Shorter Study Guide Exam 1 PDF

Chapter 1: Contemporary Issues & Standards    Healthy Lives:  Attain healthy lives free of preventable diseases.  Eliminate health disparities and achieve health equity.  Create environments promoting health for all.  Promote healthy development across all life stages.  Engage leadership and...

Chapter 1: Contemporary Issues & Standards    Healthy Lives:  Attain healthy lives free of preventable diseases.  Eliminate health disparities and achieve health equity.  Create environments promoting health for all.  Promote healthy development across all life stages.  Engage leadership and the public in health-improving actions. Practice Standards:  Safe Practice 2: Measure culture, feedback, interventions.  Safe Practice 5: Informed consent using “teach back.”  Safe Practice 12: Timely, clear patient care info.  Safe Practice 19: Follow CDC hand hygiene. Health Literacy:  Definition & Importance: Skills from reading slips to interpreting medication instructions.  Challenges: Materials often too complex.  E-health Literacy: Increased online medical info.  Cultural Sensitivity: Essential for multicultural care.  Vulnerable Groups: Elderly, minorities, low-income.  Impact: Lower literacy linked to poorer outcomes.  Role of Providers: Use simple words, ensure understanding.  Trends in Fertility & Birth Rates: Decrease among women aged 20-44 (2019-2020); 33.8% cesarean in 2020.  SBAR Technique:  Situation: Current patient status.  Background: Clinical history.  Assessment: Nurse’s evaluation.  Recommendation: Needed actions. Chapter 2: Family & Culture   Family Configurations:  Nuclear: Husband, wife, children.  Extended: Grandparents, aunts, uncles.  Multi-generational: Three or more generations.  Marriage-blended: Step-relatives.  Single-parent: One parent, with or without other adults.  Alternative: LGBTQIA+ families. Cultural Factors:  Definition & Influence: Behavior, interactions, health practices.  Cultural Knowledge: Beliefs, values passed down.  Healthcare Implications: Avoid stereotypes, understand practices.  Subcultures: Exist within larger cultures.  Acculturation & Assimilation: Cultural changes when different cultures interact.  Cultural Competence: Recognize disparities, educate in meaningful context, respect differences.  Vulnerable Populations:  Racial/Ethnic Minorities: Address barriers, chronic diseases.  Women: Access to prenatal care, reproductive health.  Older Adults: Manage chronic illnesses, mobility.  Adolescents: Education on sexual health, mental support.  Incarcerated Individuals: Address abuse, chronic diseases.  Immigrants/Refugees: Cultural, linguistic services.  Rural Residents: Access, cost, transportation.  Homeless: Comprehensive care, mental health, housing support. Chapter 3: Genetics  Genetics vs. Genomics: Study of single genes vs. whole genome.  Nursing Role: Frontline in genetic risk guidance.  Human Genome Project: Mapped human genome; humans 99.9% identical at DNA level.   Genetic Testing:  Types: Preimplantation, prenatal, newborn, carrier, diagnostic, predictive, presymptomatic, forensic.  Uses: Examine DNA/RNA, identify gene markers, protein products, chromosomes. Chromosomal Abnormalities:  Euploid: Normal chromosome number (23 in haploid cells, 46 in diploid cells).  Polyploidy: Extra sets (e.g., triploid).  Aneuploidy: Abnormal number (e.g., Down Syndrome - Trisomy 21, Edwards Syndrome - Trisomy 18, Patau Syndrome - Trisomy 13).  Common Conditions:  Down Syndrome: Intellectual disability, facial features, increased risk with maternal age.  Trisomy 18 (Edwards Syndrome): Severe developmental delays, physical abnormalities, short lifespan.  Trisomy 13 (Patau Syndrome): Severe intellectual disability, physical abnormalities, poor prognosis. Chapter 4: Female Reproductive System   External Structures:  Mons Pubis: Cushions pubic bone.  Labia Majora/Minora: Protect inner structures.  Clitoris: Sexual arousal.  Vaginal Vestibule: Encloses urethral, vaginal openings.  Urethral Opening: Exit for urine.  Skene Glands: Vaginal lubrication.  Vaginal Orifice: Opening to vagina.  Bartholin Glands: Lubricate vaginal introitus.  Perineum: Supports pelvic structures. Internal Structures:  Vagina: Passageway for menstrual flow, birth canal.    Uterus: Nourishes fertilized ovum, expels fetus.  Cervix: Connects uterus to vagina.  Fallopian Tubes: Transport ova, site of fertilization.  Ovaries: Ovulation, hormone production. Menstrual Cycle:  Phases: Menstrual (1-5), Proliferative (6-14), Secretory (15-28), Ischemic (26-28).  Hormones: Estrogen (growth, development), Progesterone (prepares endometrium), Prostaglandins (ovulation, cramping), LH (triggers ovulation), FSH (follicle growth). Climacteric & Menopause:  Climacteric: Decline in ovarian function.  Menopause: Cessation of menstruation, avg. age 51.4 【4†source】. Chapter 6: Menstrual Disorders  Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation; evaluate causes.  Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation; treat with NSAIDs, heat, exercise.  PMS & PMDD: Symptoms include bloating, mood swings; treat with lifestyle changes, SSRIs.  Endometriosis: Pelvic pain; manage with NSAIDs, hormonal therapy, surgery.  Menorrhagia: Heavy bleeding; use NSAIDs, hormonal treatments.  AUB: Irregular bleeding; track patterns, seek treatment.  Menopause: Health risks include osteoporosis; hormone therapy options available. Chapter 7: STIs  Prevention: Abstinence, condoms, regular screening, vaccination, monogamy, education, avoid needle sharing.  Bacterial STIs:  Chlamydia: Often asymptomatic; treat with azithromycin or doxycycline.     Gonorrhea: Increased vaginal discharge; treat with ceftriaxone and azithromycin.  Syphilis: Stages with sores, rashes; treat with penicillin.  PID: Abdominal pain; treat with broad-spectrum antibiotics. Viral STIs:  HPV: Genital warts; prevent with vaccination.  HSV: Painful lesions; treat with antivirals.  Hepatitis A/B: Flu-like symptoms, jaundice; prevent with vaccination. Vaginal Infections:  BV: Thin discharge, odor; treat with metronidazole.  Candidiasis: Itching, discharge; treat with antifungals.  Trichomoniasis: Frothy discharge, irritation; treat with metronidazole. TORCH Infections: Significant fetal risk; manage with hygiene, vaccinations. Chapter 8: Contraception  Assessment: Knowledge, attitude, physical exam.  Fertility Awareness-Based Methods:    Calendar Method: Track cycles, avoid intercourse on fertile days.  TwoDay Method: Avoid intercourse if secretions noticed.  BBT Method: Track temperature changes, avoid intercourse during fertile period.  Symptothermal Method: Combines BBT, cervical mucus, other signs. Barrier Methods:  Spermicides: Reduce sperm mobility.  Male Condoms: Prevent sperm entry, protect against STIs.  Female Condoms: Insert into vagina, cover cervix and labia.  Diaphragms: Dome-shaped, cover cervix, used with spermicide.  Cervical Caps: Fit around cervix, used with spermicide.  Contraceptive Sponges: Moisten, insert over cervix. Hormonal Methods:  COCs: Suppress ovulation, alter mucus and endometrium.  Minipills: Progestin-only, inhibit ovulation, thicken mucus.  Vaginal Ring: Monthly regimen of estrogen and progestin.  Patch: Weekly application.  Injectables: Long-lasting progestins.  Emergency Contraception: Levonorgestrel, ulipristal, copper IUD.  IUDs: Long-term, effective; types include copper and hormonal.  Sterilization: Permanent; options include tubal ligation and vasectomy.  Nursing Interventions: Educate, follow-up, counseling, informed consent.