UTS College SHAP001 Human Anatomy and Physiology Week 9 Course Book PDF

SHAP001 Human Anatomy and Physiology Week 9 Course Book PRE-TUTORIAL A: IMPORTANCE OF URINARY SYSTEM A. Homeostasis (Fill in the blanks) Homeostasis is defined asmaintenance...

SHAP001 Human Anatomy and Physiology Week 9 Course Book PRE-TUTORIAL A: IMPORTANCE OF URINARY SYSTEM A. Homeostasis (Fill in the blanks) Homeostasis is defined asmaintenance __________________ of a constant ____________ internal environment of the body. tissuefluid Internal environment refers to the _______________ or known as ___________________ (ECF) that bathes the body cells. The body needs fluid extracellular ____________ controls of the composition and concentration of the tissue fluid. Any homeostastic great fluctuation of these will kill the body cells. blood capillary incirculatorysystemcarriesoxygennutrients andhormonestocellsremoveswasteproducts tiffa lymphaticsystemnetwork of tissuesandorgansthat 1 98 ftp.EF.MEeEEfion M pYTaEy backflow of lymph deadendtopreven distripytse egth.roughout system connective B. Excretion 58,4 4 processofremovingwastesfrom the body Excretion is ___________________________________________________ Examples of metabolic wastes:  Nitrogenous waste, such as ________ – from deamination in liver Urea  Carbon dioxide – fromcellular _____________ of body cells respiration  RBC Bile pigment – from _____________ of old _ _ _ in liver breakdown SHAP001 Week 9 Coursebook 1  C. Excretory organs  Gases:  W__________ ater ater W____________    Metabolic Mineral salts, carbondioxide __________ Mineral salts, e.g. sodiumchloride  Water vapour wastes e.g.__________ __________ calciummagnesium excreted  Nitrogenous waste,  sodium Nitrogenous waste, e.g. __________acid urea uric e.g. __________ urea D. Functions of Kidney  Regulation of blood extracellularfluid _____________________ and _______________ pressure  Regulation of _____________ osmolarity volume  Maintenance of ________ balance ion  Homeostatic regulation of _________  Excretion ofmetabolic ___________ was fÉ  Production of hormones __________  Conserve nutrients ____________ SHAP001 Week 9 Coursebook 2  PRE-TURORIAL A: URINARY SYSTEM It consists of __ kidneys, __ 2 ureters, 1 urinary bladder and 1 urethra. (Fill in the 2 blanks and label the diagrams) A. Location of Kidneys The paired, bean-shaped kidneys located posteriorly beneath the peritoneum at the level of the last few ribs. This means they are located slightly above the waistline. The right kidney is somewhat inferior in position to the left due to the large overlying mass of the liver on that side of the body. liver Rightside of thekidneyis more inferior than the left side of the 897 Makespace SHAP001 Week 9 Coursebook 3  ureter her urethra Anterior View Longitudinal section through the kidney whattypeofreceptorsarepresentin sphinctermuscles at AdrenoceptorB.helps to contrictmuscle Gross Structure of the Kidneys: Adrenoceptorhelpsto relax muscle B Renal cortex Renalmedulla Renal pyramid has a Renal hVis Renalpapilla ureter Fibrouscapsule SHAP001 Week 9 Coursebook 4   The kidney is bound by a thin, leathery, fibrous capsule. Directly interior from it is a highly vascularised, reddish brown renal cortex usually lighter in colour than the rest of the tissue.  The deeper renal medulla, a darker, inner region which is often striated in appearance is divided into from 9 to 12 renal pyramids. These striated wedges alternate with deep, rectangular extensions of cortical tissue, the renal columns.  Each pyramid has an external wide margin or base. A narrow, pointed papilla of each renal pyramid is at the end opposite the base. The papilla of each renal pyramid projects internally and medially. The papilla also projects deeply into a funnel-like calyx. All these calyces converge into a larger funnel-shaped renal pelvis which represents the expanded end of the ureter.  Note the renal artery and renal vein at the radial notch of the kidney, the hilus. PRE-TUTORIAL A: THE NEPHRON The human kidney contains approximately 1 million microscopic units called nephrons (kidney tubules). There are two types: cortical (80-85%) and juxtamedullary nephrons (15-20%). small artery cortical nephrons 801 medullary juxta nephrons 20.1 Very long nephron loops, maintain salinity gradient in the medulla and helps conserve water SHAP001 Week 9 Coursebook 5  Each nephron is composed of: A incoming E outgoing diffenEptron ortex me gfygff.fi capsule a.in proximal L flow ascending Loppenite edulla descending minor majorcalyx pelvist ureter  uringy Bowman's capsule - a double-walled cup-shaped hollow tube surrounding a tuft of capillaries the glomerulus  Proximal convoluted tubule - the convoluted (coiled) portion of the uriniferous tubule closest to Bowman’s capsule (hence “proximal”). This is first section to receive filtrate.  Loop of Henle - that part of the uriniferous tubule is straight, forming a loop with a descending limb diving into the medulla and an ascending limb moving back towards the cortex.  Distal convoluted tubule – the convoluted (coiled) portion of the uriniferous tubule furthest away from Bowman’s capsule (“distal” from it).  Collecting Duct - the last section of the uriniferous tubule, straight, descending into the medulla, merges with other collecting ducts as it conveys urine towards the minor calyces. SHAP001 Week 9 Coursebook 6  PRE-TUTORIAL A: RENAL PROCESSES The __________, in which renal processes take place, is the basic structural and nephron functional unit in kidney. 1. iltration Glomerular f____________ – from glomerulus to Bowman’s capsule 2. R_______________ – from tubules to peritubular capillaries eabsorption 3. ecretion S________________ – from peritubular capillaries to tubules 1 solute 949 SHAP001 Week 9 Coursebook 7  re absorption secretion Once the urine has been formed in the nephron, it is collected into each of the following parts of the duct system (in order): 1. ___________ ducts - one collecting duct serves about 12 nephrons collecting ↓ 2. Papillary ducts - short ducts that drain about 30 collecting ducts each ↓ 3. Minor ________; then Major __________ calyces calyces ↓ 4. Renal _________ - receptacle within the kidney for all urine produced by the nephrons pelvis ↓ 5. Ureter _________ - duct to the urinary bladder ↓ 6. Urinary bladder _________________ - a muscular temporary storage organ ↓ 7. U__________ - duct from the urinary bladder to the outside rethra SHAP001 Week 9 Coursebook 8  TUTORIAL A: RENAL TUBULES Label the different parts of renal tubule. Then, draw blood vessels to show how they are around the nephron in the diagram above. Label the vessels Blood circulation: Renal artery → afferent arteriole → glomerulus (a network of capillaries) → efferent arteriole → capillary → venule → renal vein SHAP001 Week 9 Coursebook 9  TUTORIAL A: RENAL PROCESSES Label the 3 major renal processes. Peri surrounding tubular 88es a ball ofcapillaries 3D reabsorbed secreted filtered R SHAP001 Week 9 Coursebook 10  (1) Filtration About 20% of the blood plasma is filtered into the Bowman’s capsule and becomes glomerular filtrate that flows along the kidney tubule. The remaining blood in the glomerulus flows to the efferent arteriole. efferaffteriole afferentarteriole BIGGIE liquid here is grafferffard glomerulus consists ofglucoseamino acids water salts urea these substances are so small so you can pass through the bowman's Processes: RBCs capsule whereasare and proteins in size (1) Due to the _________________________________, creating a high large pumping action of heart polymer so canno blood lood _____________ pressure. ∴ the pressure of b________ in glomerulus is passthrough ________ than that in Bowman’s capsule. i excretedthroug higher glucose amino acids.ae 1000 flow (2) Some of the b______________, e.g. _______________________________ teriole ittered ____________________________________ will be f________ out through the salt urea thin wall of glomerulus and the wall of B__________'s capsule to form owman lomerular intrate lood ells g______________ f___________; except ___________ and b_______ c______ protein SHAP001 Week 9 Coursebook 11  Filtration barriers inside the nephron During ultrafiltration, substances leaving the blood must pass through three filtration barriers before they can enter the Bowman’s capsule. epithelialtissue The endothelium of the glomerular capillaries It has pores that allow most components (except proteins) of the plasma to pass through. Blood cells are too large to pass through the pores and are retained in the blood. The basement membrane It allows water and small molecules to pass through. The epithelium of the Bowman’s capsule It consists of specialised cells with many foot-like extensions. These cells are called podocytes (‘pod’ means foot). They form a network of slits that allows the filtered liquid to pass through. Classwork – Which of the following can pass through?  Amino acids /  Plasma proteins /  Blood cells /  Urea /  Electrolytes /  Vitamins /  Fatty acids /  Water /  Glucose / SHAP001 Week 9 Coursebook 12  Gomins hr (2) Reabsorption 125 6042 180 ago The normal rate of forming glomerular filtrate in man is 125 ml per minute (i.e. ____ litres per day). However, 124 per minute of the filtrate formed is reabsorbed back into the blood capillary. Thus only 1__ ml per minute of the filtrate is lost as urine. (i.e. 15L (around 1500) ml per day) about _____ Significance: to absorb ____________________________________________ useful nutrients Process: diffusion How? By _______________, ______________ and _______________. active transit osmosis Where? Total % Mechanism At proximal At distal (proportion) of At loop of At collecting Active convoluted convoluted substances Diffusion Osmosis Henle duct transport tubule tubule absorbed 1. glucose (100%) Y N Y Y N N N Y 2. and N (100%) Y N Y N N Y 3. salt Y (80%) N Y Y Y Y Y(80%) Y 4. water(99%) N y N Y Y Y N Y 5. urea (50%) N Y Y Y SHAP001 Week 9 Coursebook 13  Structural adaptations of proximal convoluted tubule Reabsorption occurs mainly in the proximal convoluted tubule which has the following structural adaptations: Feature Adaptation  To increase the ________________ for reabsorption surface area Highly c_________________  onvoluted To increase the __________ for the filtrate to flow through time so that more useful substances can be reabsorbed. The wall is a single layer of cells  To shorten ________________ for reabsorption of (t________) diffusiondistance useful substances hin The cells contain numerous  Mitochondria provide energy for m______________________ ________________. itchondria activetransport  To increase the ________________ for The cells contain m_____________ isrovilli reabsorption. surfacearea peritubular SHAP001 Week 9 Coursebook 14  (3) Secretion A few substances are actively secreted from the capillary INTO the tubular cells. drug substances Examples: ____________ ___________ toxic SHAP001 Week 9 Coursebook 15  TUTORIAL B: CONSERVING WATER BY LOOP OF HENLE A terrestrial mammal has to conserve water, which is performed by the loop of Henle. Mammals and birds are the only animals which can produce a markedly hypertonic urine that is the urine having a greater solute concentration than the blood plasma. This hypertonic urine maximizes the amount of water retained, thus enabling these animals to colonize the drier habitats. The concentration of the urine produced is directly related to the lengths of the loop of Henle and the collecting duct as well as the thickness of the medulla. contission juxtamedullary nephron morejuxta medullary nephron canconserve morewater SHAP001 Week 9 Coursebook 16 SHAP001 Week 9 Coursebook 17  TUTORIAL B: ACTIONS OF ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) Action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)  Function of ADH: to_____________________ decrease urine production → ∴ a greater _______________ of water is proportion reabsorbed from the filtrate.  Therefore, kidney can form urine in different v_____________ and c___________________ oncentrations Olumes according to the body conditions. In kidneys, must variable depends on howmuchwater is available to be reabsorbed SHAP001 Week 9 Coursebook 18  e.g. _______________ e.g. _______________ Gwater molecules water molecules absorbed reabsorbed urine lefsmyqtera.is a9bsorbed fhfrweatfnrce.is reafebas.orbed urine Action of ADH at collecting duct:  ADH stimulates insertion of water channels (aquaporin-2) into apical membrane. More water can then permeate membrane and be reabsorbed by osmosis. SHAP001 Week 9 Coursebook 19  PROBLEM SOLVING QUESTIONS: ACTIONS OF ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) The diagram below shows the nephron and its related structures. The solute concentrations of the fluid at J in the tubules are indicated. Ing Account for the difference in solute concentration of fluid in point D with or without ADH. with ADH moreaquaporin channels open less urine issecreted because most of the water is reabsorbed back into the capillaries without ADH lessaquaporinchannelsopen more urinesecreted urine is more dilutel because less water is reabsorbed back into body ADH secretion causes vasoconstriction and this increases blood pressure and also increases the volume of blood that ows through the glomerulus. SHAP001 Week 9 Coursebook 20