adrenal gland and acts as a compensatory mechanism by excreting excess fluid. 4. A type 1 diabetic develops diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Which of the following is the best explanation for this problem? A. The patient is not able to bring glucose into the cells because of the absence of insulin. This can lead to the accumulation of pyruvic acid with can lead to DKA. B. The patient is not able to bring glucose into the cells because of the absence of insulin. This can lead to the accumulation of ketones which can lead to DKA. C. The patient is not able to expel enough CO2 resulting in DKA. D. Patient’s with Type 1 diabetes tend to take a lot of antacids which can lead to DKA. 5. A patient with massive bleeding due to a gun-shot wound is admitted to the ER. The nurse notices that the patient’s arms and legs are cold. What is the patho of cold extremities? A. The peripheral arteries have constricted causing decreased blood to the extremities of the body. B. The core organs have failed and the remaining blood has begun to travel to the extremities. C. The peripheral arteries have undergone vasodilation in order to allow an increase in the blood flow to the limbs of the body thus causing an increase in oxygen and a decrease in temperature of the limbs. D. The loss of blood has caused the body to rely on compensatory mechanisms such as the clotting near the site of the wound thus causing a decrease in temperature of the body. 6. A patient is suspected of having a rhabdomyosarcoma. Where is the tumor located? A. Smooth muscle. B. Cartilage C. Skeletal muscle. D. Brain. 7. Which of the following is not a released stress hormone when a patient is hypoglycemic? A. ADH B. Cortisol C. Epinephrine. D. Growth hormone. E. Glucagon. 8. A chronic smoker has developed some changes in the epithelial lining. The doctor tells him that once he stops smoking the cells should go back to their normal form. What type of cellular adaptation is this? A. Dysplasia. B. Metaplasia. C. Hyperplasia. D. Hypertrophy. 9. A male elderly patient is likely to have a poor prognosis due to the fact that A. elderly patients have an immature immune system. B. as age increases the chance of a poor prognosis increase because of a worn out immune system. C. elderly patients are less likely to have two or more medical conditions. D. because male patients have a weaker immune system making him more prone to disease. 10. Which of the following diseases encounters a problem with glycogenolysis where the patient is not able to breakdown glycogen? A. Type I diabetes. B. Diabetes Insipidus. C. McArdle’s disease. D. Cushing’s disease. 11. Which of the following is a likely sign/symptom if the polar gap is shorter than normal (RMP = - 60 mV)? A. Lethargy. B. Weakness C. Muscle spasms. D. Bradycardia. 12. A patient is diagnosed with Sickle Cell Disease. Which type of cell injury best describes the pathophysiology caused by this disease? A. Acute ischemia. B. Carbon monoxide. C. Free radicals D. Abnormal Cellular proliferation. 13. When glucagon stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose, it is called… A. Gluconeogenesis. B. Glycogenolysis. C. Glycogenesis. D. Glycolysis. 14. Which of the following are used to counteract free radicals? Select all that apply. A. Superoxide dismutase. B. Vitamin C. C. Beta lactamase. D. Vitamin E 15. Which hormone acts as a compensation mechanism for a fluid volume overload? A. RAAS. B. ADH. C. Cortisol. D. NPS. 16. Which of the following describes a genetic mutation that sets cancer into motion? A. Clonal proliferation. B. Oncogene. C. Genetic marker. D. Tumor marker. 17. Which of the following diseases describes an alteration in a chromosome where the gene functionality is disrupted and does not code proteins correctly? A. Multifactorial disorder. B. Inherited disorder. C. Teratogenic disorder. D. Chromosomal disorder. 18. What does the Philadelphia chromosome in chronic myeloid leukemia code for? A. The abnormal coding for too many red blood cells (erythrocytosis). B. The abnormal coding for too many platelets (thrombocytosis). C. The abnormal coding for too many leukocytes (leukocytosis). D. The abnormal coding for not enough leukocytes (leukopenia). 19. When there is a high osmolality there is a _______________ tonicity, _______________osmotic pressure, _________________ oncotic pressure. A. high, low, low. B. high, low, high. C. high, high, high. D. high, high, low. 20. A patient had a biopsy of abnormal mass of tissue on her arm. The results came back and the staging level was T=1, N=1, M=1. Is this abnormal mass cancerous? A. Yes. B. No. C. There is not enough information. D. None of the above. 21. A patient is confused, has poor skin turgor, and sunken eyes. The nurse should hang which IV solution? A. 0.9% NaCl B. 0.45% NaCl C. 3.0% NaCl D. Isotonic solution 22. A cancer patient has been experiencing weight loss, anorexia and early satiety. Upon assessment, the nurse notices that the patient has sunken features and appears to be malnourished by appearance. Which of the following best describes the patient’s signs and symptoms? A. Cachexia. B. Fatigue. C. Anemia. D. Hypoxia. 23. If a patient’s mother is homozygous dominant for sickle cell anemia and the father is heterozygous for sickle cell anemia, is there a chance that their offspring can have sickle cell anemia? A. There is a 100% chance their offspring will have sickle cell anemia. B. Their offspring have a 0% chance of developing sickle cell anemia or sickle cell trait. C. Their offspring has a 0% chance of developing sickle cell anemia but, 100% have a chance of developing sickle cell trait. D. Their offspring have a 0% chance of developing sickle cell anemia but 50% have a chance of developing sickle cell trait. 24. A patient is complaining of muscle spasms to the nurse. Upon the initial assessment, the nurse confirms the patient has a positive Chvostek’s. Which of the following labs would correlate to the current signs and symptoms the patient is presenting? A. Hypocalcemia, hyponatremia, hypokalemia. B. Hypercalcemia, hypernatremia, hyperkalemia. C. Hypocalcemia, hypernatremia, hyperkalemia. D. Hypocalcemia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia. 25. A nurse walks in the room during bedside report and the patient is sitting up, sweating, breathing heavily and disoriented. The patient is diabetic and has not had any insulin today. The patient’s pH is 7.28 and HCO3 is 18. PCO2 is normal. What type of imbalance is this and what part of the body compensates? A. Respiratory acidosis, kidney excretes ketones out of the body. B. Metabolic alkalosis, the lungs compensate by increasing the depth and rate of breathing. C. Metabolic acidosis, the lungs compensate by increasing the depth and rate of breathing. D. Respiratory alkalosis, the kidneys compensate by retaining HCO3. 26. A patient with severe anxiety is having a panic attack and is hyperventilating with a respiratory rate of 28. The patient’s ABGs are: pH: 7.56, CO2: 22, HCO3: 25. Which of the following the best explanation for the compensatory mechanism of this problem? A. The lungs will compensate by decreasing the rate and depth of respiration. B. The kidneys will compensate by retain HCO3. C. The lungs will compensate by increasing the rate and depth of respirations. D. The kidneys will compensate by excreting more HCO3. 27. Which of the following diseases is an example when a person inherits a mutated diseased gene that is recessive? Select all that apply. A. Polycystic kidney disease. B. Sickle cell anemia. C. Recombinant DNA. D. McArdle’s disease. 28. The abnormal death of a cell is known as…… A. Necrosis. B. Apoptosis. C. inflammation. D. Differentiation. 29. If a patient is hypopolarized, which of the following best explains the polar gap and resting membrane potential (RMP) of the cells? A. The polar gap has lengthened and the RMP has become more positive. B. The polar gap has shortened and RMP has become more positive. C. The polar gap has lengthened and the RMP has become more negative. D. The polar gap has shortened and the RMP has become more negative. 30. A patient was admitted to the hospital with a low pH (7.25) and a low HOC3 (20). The patient has an accumulation of H+ ions and is not making enough HCO3. Which of the following best matches the patient’s problem? A. Metabolic acidosis. B. Respiratory acidosis. C. Respiratory alkalosis. D. Metabolic alkalosis. 31. A patient is having a cast removed after 3 months of wearing it for a fractured tibia on the right side. When the nurse removes the cast, she notices the patient’s leg is significantly smaller than the left leg. What is the most likely reason for this? A. A decrease in the size of the cells causing a decrease in the size of the leg. B. There was an increase in the number of cells causing a decrease in size. C. The cells changed to a less differentiated cell that caused a decrease in size. D. There was an increase in the size of cells resulting in a decrease in the size of the leg. 32. Mr. Patho has been diagnosed with gout. Which of the following phrases made by the nurse indicates that the nurse has a full understanding of this disorder? A. “Gout is a recessive single-gene disorder” B. “You should avoid a diet low in purines such as broccoli and fish” C. “You should refrain from drinking red wine and consuming red meat” D. “Gout is caused by the buildup of creatine in your body” 33. Connie wants to know more about free radicals, which of the following phrases accurately describes free radicals? A. A diet with vitamin A and D can help counteract free radicals B. Free radicals are good for you, they have a lot of healing factors C. Free radicals are bacteria that infiltrate your gut biome D. Aging, drugs, alcohol are all typical free radical generators 34. During the winter freeze, several people ask you if you know anything about carbon monoxide poisoning. Which of the following is an accurate description of the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning? A. Patients with carbon monoxide poisoning should wear a 100% CO2 mask B. During the freeze, it is important to check for malfunctioning heaters that are not properly combusting C. Carbon monoxide has a weaker affinity to our red blood cells than oxygen D. Carbon monoxide is a pretty yet smelly gas 35. What intracellular substances are used to measure cell damage? A. Troponin, urine, red blood cells B. Myoglobin, creatine kinase, T-cells C. Water, troponin, O2 D. Creatinine kinase, myoglobin, troponin 36. Gene is an active smoker and has less differentiated mature cells in his bronchial lining. Name the form of cell adaptation and why this may have been caused. A. Metaplasia; smoking irritated his bronchial lining cells B. Hypertrophy; his bronchial cells have increased in size from breathing C. Metaplasia: smoking shrunk the bronchial lining cells D. Dysplasia; smoking led to a permanent change in his bronchial lining cells 37. Shanks is showing signs of kidney failure from a strong antibiotic treatment. This is a ______ problem. A. Idiopathic B. Iatrogenic C. Sad D. Nosocomial 38. After discovering metaplasia in his bronchial lining, Larry has decided to quit smoking. This is an example of a __________. A. Negative sequela B. Positive sequela 39. Sasha accidentally ate all the antacids in her pantry thinking that they were a snack. Pick the answer that accurately describes her pH and bicarbonate levels A. pH: 7.40, HCO3: 30 B. pH: 7.20, HCO3: 30 C. pH: 7.50, HCO3: 30 D. pH: 7. 50, HCO3: 20 40. Sasha has consumed too many antacids. What is one way her body will try to compensate? A. Lungs increase rate and depth of respirations B. Kidneys creating more HCO3 C. Heart stimulating the NP system D. Lungs decreasing the rate and depth of respirations 41. Which of the following is a single-gene dominant disorder? A. Sickle cell anemia B. Polycystic kidney disease C. Downs syndrome D. Metabolic acidosis 42. Which of the following disorders is caused by an alteration in the number of chromosomes? A. Sickle cell anemia B. Polycystic kidney disease C. Downs syndrome D. Metabolic acidosis 43. A patient is showing signs of poor skin turgor and oliguria. Which of the following is an appropriate body compensatory mechanism? A. RAAS B. SIADH C. The NP system D. Eating salty foods 44. A patient with liver disease may show signs of A. Dehydration B. Blood to tissue shift C. Tissue to blood shift D. High serum osmolality 45. ___ is the system used to retain fluid in our body A. Respiratory system B. The Natriuretic Peptide system C. The Renin Angiotensin-Aldosterone System D. The Renal Angiotensin-Aldosterone System 46. Fatigue is a common S&S of sickle cell anemia. Which of the following choices accurately connects S&S of fatigue with the pathology of sickle cell anemia? A. The normally shaped RBCs prevents an adequate amount of oxygen from being delivered to our body cells B. The sickle-cell shaped hemoglobin causes proximal tissue ischemia C. The shape and number of RBCs does not provide adequate oxygen for our body cells D. Sickle cell anemia is a single-gene recessive disorder 47. A nurse at a doctor’s office was with Victor, who has been diagnosed with polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Victor was too shy to ask the doctor, so he asked the nurse to explain what PKD is. From your own knowledge, how would the nurse explain PKD to Victor? A. PKD is an autosomal recessive disorder, which means both of your parents have passed down the genes to you. The genes cannot make normal kidney tissues. B. PKD is an autosomal dominant disorder, which means one or both of your parents passed the genes down to you. The genes cannot make normal kidney tissues. C. PKD is an autonomic dominant disorder, which means one or both of your parents passed the genes down to you. The genes just make your kidney smaller. D. PKD is an autonomic recessive disorder, which means both of your parents have passed down the genes to you. The genes just make your kidney smaller 48. A nurse at a doctor’s office was with Victor, who has been diagnosed with polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Victor was too shy to ask the doctor, but told the nurse what he was experiencing. Which description best describes Victor’s S&S that apply to PKD? A. “I think I have this thing called ‘polyuria’, where I just urinate a lot, I saw some blood in my urine, but I never had any kidney infections.” B. “There is always pain on my back, above my buttocks, I have seen some blood in my urine, I have also been through a lot of kidney stones and infections.” C. “I am always dehydrated even after I drink a gallon of water. Oh, and I have kidney stones every now and then” D. “There is always pain, specifically in my chest, I have seen some blood in my urine, and I have also been through a lot of kidney stones and infections” 49. Which of the following describes the mechanism of the RAAS? A. Renin is secreted by the pituitary gland →ACE to convert aldosterone to Angiotensin II → water retention and peripheral constriction B. Renin secreted by the pituitary gland → stimulates Angiotensin I formation→ Angiotensin I uses ACE to convert into Angiotensin II→ peripheral vasoconstriction and calls Aldosterone to retain water. C. Renin is secreted by the kidneys → ACE to convert Renin to ADH → retention of Na (sodium), potassium and water. D. Renin → Angiotensin I → with help of ACE →Angiotensin II. Angiotensin II → peripheral vasoconstriction + Aldosterone secretion by the adrenal gland→ Na + water retention 50. When our body is in fluid volume overload, we prefer to compensate with________ because ____? (NPS = Natriuretic Peptide system) A. NPS. We want to retain the water to help with the blood volume and blood pressure B. RAAS. We want to excrete the water by letting salt go out of our body. C. ADH. There is just too much volume in the blood, and it is hurting the heart. D. NPS. There is just too much volume in the blood, and it is hurting the heart. 51. A patient who is hypotonic should be given a ___________ solution. A. Hypertonic solution (3% NaCl) B. Hypotonic solution (.9% NaCl) C. Hypotonic solution (.45% NaCl) D. Low oncotic solution  52. A patient’s lab shows the following numbers: pH: 7.20, HCO3: 19. Knowing the baseline (normal) values, the patient is currently in: A. Metabolic acidosis B. Metabolic alkalosis C. Respiratory acidosis D. Respiratory alkalosis 53. A patient’s lab shows the following numbers: pH: 7.20, HCO3: 19. How should the patient compensate for his current state? A. Patient should hypoventilate to excrete less CO2, an acid. B. Patient should hyperventilate in order to keep acid in his body. C. Patient should hyperventilate to excrete more CO2, an acid. D. Patient should hypoventilate in order to keep acid in his body. 54. What are the characteristics of benign tumors? A. Tend to grow slowly, does not metastasize, and they tend to be fairly well-differentiated B. Tend to grow slowly, metastasize easily, and they tend to be well-differentiated C. Tend to grow fast, does not metastasize, and they tend to be well-differentiated D. Tend to grow fast, metastasize easily, and they tend to be well-differentiated 55. How does angiogenesis apply to tumor development? A. Angiogenesis seems to allow blood to divert from the tumor, so functioning and helpful cells tend to stay alive due to lots of nourishment. B. Angiogenesis seems to reallocate blood flow to the tumor, so functioning and helpful cells tend to receive too little nourishment. C. Angiogenesis seems to allow blood to travel around the tumor, so tumor cells tend to die due to too little nourishment. D. Angiogenesis seems to reallocate blood flow to the tumor, so the tumor cells tend to die due to too much nourishment 56. Between acute and chronic ischemia, identify which condition is better and why? A. Acute ischemia is better than chronic ischemia because acute ischemia is new to the body, and we can have time to adapt to it. B. Acute ischemia is better than chronic ischemia because acute ischemia gives us warning signs such as ischemic pain. C. Chronic ischemia is better than acute ischemia because chronic ischemia occurs gradually, and the body can have time to adapt to it. D. Chronic ischemia is better than acute ischemia because chronic ischemia gives us warning signs such as ischemic pain. 57. Which description applies to the state of Hypopolarization? A. Hypercalcemia is associated with hypopolarization because more calcium means more help to bring solutes into the cells. B. Hyperkalemia is associated with hypopolarization because diffusion results in the resetting of the cell’s membrane potential to a less negative number. C. Hypokalemia is associated with hypopolarization because diffusion results in the resetting of the cell’s membrane potential to a more negative number. D. Hypocalcemia is associated with hypopolarization because less Ca+ means the cell membrane is less permeable to influx of sodium. 58. Which combination applies to the state of hyperpolarization? A. Hypercalcemia, hypernatremia, hyperkalemia B. Hypercalcemia, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia C. Hypercalcemia, hyponatremia, hypokalemia D. Hypocalcemia, hypernatremia, hyperkalemia 59. A pediatric patient came in, and was diagnosed with Type I Diabetes. Which of the following responses by her parents require further education to keep their little girl safe? A. “So her body can’t process glucose because there isn't any insulin to help her body relocate the glucose.” B. “So the reason why her breath smells fruity was because it was from the buildup of ketone acids in her body.” C. “So her body processes glucose way too easily because there is a lot of insulin and they are everywhere in her body.” D. “So her body uses a lot more of her proteins and fats as a source of energy because glucose is not delivered into the cells in her body.” 60. You interviewed a nurse who mentions Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome out of the blue. The nurse assumed you knew what the syndrome is, but you had to think about it for a second. Which of the following describes the Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome? A. This syndrome usually applies to alcoholics as they tend to prefer food that pairs well with the drink. It is manifested as memory loss and ataxia. B. This syndrome usually applies to alcoholics as they tend to prefer alcohol as their main source of nutrients. It is manifested as memory loss and ataxia. C. This syndrome usually applies to alcoholics who have great tolerance to alcohol. It is manifested as memory loss and ataxia. D. This syndrome usually applies to alcoholics as they eat junk food. It is manifested as memory loss and ataxia.  61. Fill in the blanks! Metabolic acidosis is compensated by (1)__________, metabolic alkalosis is compensated by (2) ___________, (3) ____________ causes respiratory alkalosis, (4) ______ causes respiratory acidosis A. (1) hyperventilation, (2) hypoventilation, (3) hyperventilation, (4) hypoventilation B. (1) hyperventilation, (2) hypoventilation, (3) hypoventilation, (4) hyperventilation C. (1) hypoventilation, (2) hyperventilation, (3) hyperventilation, (4) hypoventilation D. (1) hypoventilation, (2) hyperventilation, (3) hypoventilation, (4) hyperventilation Answer Key 1. C 22. A 43. A 2. C 23. D 44. B 3. C 24. C 45. C 4. B 25. C 46. C 5. A 26. D 47. B 6. C 27. B & D 48. B 7. A 28. A 49. D 8. B 29. B 50. D 9. B 30. A 51. A 10. C 31. A 52. A 11. C 32. C 53. C 12. A 33. D 54. A 13. B 34. B 55. B 14. A, B, & D 35. D 56. C 15. D 36. A 57. B 16. B 37. B 58. C 17. D 38. B 59. C 18. C 39. C 60. B 19. C 40. D 61. A 20. A 41. B 21. B 42. C