Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar: A Gifted Genius PDF

ABOUT THE BOOK Padma Bhushan, Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar, the man who dared to dream the unthinkable and traversed his life path with fortitude, laid the foundation of India’s scientific future. Amidst the galaxy of luminaries who have lighted up the sky of our achievements in the various spheres of science and technology, Dr. Bhatnagar has carved for himself a place of great eminence. To introduce the young minds to this great visionary, giving them a little peek into the many challenges and the many achievements that have shaped his life, is a matter of pride. Our humble endeavour is to create a feeling of national pride and respect for the great men who have been stepping stones in the glorious journey of India’s progress and development. Young minds can be ignited by setting before them exemplary role models and Dr. Bhatnagar is one such figure. We hope the book not just informs but also inspires. ABOUT THE AUTHORS K. Venkataraman, Ph.D., former Curator of National Council of Science Museums, (Govt. of India), Kolkata, and presently a faculty of Physics at PMB Gujarati Science College, Indore. He is an academicain, writer and the Editor-in-Chief of Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan (VVM). Nandini Phanse, Ph.D., is presently the Head of the Post Graduate Department of Microbiology of PMB Gujarati Science College, Indore. An academician and researcher for 34 years, she is a writer and the Co-Editor of VVM. Deepa Vanjani, Ph.D., is presently heading the English Department of PMB Gujarati Science College , Indore. An academic, poet, writer, animal rights activist, and freelance journalist and Editor of VVM. Shilpa Parikh, Ph.D., is presently Head of the Computer Science department in MKHS Gujarati Girls College, Indore. An academician for the last four decades, she is a writer, philantrophist and spiritualist. VIJNANA BHARATI A4, First Floor, Gulmohar Park, August Kranti Marg (Main Road), New Delhi- 110049 E-mail: [email protected] Contact: +91-011- 49032436 SHANTI SWARUP BHATNAGAR A GIFTED GENIUS |i National Pledge India is my country. All Indians are my brothers and sisters. I love my country, and I am proud of its rich and varied heritage. I shall always strive to be worthy of it. I shall give respect to my parents, teachers and elders and treat everyone with courtesy. To my country and my people, I pledge my devotion. In their well being and prosperity alone, lies my happiness. ii | SHANTI SWARUP BHATNAGAR A GIFTED GENIUS Authors K. Venkataraman, Ph.D. Nandini Phanse, Ph.D. Deepa Vanjani, Ph.D. Shilpa Parikh, Ph.D. VIJNANA BHARATI | iii Published by: Vijnana Bharati A4, First Floor, Gulmohar Park, August Kranti Marg, New Delhi- 110049 E-mail: [email protected] Contact: +91-011- 49032436 ©Vijnana Bharati 2024 First Edition July 2024 All rights reserved. No part of the publication may be reproduced in whole or in part, or stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the written permission of the publisher. For information regarding permission, write to Vijnana Bharati. SHANTI SWARUP BHATNAGAR: A GIFTED GENIUS Authors: K. Venkataraman, Nandini Phanse, Deepa Vanjani, Shilpa Parikh ISBN: 978-81-973615-9-3 Price : 120/- iv | CONTENTS Preface..............................................................................................................vii Authors’ Note.....................................................................................................ix 1. The Making of the Genuis........................................................................1 2. The Formative Years: Education and Influences..........................................5 3. An Exemplary Educationist and Scientist.................................................12 4. The Father of Research Laboratories:.......................................................21 Developing Industrial Research in India 5. Awards and Recognitions.........................................................................29 6. Reminiscing Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar.....................................................32 Appendix 1. Photo Gallery..........................................................................................40 2. Important Milestones in the life of Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar...........45 3. List of CSIR Laboratories........................................................................47 4. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar (SSB) Award for Science and Technology.........50 5. Dr. Bhatnagar’s Scientific Papers.............................................................53 6. References................................................................................................59 |v Dedicated to our nation builders. vi | PREFACE आ नोो भद्राःः क्रतवोो यन्तुु वि श्वतःः। Rig Veda, 1.89.1 “Let noble thoughts come to us from all and every direction in the universe.” I ndia has had glorious traditions in knowledge generation and dissemination from ancient times. Bharat contributed in all spheres of human knowledge, be it Mathematics, Physics, Metallurgy, Chemistry, Medicine, Surgery, Astronomy, Language, Grammar, Architecture and so on. Moreover, Bharat’s spiritual advancements have been widely admired all over the world. Our great scientists in modern times have carried forward this legacy by their path breaking and exemplary inventions, discoveries and research. Remembering their immense contribution in laying the foundation of a strong nation, is a humble reminder to all the countrymen to have the vision for shaping a Viksit Bharat@ 2047. Among such luminaries as Homi Jehangir Bhabha, Vikram Sarabhai, Hargovind Khurana, C.V. Raman, Ramanujan, Jagdish Chandra Bose, only to name a few, is another pioneering scientist Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar. This Indian chemist, revered as the Father of Research Laboratories in India, played a major role in shaping the future of science and technology in the country. It is | vii no doubt that the Government of India instituted the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology in memory of the Founder Director of CSIR. The prize has and should continue to inspire young Indians to enrich the horizon of our scientific research. Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan(VVM) is one such endeavour that aims to instil a scientific temper in young minds to create “ignited minds”, to use the words of Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam. I am hopeful that this book on the life and works of Dr. Bhatnagar will be a source of knowledge and inspiration to our scientists in the making. I extend my good wishes to the writers of the book. Let our quest for knowledge take us to new realms. May we shine in our deeds and actions and strive to make India a Vishwa Guru in every sense of the word. Shekhar C. Mande, FNA, FASc, FNASc Former Director General, CSIR. Distinguished Professor, Honorary Distinguished Scientist National Centre for Cell Science, Pune viii | Authors’ Note W e are profoundly grateful to Vidyarthi Vigyan Manthan for entrusting us with the responsibility of writing this book. The book is a humble contribution for giving an impetus to young scientists in the making who can change the future of India. The facts from the life of Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar remain the same and we do not claim that we are adding anything new. What we have attempted is to gather the major facts of Dr. Bhatnagar’s life in a way that can be read and understood by young children and be a source of their inspiration. In this digital age, when technology has besieged our lives, a book in printed form is a welcome opportunity to reach out to those curious, young minds out there, who might be inspired by the life and work of this great scientist and administrator, Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar. In his poem “Ulysses”, Lord Alfred Tennyson wrote: “Strong in will- To strive, to seek, to find and not to yield.” Let the seeking in the journey of learning go on and let us endeavour to seek and find new things, so that the country finds young fresh minds with new ideas. | ix The research papers of Prof. Bhatnagar that have been added to the book are a treasure-trove of knowledge which can be of use to students who wish to embark on their scientific careers. Information regarding the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize and CSIR Laboratories has also been included in appendices to motivate young minds. Furthermore, important milestones in the life of Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar have been tabulated in the appendix as a ready reckoner for readers. We hope our account of Dr. Bhatnagar’s life will be read by young people of India, who will shape the future of our country. Following Dr. Bhatnagar’s ideals will persuade them to work for the country, to take up challenges and new initiatives and to be useful members of the society. If we are to fulfil the dream of Viksit Bharat@ 2047, the youth of the country will have to be filled with national pride and an appreciation of the wealth of our knowledge, the legends and scholars the country have produced, and the achievements of this great civilization. This humble book, hopefully, is a step in that direction. We acknowledge the inputs given by Mr. Arun Bhatnagar, grandson of Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar. His efforts and valuable suggestions have guided us in making of the book. Authors: K. Venkataraman Nandini Phanse Deepa Vanjani Shilpa Parikh x| CHAPTER THE MAKING OF THE GENUIS 1 EARLY LIFE OF DR. SHANTI SWARUP BHATNAGAR यथाा ह्येेकेेन चक्रेेण न रथस्य गति र्भभवेेत् ्। एवंं परुषकाारेे ण वि नाा दैै वंं न सि द्ध्यति ।। Just as a chariot cannot be driven without a wheel, a man’s destiny cannot be fulfilled without perseverance. T he persona of Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar is reflected as a man who stood tall, who set standards, and laid the foundation stone for building a strong nation. He is an amalgamation of an accomplished scientist, an able administrator, a poet, a wonderful communicator and above all an exemplary human being characterized by his generosity, values, integrity, humility and commitment to serve others. Family Background and Early Childhood Born on 21st February 1894 at Bhera in the Shahpur District in the then undivided state of Punjab (now in Pakistan), Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar belonged to an elite, educated family both from the paternal and maternal sides. |1 His mother, Parbati Bhatnagar was the daughter of a distinguished engineer, Munshi Pyarelal of Sikandrabad in U.P, while his father Parmeshwari Sahai Bhatnagar was the eldest son of Rai Bahadur Munshi Manoharlal of Panipat. Munshi Manoharlal held a high executive post and was particularly noted for his piety and honesty. Shanti Swarup inherited from his mother’s family the scientific temper and poetic attributes, and from his paternal family, especially from his father, he imbibed an independent spirit. Shanti Swarup’s father Parmeshwari Sahai Bhatnagar, was a distinguished graduate of the Punjab University. He refused to take up judicial or executive service which was the tradition of the family and became a teacher of a high school in Bhera. Parmeshwari Sahai Bhatnagar became a member of the Brahmo Samaj, a moment which stood against Hindu orthodoxy and the caste system and was committed to social equity. For his religious beliefs, Parmeswari Sahai Bhatnagar was totally estranged from his family members. When his father Parmeshwari Sahai Bhatnagar died on 26th October 1894, at the young age of 22, Shanti Swarup was just eight months old, whereas his elder sister was two years old. Parmeswari Sahai’s sudden death left his young wife and children in dire poverty. Since Parmeshwari Sahai’s father and mother had both died and his uncles were in Lahore, there was no other option for Shanti Swarup’s mother than to go to Sikanderabad to her father, Munshi Pyarelal. She took over many household responsibilities in her father’s house, where she and her children were well taken care of. It was at Sikanderabad, under the guardianship of his maternal grandfather, Munshi Pyarelal, that the childhood of Shanti Swarup was passed. Young Shanti Swarup received guidance from Munshi Pyarelal, who was an engineer, one of the first to have qualified from the Roorkee College (presently IIT, Roorkee), the first engineering college in India. 2| Munshi Pyarelal was a strict disciplinarian but was never harsh. He did not allow the children any pocket money because he thought it would make them self-indulgent. However, he always gave them money whenever they really needed it. He told them never to get involved in disputes. As he grew older, Munshi Pyarelal became more religious and reclusive. A new house was built at some distance from the older one, into which the family shifted. Shanti Swarup stayed with his grandfather who continued to live in the old house and thereby developed a liking for solitude. Fruit trees were planted around the house and young Shanti Swarup would often climb trees and feast on the guavas and mangoes. At the height of the mango season, hundreds of the luscious fruits were plucked and thrown overnight into a water tank in the garden. Such was Shanti Swarup’s liking for mangoes that during summers, when the family sat in the shady bower of trees to enjoy mangoes being cooled in a water tank, he would be thrown in it to eat as many of them as he liked. Under the influence of his grandfather, Munshi Pyarelal, young Shanti Swarup, developed a taste for engineering, and also in Physics and Chemistry. He became interested in his grandfather’s geometrical instruments, Euclid and algebra, and in making mechanical toys. Clay-modelling greatly attracted him and he spent much time at it. At the age of eight, while his classmates were playing up a storm on the playground, this young boy was using the instruments and tools of his grandfather to build mechanical toys. He had constructed a steam engine and one day, to his great joy, the clay vessel that served as a boiler, burst. Dr.Bhatnagar always recollected the inner happiness and joy he had experienced in his childhood due to the explosion and little movement of the engine on the crude rails. |3 Those were the happy early childhood days. Munshi Pyarelal accompanied his grandson Shanti Swarup on the first day of his school. On that day , Shanti Swarup learnt that his father had died when he was just a eight month old baby. Till then, he considered his maternal grandfather Munshi Pyarelal to be his father. The little child, aged six, was disheartened and wept to accept the bitter truth. Thus began his school days where seeds to his wholesome personality were sown which found a conducive atmosphere to boom and blossom later in life. Poetic Inclination From his childhood, thanks to the literacy atmosphere in his grandfather’s house, Shanti Swarup enjoyed listening to poetry and took up to writing. Munshi Pyarelal’s ancestral house had a big library of Hindi and Urdu books. Mostly while travelling or on holiday he would write verses on scraps of paper and pocket them. Shanti Swarup’s interest in poetry and literature came from his mother’s family who produced a number of poets, the most famous of them was Munshi Hargopal. Munshi Hargopal was a well-known poet and wrote under a pseudo name ‘Tafta’. He had a collection of rare books and manuscripts which, upon his death, were bequeathed to Shanti Swarup by his grandfather. He then donated them to the Lahore University Library. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar’s collection of Urdu poems, titled Lajwanti after his wife, was published in 1948. Take Aways People who are ready to take risks and face the consequences, stand out in a crowd and carve a niche for themselves. Learning, the foundations of which should be laid early, is the stepping stone to a solid future. 4| CHAPTER 2 THE FORMATIVE YEARS EDUCATION AND INFLUENCES नाास्ति ि वि द्याासमोो बन्धुुर्नाा स्ति ि वि द्याासमःः सुुहृत् ् । नाास्ति ि वि द्याासमंं वि त्तंं नाास्ति ि वि द्याासमंं सुुखम् ् ॥ There is no brother like knowledge, no friend like knowledge, and no wealth or happiness like it. A n extraordinarily gifted person, Dr. Bhatnagar was not just a scientist of eminence, but also an accomplished poet and an able administrator. Education was his legacy, his father, Parmeshwari Sahai Bhatnagar, being a distinguished scholar of English and History from Punjab University and his mother, Parbati Bhatnagar, being the daughter of Munshi Pyarelal, one of the first to qualify from Roorkee Engineering College. His grandfather on the paternal side, Rai Bahadur Munshi Manoharlal Bhatnagar too, held high positions. It is interesting to know how the formative years shaped the persona of Dr. Bhatnagar and gave him the ground from which to take off with the help of good education. |5 The School Days Shanti Swarup’s earliest schooling was in a private Maktab (a primary school, the medium of teaching being Urdu) which he joined in 1901. Later, up to the year 1907 he studied at Dayanand Anglo-Vedic (DAV) High School, Sikandrabad in U.P. Shanti Swarup’s father, Parmeshwari Sahai had a childhood friend Rai Sahib Lala Raghunath Sahai, who later was to play an important role in the life of Shanti Swarup. Raghunath Sahai was the Headmaster of Dyal Singh High School in Lahore. In 1908, Raghunath Sahai, visited the family and found young Shanti Swarup specially good in literature and science. He persuaded Parbati to send her son, Shanti Swarup, for schooling at Lahore in his school. At the Dyal Singh High School, Shanti Swarup earned a scholarship in open competition (in fact he got scholarships throughout his studies) and also made his living by teaching young students privately. Shanti Swarup was good at all subjects. He was not only an inquisitive student of science but was interested and proficient in Sanskrit and Urdu, too. In school he was considered to be distinctly high up in literary attainment in Urdu too. He was so proficient in both, Urdu grammar and Urdu poetry that his teachers thought that his attendance in these classes was not necessary. Shanti Swarup distinguished himself in every branch of the work of his classes- literary, scientific, dramatic, social and gave the most complete satisfaction to his teachers by the excellence of his behaviour. During these years his headmaster, Rai Sahib Lala Raghunath Sahai, was a great influence on him and it was here that he came in contact with the Brahmo Samaj. These formative years were crucial because his personality was greatly formed by the scholarly pursuits of his headmaster and future father-in-law, Rai Sahib Lala Raghunath Sahai, and his teacher Rai Bahadur Lala Ram Kishore. 6| The scientific bent of mind that he gained from scholars like Lala Bishen Narain Mathur and Mohd. Ashraf developed in him an interest in experiments related to electrical fields, string telephones, and electrical batteries. He published his first ‘paper’ (letter) on how to make carbon electrodes for batteries in 1911, in the Allahabad newspaper, The Leader. In his childhood, Shanti Swarup, took delight in conducting scientific experiments. While in school he even created a “laboratory” of his own in one of the galleries of the school hall for conducting experiments, where he gathered all kinds of things which he thought would be useful in conducting experiments—old tubes, broken flasks, batteries and so on. As early as 1911, young Shanti Swarup published a letter in the Allahabad newspaper, ‘The Leader’, on a method of making substitute carbon electrodes for a battery by heating molasses and carbonaceous matter under pressure. This publication has significance because in 1942 he developed a process for carbon electrodes using indigenous materials! Higher Education In 1911, Shanti Swarup passed the matriculation examination with a first division from the Dyal Singh High School and joined the Dyal Singh College, Lahore, with a university scholarship. Here he developed an interest in theatre under the tutelage of distinguished professors. His own writing talent was recognized when his sectional play “Karamat” won the first prize in a one-act play completion. Even when studying later at Forman Christian College, Lahore, he contributed his literacy talents to the Dyal Singh College. On one instance he translated a song in Twelfth Night into Urdu. |7 Social Service was inculcated among students of Dyal Singh College, and Shanti Swarup was happily a part of this, displaying great enthusiasm. At the Dyal Singh College, Shanti Swarup had won a college scholarship. His subjects were English, Sanskrit, Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics. Professor N. N. Godbole mentored Shanti Swarup and was friendly with him. He stimulated Bhatnagar’s enthusiasm for indigenous industrial products. In those days, Shanti Swarup wrote a paper on “Fermentation Phenomena of Pomegranate Juice.” which was published as an article in the magazine “Raushni”, a periodical of the Society for Promoting Scientific Knowledge. Shanti Swarup passed the Intermediate Examination of the Punjab University in 1913, with a first division and joined Forman Christian College, Lahore for the B.Sc. degree for which he studied Physics and Chemistry. He took up an Honours in Physics in 1916. At Forman Christian College he began his scientific pursuits in earnest. Chemistry was taught by Professor P. Carter Speers who used to be regarded as the father of technical education in the University. The grasp on theoretical chemistry acquired from Professor Carter Speers, laid the foundation for his work in Industrial Chemistry. He was taught Physics by Professor J. M. Benade, M.A. (Princeton), who was excellent in experimental physics and had done research with Arthur Holly Compton, the Nobel Laureate in Physics. It was Prof. J.M. Benade who taught him this subject, and with him Shanti Swarup did his first research on surface tension for his M.Sc. degree. An interesting incident of Shanti Swarup’s graduation days cannot be left out. In the examination of chemistry subject, he wrote that X-rays could also be reflected, refracted and polarized, as ordinary light. But Mellor’s Textbook of Inorganic Chemistry being followed in the college did not mention this fact. This textbook was the “Bible” for the examiner and there was no wonder that the examiner failed Shanti Swarup for writing something which was not in the textbook. 8| During his college days, Shanti Swarup had been under strained circumstances. As an undergraduate he had earned his examination fees by making an inventory of the contents of the Forman Chemical Laboratories. On 31st May 1915, Shanti Swarup married Lajwanti, the elder daughter of Rai Sahib Lala Raghunath Sahai, in accordance with the Civil Marriage Act of 1872 with Brahmo rites. To shoulder the added responsibilities, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar worked as a demonstrator in Physics and Chemistry in Forman Christian College, and then as a senior demonstrator in Chemistry in Dyal College. The employment, however, did not hinder Shanti Swarup’s efforts in pursuing higher studies. He joined the M.Sc. course in Chemistry in the Forman Christian College and completed his post-graduation in 1919. In M.Sc., his thesis was on “The Effect of Absorbed Gases on the Surface Tension of Water.” His ability as a university student was such that the principal of Dyal Singh College, Mr. Welinkar, wrote “Mr. Shanti Swarup was one of the ablest students in that large class. He distinguished himself in every branch of the work of his class.” One of his professors, Prof. Ruchi Ram Sahni helped him get a scholarship from Dyal Singh College to study abroad. This made it possible for him to set off for America, in 1919. He reached London en route to America but Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar was greatly influenced by his mentor Prof. Ruchi Ram Sahni who took keen interest in shaping his scientific career. While recalling, the influences of his teachers in him, Bhatnagar writes: “Prof. Ruchi Ram Sahni took special interest in me and was largely responsible for the award of a scholarship from the Dyal Singh College Trust for my studies abroad”. |9 was held up there because all the ships sailing from England to the US were carrying American soldiers who were returning home after the World War I. After trying for several days to find a ticket for a US ship, he requested the Dyal Singh Trust to let him stay on in London. The trust permitted him to join the University College London under chemistry professor Frederick G. Donnan. He obtained the Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) degree in Chemistry, in 1921, from Ramsay Laboratories of University College, London, under the guidance of Prof. Donnan. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar immersed himself into his research work on the subject, “Colloidal Chemistry and Emulsions and Emulsifications”. Two years later in 1921, he presented his thesis titled, “Solubilities of bi-and trivalent salts of higher fatty acids in oils and their effect on surface tension of oils”. A colloquium was held in April 1921 at which Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar was to give a discourse as a thesis for his doctorate. On the strength of his publication on Surface Tension, he was exempted from taking the Ph.D. a pre-qualification necessary for a D.Sc. For the doctorate his research had been on Colloidal Chemistry, and Emulsions and Emulsification. The audience at the colloquium was composed of professors, research students and experts on the subject of exposition. William Bragg presided and Prof. Donnan sat in a conspicuous place. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar, well aware that this was the climax of his student career, was very much on his mettle. He delivered the thesis to his own satisfaction. He was amazed when Professor Donnan rose and riddled it with shattering criticism. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar rose to defend his thesis and at the end Professor Donnan embraced him. Sir William Bragg patted him on the back and said his defence was wonderful and he deserved to be a Doctor of Science. 10 | While working in London he received a Fellowship of £250 a year which enabled him to travel to Germany and France. He worked as a research student in the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institute Berlin and also in Sorbonne, Paris. In Sorbonne he met Madame Curie and visited her laboratories. Facts Dr. Bhatnagar’s D.Sc. degree was on the surface tension of oils. When visiting France and Germany he met Prof. Walther Hermann Nernst (winner of 1920 Nobel Prize for Chemistry). Take Aways Hard work and perseverance are the keys to building a successful career. There is no replacement of good qualification. Short cuts don’t exist. Every destination is reached through dedication and will-power. | 11 CHAPTER 3 AN EXEMPLARY EDUCATIONIST AND SCIENTIST यथाा ह्येेकेेन चक्रेे ण न रथस्य गति र्भभवेेत् ्। एवंं परुषकाारेे ण वि नाा दैै वंं न सि द्ध्यति ।। Just like a chariot cannot move with one wheel, we cannot attain our destiny without hard work or effort. “The heights by great men reached and kept Were not attained by sudden flight, But they, while their companions slept, Were toiling upward in the night”. Henry Longfellow S hanti Swarup Bhatnagar was one of the ablest and most illustrious sons of India. He was a man who succeeded against overwhelming odds, a man who worshipped science, who never lost faith in his own abilities and a man who worked for the betterment of the society, not just for his own interests. 12 | Dr. Bhatnagar’s contribution to the field of education is quite significant. He was an excellent teacher and an accomplished researcher. He had the reputation of being a very inspiring teacher and it was as a teacher that he himself was the happiest. He taught for nearly 19 years in various universities and inspired a large number of students. Many of his students, in later life, occupied important positions and spread the ideals of their teacher. Not only was he a great experimenter, but was also a well-read and gifted writer. An Exemplary University Teacher Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar was a university professor for 19 years (1921 -1940), first at the Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi and then at the Punjab University, Lahore. He joined the Banaras Hindu University as a Professor of Chemistry in August 1921 where he spent three years at the Chemistry Department. Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya, the founder Vice Chancellor of the Banaras Hindu University needed to appoint a University Professor in Chemistry. At that time Dr. Bhatnagar was in England, Pandit Malviya wrote to three stalwarts of Indian science- Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose and Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray, requesting them to recommend a suitable candidate for the post. All three of them were also in England at that point of time. After consulting each other, all three unanimously agreed upon the candidature of Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar and the same was conveyed to Pandit Malviya. Based on their recommendations Dr. Bhatnagar was sent an offer to join BHU. He accepted the offer from Pandit Malviya. and joined the Banaras Hindu University in August 1921. Within a short span of time at the Chemistry Department of BHU, Professor Bhatnagar was able to create an active school of physico-chemical research. Pandit Malviya was very impressed by Professor Bhatnagar’s abilities | 13 and his dedication and would often recommend the visitors to the University to see Dr. Bhatnagar’s laboratory. At the Banaras Hindu University, Dr. Bhatnagar did research mainly in colloids, geo-chemistry and photochemistry. Professor Bhatnagar was very generous and extended his large heartedness to students who could not pay their fees and he paid stipends out of his own pocket to students showing promise. Being a Hindi poet of repute, Professor Bhatnagar, during his stay in Banaras, composed the ‘Kulgeet’ (Song for the University). A Magnanimous Gesture At the time of his joining the Chemistry Department of BHU, Dr. Bhatnagar’s magnanimous gesture to allow the former head to continue as Head of the Department, had no precedent and is highly appreciable. There is an interesting episode that took place at the time of his joining the Chemistry Department of the Banaras Hindu University. Dr. Nitya Anand, Former Director of the Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, has described this episode in this way: “He started his innings at BHU with a magnanimous gesture which had no precedent. When the former Head of the Department of Chemistry from whom he was to take charge expressed his distress at handling over the keys which he had held for fifteen years, Bhatnagar’s spontaneous response was: “then hold them still”, and he really meant it. He persuaded the Executive Council of the University to allow the former head to continue as Head of the Department. This unique gesture was greatly appreciated by his new colleagues and by Pt. M.M. Malviya, the Vice Chancellor. 14 | In 1924, Dr. Bhatnagar moved to the Punjab University, Lahore, as a Professor of Physical Chemistry and the Director of the University Chemical Laboratories. The appointment was an important milestone in Bhatnagar’s career and the selection for this post testified to his high accomplishment as a researcher. The post had been advertised in Nature, a highly acclaimed international scientific journal published in London. While working at the Punjab University, Lahore, Dr. Bhatnagar earned a considerable sum of money from his applied research work. However, he donated all his earnings from such activities to the University. He refused to accept any financial award personally, as he believed that scientific work loses its selfless character if the worker becomes money-minded and begins to get financial benefits for himself. Also, the public begins to doubt the sincerity of a worker who works hard in order to make riches for himself. He felt that students derive inspiration from only a selfless worker. The span of 16 years (1924-40) as Professor in the Punjab University was the most active period of his life for original scientific work. He was fondly called as “ Doctor Saheb” in University Chemical Laboratories. Scientific Contributions Dr. S. S. Bhatnagar made pioneering contributions in fundamental research, applications to industry & consultancy. He made a large number of publications, most of them being in the field of physical chemistry and the major subjects were magneto-chemistry and physical chemistry of emulsions. He made use of magnetic susceptibility measurements for studying the properties of organic compounds, solutions, films and colloids. He designed an instrument, jointly with his student K.N. Mathur, for measuring small variations in magnetic susceptibilities. The instrument, called the Bhatnagar-Mathur Magnetic Interference Balance, was one of the most sensitive instruments devised for measuring magnetic properties. | 15 The invention was patented and it was licensed to Messrs Adam Hilger and Co., Camden Town, London, for production and marketing. It was exhibited at the Royal Society Soiree in 1931. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar and his group examined the scope of Pascal’s Law of Additivity. They demonstrated that the law could be applied not only to organic compounds, but also to inorganic compounds. In addition to his significant contributions to the areas of magneto- chemistry and physical chemistry of emulsions, Shanti Swarup did outstanding work in the area of applied research, in industrial and practical chemistry. Dr. Bhatnagar remained at the University Chemical Laboratories, Lahore, till 1940. The laboratories addressed problems in industrial and applied chemistry brought in by agriculturists and industrialists, such as Sir Ganga Ram, an engineer-turned neo-agriculturist; Lala Shri Ram of Delhi; J K Mills Kanpur; and Tata Oil Mills. Examples of Applied Science under the Guidance of Dr. Bhatnagar A varnish to make gas masks impervious to gases A special lubricating oil for bronze bearings A petroleum derived preservative for wood A method for purifying sulphur Making fuels and lubricating oil from vegetable oils Jute and Shellac derived containers for storing hydrocarbons Resins from bagasse and jute Enamels and lacquers from Bhilawan nut A stove, the size of a matchbox which gives off intense heat using a solid fuel Cotton cloth with a heat insulating property of wool Rendering textile fabrics non flammable and water resistant 16 | Dr. Bhatnagar’s Contributions to Fundamental Science Physical chemistry of emulsions: Dr. Bhatnagar was the first to define the effect of electrolytes on the stability of colloidal solutions. He enunciated simple rules governing colloid stability. His hypothesis that all emulsifying agents with an excess of negative ions and wetted by water will yield an oil in water emulsion while those having excess adsorbed positive ions and wetted by oil will result in water in oil emulsion, is true to this day! Magneto-chemistry: Dr. Bhatnagar used magnetic susceptibility measurements to explore the properties of organic compounds, solutions, films and colloids. He established the structure of oxide film on the surface of copper produced by oxidation. He proved the existence of ionic micelles by the study of magnetic rotations A Thorough Industrial Chemist Dr. Bhatnagar’s first industrial problem was developing the process for converting bagasse (peelings of sugarcane) into food-cake for cattle. This was done for Sir Ganga Ram, the Grand Old Man of Punjab. He also solved industrial problems for Delhi Cloth & General Mills, J.K. Mills Ltd. of Kanpur, Ganesh Flour Mills Ltd. of Layallapur, Tata Oil Mills Ltd. of Bombay, and Steel Brothers & Co. Ltd. of India. His major innovation was an improvement of the procedure for drilling crude oil. | 17 Bhatnagar – Mathur Magnetic Interference Balance Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar and his student Mr. K.N. Mathur (who later became the first Director, Central Scientific Instruments Organization, Chandigarh) designed an equipment, called Bhatnagar – Mathur Magnetic Interference Balance. The instrument measures the diamagnetic susceptibilities of materials. Magnetic Interference Balance (Bhatnagar-Mathur) Reference : Investigations on the effect of crystalline structure on magnetic susceptibilities by a new magnetic balance based on the principle of interference of light, Philosophical Magazine Series, 8 (54), 1041-1055 (1929). 18 | In 1933, Dr. Bhatnagar demonstrated that the very first requirement of an industrial chemist is a very thorough grasp of the fundamentals. The Attock Oil Company at Rawalpindi (representative of Messers Steel Brothers & Co London) had confronted a peculiar problem, wherein the mud (clay) used for the drilling operation was hardened upon contact with saline water, thereby clogging the drill holes. Dr. Bhatnagar realised that this problem could be solved by colloidal chemistry. He added Indian plant gum, as a protective coating to prevent the mud (clay) from coagulating. The gum had a remarkable property of lowering the viscosity of the mud suspension and increasing its stability against the flocculating action of electrolytes. M/s Steel Brothers was so pleased that they offered Dr. Bhatnagar a sum of Rs. 1,50,000/- for research work on any subject related to petroleum. The company placed the fund through the university and it was used to establish the Department of Petroleum Research under the guidance of Dr. Bhatnagar. Investigations carried out under this collaborative scheme included deodorisation of waxes, increasing flame height of kerosene and utilisation of waste products in the vegetable oil and mineral oil industries. While pursuing his B.Sc., Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar solved an industrial problem. During the Second World War things could not be imported from Germany and other countries and many business enterprises were facing shortage of goods. A leading stationer at Lahore who was unable to import hectographic pads required for duplication. (Hectograph is a device for making copies of written work). He approached Prof. Carter Speers of Forman College with a request to solve his problem. Prof. Speers assigned the task to Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar and he solved the problem. The stationer gave him Rs. 150 for his services. | 19 Dr. Bhatnagar persistently refused any personal monetary benefit from his research fundings, and instead advocated for strengthening research facilities at the university. A Dedicated Scientist and a Generous Human आत्माार्थंं जीीवलोोकेेऽस्मि िन् ् कोो न जीीवति माानवःः। परंं परोोपकााराार्थंं योो जीीवति स जीीवति । (In this world everyone lives to satisfy his/her own interests But those who live for the sake of helping others, live a real and prosperous life) Being In recognition of the great work done by Dr. Bhatnagar, Messers Steel Brothers & Co., London, had made a very generous gift of money and awarded him Rs 1.5 lakh, and offered him a job to conduct further research in petroleum. However, as a man dedicated to spreading the gospel of science, Dr. Bhatnagar refused the job offer and instead donated his winnings to the Chemistry Department of the Punjab University, Lahore, so that it could set up its own Department of Petroleum Research. He transmitted a considerable part of that gift to create an Industrial Research Department in which research scholars could develop new processes for the industrial utilization of Indian raw materials. Dr. Bhatnagar’s act was an exemplary one without any parallel in the history of Indian universities and is highly inspirational. Take Aways Large-heartedness can win hearts more than anything else. Giving is an act of humility. People who make it big, work with perseverance and selflessness. 20 | CHAPTER THE FATHER OF RESEARCH 4 LABORATORIES: DEVELOPING INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH IN INDIA अप्रााप्यंं नााम नेेहाास्ति ि धीीरस्य व्यवसाायि नःः। There is nothing unattainable to the one who has courage and who works hard. “I can truly say that but for Dr. Bhatnagar you could not have seen today the chain of national laboratories.” – Jawaharlal Nehru Constitution of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) D r. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar played a significant role in the building of post-independent Science and Technology (S & T) infrastructure and in the formulation of India’s S & T policies. He was the Founder Director (and later the first Director General) of the Council of Scientific & | 21 Industrial Research (CSIR). He is credited with establishing a chain of national laboratories in the country. In the 1930s there were no research labs for the development of India’s natural resources and industry. Just before the outbreak of the Second World War, the Government of India established the Board of Scientific and Industrial Research (BSIR) with the efforts of Sir Ramaswamy Mudaliar, Commerce Member in Viceroy’s Committee. Dr. Bhatnagar, who by then had made remarkable contributions to Chemistry was called on to take charge. In December 1939, Dr. Bhatnagar was appointed as an Advisor on Scientific and Industrial Research to the Government of India. Thus began his fifteen-year long association with the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) which was established on 26 September 1942. In 1940, Sir Mudaliar became BSIR’s first Chairman and Dr. Bhatnagar was appointed as the Director of Scientific and Industrial Research. Though earlier he had declined tempting offers of posts in industrial research, he took this up as national service. He took this opportunity to help in building up India’s scientific research, and to train and inspire young scientists to take up research as a career. He dreamt of a chain of national laboratories of large teams of scientists working for the development of India and the creation of a scientific outlook on life among the masses. By the end of 1940, about eighty researchers were engaged under BSIR. Within two years of its establishment, the BSIR was able to work out a number The efforts of Sir Mudaliar and Dr. Bhatnagar led to the constitution of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) as an autonomous body, to administer the Research Fund created by the government. 22 | of processes at the laboratory level for industrial utilisation. Those included techniques for the purification of Baluchistan sulphur anti-gas cloth manufacture, the development of vegetable oil blends as fuel and lubricants, the invention of a pyrethrum emulsifier and cream, the development of plastic packing cases for army boots and ammunition, dyes for uniforms and the preparation of vitamins. In early 1941, Dr. Bhatnagar persuaded the Government to set up an Industrial Research Utilisation Committee (IRUC) for translating results into application. The Government agreed to make a separate fund out of the royalties received from industry for further investment into industrial research. An Industrial Research Fund was constituted for the purpose of fostering industrial development in the country. The CSIR came into operation on 26th September 1942. The BSIR and IRUC were designated as advisory bodies to the Governing body of the CSIR. In 1943, the Governing Body of the CSIR approved the proposal of Dr. Bhatnagar to establish five national laboratories. These included National Chemical Laboratory (NCL), National Physical Laboratory (NPL), National Metallurgical Laboratory (NML), Central Fuel Research Institute (CFRI) and Central Glass & Silicate Research Institute (CGSRI). In 1944, in addition to its annual budget of Rs. 1 million, the CSIR received a grant of Rs.10 million for the establishment of these laboratories. The Tata Industrial House donated Rs. 2 million for the chemical, metallurgical and fuel research laboratories. The Father of Research Laboratories: Developing Industrial Research in India India’s flagship science institution, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), was thus established with Dr. S. S. Bhatnagar at the helm of its affairs. Dr. Bhatnagar wanted to extend the scope of the CSIR by establishing a chain of national laboratories in the country under its command. | 23 Torchbearer Institutes of Scientific and Industrial Research in the Pre-Independence Era During 1945 to 1947, India witnessed two important sides. One was the fanatic religious violent riots, bloodshed, dead corpses on streets and quest for partition. This was the darkest side of Indian History, the brighter side was, seeds for science and technology research sown by Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar had started taking shape. This period has seen the commencement of a chain of National Research Laboratories and Institutions that became at par with other labs in the world. The five torchbearer institutions of Scientific and Industrial research started their journey during this period, just before Independence. December 1945: Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Calcutta (Kolkatta). The foundation stone was laid by Sir Ardeshir Dalai, then Member for Planning and Development in the Government of India. 17th November, 1946: Central Fuel Research Institute, Dhanbad. The stone-laying ceremony was performed by the Hon. C. H. Bhaba, Minister for Works, Mines and Power. 21st November, 1946: National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur, for which the Hon. C. Rajagopalachari, Minister Education and Arts, laid the foundation stone. 4th January, 1947: National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi. The foundation stone was well laid by Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru. 6th April, 1947: National Chemical Laboratory, Pune. The foundation stone was laid by the Hon. B. G. Kher, Prime Minister of Bombay. After India’s independence the CSIR was placed under Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru himself, who was equally enthusiastic about the development of science in the country. By the end of 1954 twelve national laboratories were established and a dozen more were at the planning stage. 24 | During Dr. Bhatnagar lifetime, 14 national laboratories were operational, acquired or had their foundation stone laid. They were: 1. National Chemical Laboratory (NCL), Pune 2. National Physical Laboratory (NPL), New Delhi 3. Central Fuel Research Institute (CFRI), Dhanbad 4. Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CGCRI), Kolkata 5. Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysore 6. National Metallurgical Laboratory (NML), Jamshedpur 7. Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow 8. Central Road Research Institute (CRRI), Roorkee 9. Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CERI), Karaikudi 10. Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai 11. Central Building Research Institute (CBRI), New Delhi 12. Central Salt Research Institute (CSRI), Bhabnagar 13. Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute (CEERI), Pilani 14. National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI), Lucknow The first eleven laboratories listed above are often called the “Bhatnagar Eleven”. These laboratories were operational by 1951. The first Director-General of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Dr. Bhatnagar is revered as the “Father of Research Laboratories” in India. At the Helm:-Important Positions Held Dr. Bhatnagar’s interest in science and its practical utilization was very wide and he did a great deal of pioneering work especially on the organizational side. He concurrently held a number of important positions in the Government. He was the first Chairman of the University Grants Commission (UGC). | 25 Contributions to Industrial Research in India Very few scientists have contributed to both science and nation- building like Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar. He was truly in a class of his own. In 1940, the Board of Scientific and Industrial Research (BSIR) was formed by the Government of India and Dr. Bhatnagar was appointed as the Director. In 1942, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) was constituted as an autonomous body. In 1943, Dr. Bhatnagar’s proposal to establish five national laboratories was approved. These included National Chemical Laboratory (NCL), National Physical Laboratory (NPL), National Metallurgical Laboratory (NML), Central Fuel Research Institute (CFRI) and Central Glass & Silicate Research Institute (CGSRI), which were set up to mark the beginning of scientific laboratories in India. At CSIR, he also mentored a number of promising young scientists of the time. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar along with Homi Jehangir Bhabha, Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis, Vikram Sarabhai and others, helped in building India’s post-independence science and technology infrastructure. He also served as the Secretary of the Ministry of Education and Educational Adviser to the government. He played an instrumental role in the establishment of the National Research Development Corporation (NRDC) of India. 26 | He was Secretary, the Ministry of Education and Educational Adviser of the Government. Dr. Bhatnagar was associated with the development of the Atomic Energy Programme of India. In 1945, an Atomic Energy Committee was set up under the aegis of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. The Committee was chaired by Homi Jehangir Bhabha, and it included Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar, Meghnad Saha and D.N.Wadia, then Mineral Adviser to the Central Government. The Atomic Energy Commission was established under the Chairmanship of Homi Bhabha. Its other members were Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar and K.S. Krishnan. Dr. Bhatnagar was the first Secretary to the Ministry of Natural Resource & Scientific Research and also the Secretary of the Atomic Energy Commission. He played an instrumental role in the establishment of the National Research Development Corporation (NRDC) of India, which was visualized to bridge the gap between research and development. Dr. Bhatnagar was responsible for the initiation of the Industrial Research Movement in the country. The Government of India, being persuaded by the efforts made by Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar, set up an Industrial Research Utilisation Committee for translating science and technology into industrial applications. In 1935, Dr. Bhatnagar and Dr. K. N. Mathur published a comprehensive paper entitled “Physical Principles and, Applications of Magneto Chemistry”. This publication is recognised as a standard work on the subject, the fiist to be written in English. When it appeared, letters of congratulations were received from Prof. Donnan, Prof. Stoner, Lord Rutherford, Mr P. C. Ray, Sir C. V. Raman, Prof. G. N. Lewis and many others. | 27 His research contributions in the areas of magneto-chemistry and physical chemistry of emulsion were widely recognized. Fighting Against Odds Like many other great achievers, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar had to struggle to realise his goal in life. Having lost his father when he was just eight months old, Shanti Swarup lived in his maternal grandfather’s house till he was 13. After that he supported himself. His mother had no inheritance or income of her own for the upbringing of her children. He managed to study either by getting a scholarship or by working outside school and college hours. By his sheer willpower and hard work, Dr. Bhatnagar was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London—the highest honour that an Indian scientist could aspire to get other than the Nobel Prize. Whoever came in contact with him was touched by his intellect, diligence, honesty and above all, his simplicity. Take Aways Nation building calls for zealous passion. Men who devote themselves to this noble task, are the real heroes. Integrity of character and principles forge destinies. 28 | CHAPTER 5 AWARDS AND RECOGNITIONS l Dr. Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar was elected as Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences (FASc) in 1934. l He was appointed a Foundation Fellow of the National Institute of Sciences of India (FNI; now the Indian National Science Academy) in 1935. l In 1936, Dr. Bhatnagar was conferred with the Order of British Empire (OBE), based on his excellent work in pure and applied Chemistry. l He was knighted with the title “Sir”, in 1941 for his contributions to the advancement of science. l In 1942, Dr. Bhatnagar was appointed a Fellow of the Institute of Physics (FInstP), and a Fellow of the Royal Institute of Chemistry (FRIC) l In 1943, he was elected Fellow of Royal Society (FRS), London. l In 1943, the Society of Chemical Industry, London, elected him an Honorary Member and later Vice-President. | 29 l In 1954, Dr.Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar was honoured with the Padma Bhushan, the third highest civilian award in the Republic of India. l Dr. Bhatnagar was the President of the Indian Chemical Society, the National Institute of Sciences of India and the Indian Science Congress. Besides them he was a member of a large number of Indian and British Societies and Academies. l Dr. Bhatnagar was awarded Honorary Doctorate degree by a number of Universities: Patna University (1944), Oxford University (1946), Allahabad University (1947), Delhi University (1948), Lucknow University (1949), Agra University (1949), BHU(1949), Punjab University (1949), Sagar University (1949). l Dr. Bhatnagar was awarded the H.K. Sen Memorial Gold Medal for distinguished research work in Industrial Chemistry (1945), the J.K. Mukherjee Gold Medal awarded by the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Sciences for eminence in science (1945) and the Madathu Reddy National Prize for best work in Chemistry from India (1946). l He was the first Chairman of the University Grants Commission. l In 1994, the Government of India brought out a Postal Stamp at the birth centenary of Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar. In 1958, to honour his name and legacy, the Indian Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) instituted the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology for scientists who have made significant contributions in various branches of science. 30 | Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar was honoured with the Padma Vibhushan Doosra Varg in August 1954, in the first ever list of the Awards. A while later, vide Presidential notification issued on January 8, 1955, the Padma Vibhushan Doosra Varg was designated as the Padma Bhushan. The Padma Vibhushan Pratham Varg remained the Padma Vibhushan. So, Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar was awarded the Padma Bhushan that was formally given to his elder son in January, 1955, as he had already passed away (on 1st January, 1955). | 31 CHAPTER REMINISCING 6 SHANTI SWARUP BHATNAGAR I n his lifetime, Dr. Bhatnagar, did remarkable and pioneering work, as a scientist, teacher and administrator. He also worked with eminent personalities and won accolades from them. Dr. Bhatnagar’s vision is revealed in his thoughts; his noteworthy contributions are encapsulated in the words of his teachers, peers, leaders, and the scientific community, both from within and outside the country. His own words reflect his character and visionary outlook. His never give up attitude helped him pave his path. He had a clear vision about the role of students, science and the symbiotic ties between academia and industry. All these attributes are clearly reflected in his thoughts: A Man of Will and Determination l “As a young boy, my classmates used to tease me for being a day-dreamer. I used to think of great things which science could do for India and the part I, myself should play in it with the rest of my friends. The improbabilities 32 | of my dreams coming true used to be the principal subject of jokes when I was a student. If I had not possessed a sense of humour and had taken those jests seriously I should have been a physical wreck. But, God be thanked, I have survived to see some of my dreams fulfilled. Failures have been many and successes rather few, but with an inborn optimism and faith in my country’s future I pursue on.” The Visionary l “Science has no future in India unless our agriculture and our industries are fully developed; more food and more health are dependent upon these factors. Scientific and industrial research thrives best when it is applied to material benefit to humankind and to existing industries and agricultural enterprises. In his Presidential Address to the Indian Science Congress at Nagpur (1945) l “One of the most important functions of the NCL will be to bridge the gulf between science and its application. It will be the link between the universities and other scientific institutes in the country and industry. In his address on the occasion of the opening of the NCL on January 03, 1950 l “None of the freedoms to which the modern world aspires seems to be more important than the freedom to learn, to speak and to write. Well used, this freedom of the universities would foster original thinking and independent action. In his address at the 28th Convocation of the Andhra University on December 11, 1954 l “In a country which has been under foreign rule, it is of greatest importance that the spirit of daring and adventure should be cultivated rather than suppressed”. | 33 l “I am all for the development of research associations but the universities should not and cannot be divorced from industrial research activities. Science and industry go hand in hand and any attempt to divorce them will lead to an unsatisfactory and unhappy state of affairs. In his Presidential address to the annual meeting of the Lahore Branch of the Indian Chemical Society on February 24, 1939 Patriotic Zeal with Scientific Fervour l When he was asked by the Viceroy Lord Linlithgow, to take up the post of Scientific Adviser and Director, Scientific and Industrial Research in 1940, Dr. Bhatnagar was hesitant to leave the Punjab University. Later he was convinced and the following lines show is his nationalism: l “He (Sir Ramaswamy Mudaliar) assured me that this temporary activity might ultimately result in big developments for scientific research in this country. His statement convinced me that I must leave the university for a larger field to help in building up India’s scientific research, training her young scientists and inspiring her young men to take up research as a career not for monetary gain but for the sake of research itself.” In his address to the Opening Ceremony of the National Chemical Laboratory on January 03, 1950 Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS): The Honour l “All luck and happiness to the new F.R.S. So far as I knew, you are the first Indian chemist to be elected. Needless to say, I am very proud that this honour and a well-deserved one, comes to my old friend and former research student, S.S.B! Donnan, his research guide 34 | The Royal Society of London is the oldest and most exclusive scientific society in Great Britain and one of the oldest in Europe. The Society is of very great importance in the world of science and to be elected a Fellow of the Royal Society is an honour of the highest degree. Newton was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1671 and in 1708 he became the President of the Royal Society. “If India is shining today, it is because of its S&T strength, the foundations for which were laid by bureaucrats like Ramaswami Mudaliar, scientists like Bhatnagar and political leaders like Pt. Nehru, who were committed to protecting national interest in their own spheres of activity, and saw in science and technology the instrument needed for social transformation.” Nitya Anand, formerly Director, Central Drug Research Institute, a CSIR laboratory On Publishing a Book Dr. Bhatnagar, wrote the book “Physical Principles and Applications of Magneto Chemistry” along with K.N. Mathur The book was published by Macmillan Publishers in 1935. P.C. Ray wrote about the book : l “On turning over the pages of Nature my eyes chanced upon an advertisement of Macmillan’s in which I find your book at last advertised. That the book is of a high standard is indicated by the most excellent review in Current Science by Professor Stoner, who is competent to judge. As far as I know Meghnad’s is the only textbook in physical sciences which has been adopted by foreign universities; and it gladdens my heart that another | 35 work in physical science is likely to occupy my great consolation is that you, in chemistry, are raising the reputation, abroad of Indian workers.” C.V. Raman wrote: l “I specially admire your energy and perseverance in having produced such a book in spite of your other important scientific and practical activities. Your name now stands as one of the very few Indians who have written scientific books claiming the respect and attention of serious workers in every country.” Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar’s research in the area of emulsions have been described in two books written by William Clayton— Emulsion and Emulsification, and Emulsions and their Technical Treatment. The Magnanimous Man While working at the Punjab University, Lahore, Dr. Bhatnagar earned a considerable sum of money from his applied research work. However, he donated all his earnings from such activities to the University, which at one instance amounted to 1,50,000/- due to the solution he provided to a problem being faced by M/S Steel Brothers. Meghnad Saha, known for his pioneering contributions in astrophysics, wrote to Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar: l “Please accept my heartiest congratulations on your noble gift to the Punjab University. You have thereby raised the status of the university teachers in the estimation of the public. India does not lack men earning in millions, but if a few of these millionaires were guided by the fine examples set by a comparatively poor teacher like yourself, I think her scientific and moral progress would have been rapid.” 36 | J.C. Ghosh, a student of Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray and an internationally acclaimed chemist, wrote: “Your generosity has no parallel in India. To make over to your alma matter, a sum of Rs. 1,50,000 which was the reward for your distinguished service in the field of applied research, is a unique gift and no praise can be too high: To be able to claim you as a friend has been a matter of pride—it is seen even more so now.” In his Presidential address to the Indian Science Congress held at Lahore in 1939, J.C. Ghosh said: “Within the precincts of this university, it is not necessary that I should have to make a special pleading that scientific knowledge and industrial activities should be coordinated or that our academic laboratories should not be divorced from practical affairs. We have here a flourishing Honours School of Technical Chemistry; and the genius of Professor Bhatnagar has provided a bridge of communication between scientists and industrialists. Nowhere is the beneficial effect of contact between universities and industry better exemplified than in the programme of research on oil technology, now carried out under the supervision of Professor Bhatnagar, with the aid of funds provided by Messrs Steel Brothers.” Pioneering Work Sir Robert Robinson , the President of the Royal Society of London, in a message sent to Dr. Bhatnagar (in January 1950) on the occasion of the opening of the National Physical Laboratory wrote: “We cannot forbear from adding a personal message of congratulations to Sir Shanti Bhatnagar who is so well known to us and whose practical initiative and capacity for action has made possible the realization of his dreams.” Immortal Memories: A Life Well-Lived On his death, the Government of India issued a Gazette Extraordinary on 04 January, 1956, which stated the following: | 37 Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar died on January 01, 1955. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India himself was present at his funeral on 02 January 1955. “The President has learnt with deep regret of the death on Saturday, 1st January, 1955 of Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar, Secretary of the Government of India, Ministry of Natural Resources and Scientific Research, and Chairman, University Grants Commission. On his passing away, India has lost an able and trusted public servant who had served his country with signal distinction in the scientific world.” After his death Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, the well-known Congress leader and then a minister in the Union Cabinet, said: “I often felt that the effect of such hard work might fall upon his health. In spite of my repeated requests, he would not, however, refrain from his hard work. His life is a remarkable story of a man who believed in karma and worked with integrity in whatever role he took up. He believed in the power of science to improve the quality of lives of the people and the role of scientists in connecting the common man with science. Sir Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar was a great optimist and he firmly believed that there is always hope for a better future. “There is no reason to believe that all that is best has already been achieved and that there is no future for winning fresh laurels for younger men.” To support his point once he quoted an optimistic poet: “The best verse has not been rhymed yet; The best house hasn’t been planned; Many majestic rivers aren’t spanned; Don’t worry and fret, faint-hearted; For the best jobs haven’t been started; The best work hasn’t been done.” 38 | A Message for Posterity “I would like students of Indian universities to develop a greater sense of devotion to duty and hard work. The force, the mass of character, mind, heart, or soul, that a man can put into any work is the most important factor in that work…If our students take interest in the developments which are taking place and shoulder a part of the burden, they will be assisting in the progressive march of the nation.” SS Bhatnagar addressing the third Convocation of the Maharana Sayajirao University of Baroda | 39 APPENDIX I PHOTO GALLERY Postal stamp released by the Government of India in 1994 to commemorate the birth centenary of Dr. Bhatnagar Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR)- Logo 40 | Ruchi Ram Sahni : Mentor of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar | 41 42 | Dr. S. S. Bhatnagar at Laying of Foundation Stone of TIFR, January 01, 1954 Sir Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar with Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India (Photo courtesy: Rinchen Norbu Wangchuk) | 43 Stalwarts of science in one frame Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar, Homi Jehangir Bhabha, CV Raman, Vikram Sarabhai Dr. Birbal Sahni, FRS and Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar, FRS The first Botanist and first Chemist, respectively, from India to be elected Fellows of the Royal Society, London. 44 | APPENDIX 2 IMPORTANT MILESTONES IN THE LIFE OF DR. SHANTI SWARUP BHATNAGAR S. No. Year Event Birth at Bhera in Shahpur District (presently in 1 21.02.1894 Pakistan) Published a letter in the Allahabad newspaper, The 2 1911 Leader Matriculation from the Dyal Singh High School, 3 1911 Lahore Passed the intermediate examination of the Punjab 4 1913 University Graduation, B.Sc. Honours in Physics, from Forman 5 1916 Christian College, Lahore Post Graduation in Chemistry from Forman Christian 6 1919 College, Lahore Awarded D.Sc. degree from the University College, 7 1921 London, under the guidance of Prof. Donnan 8 Aug.1921 Joined the BHU, Varanasi as Professor of Chemistry | 45 Joined the Punjab University, Lahore, as Professor 9 1924 of Chemistry and as the Director of the University Chemical Laboratories Solved the industrial problem encountered during 10 1933 drilling operation by Attock Oil Company Published a book “Physical Principles and Applications 11 1935 of Magneto Chemistry” along with K. N. Mathur (Macmillan Publishers) Appointed as an Advisor on Scientific and Industrial 12 Dec. 1939 Research to the Government of India Appointed as the Director of Scientific and Industrial 13 1940 Research Establishment of Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) due to the efforts of Sir Mudaliar 14 26.09.1942 and Dr. Bhatnagar with Dr. Bhatnagar as its Founding Director CSIR approval of the proposal of Dr. Bhatnagar to 15 1943 establish five national laboratories Elected as Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS), London 16 1954 Honoured with the Padma Bhushan 17 01.01.1955 Demise due to a severe heart attack 1958: The CSIR instituted the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, to honour the name and legacy of Dr. Bhatnagar 46 | APPENDIX 3 LIST OF CSIR LABORATORIES 1. CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (CSIR- AMPRI), Bhopal 2. CSIR-Central Building Research Institute (CSIR-CBRI), Roorkee 3. CSIR-Centre for Cellular Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB), Hyderabad 4. CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow 5. CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CSIR-CECRI), Karaikudi 6. CSIR-Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-CEERI), Pilani 7. CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI), Mysore 8. CSIR-Central Glass Ceramic Research Institute (CSIR-CGCRI), Kolkata 9. CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow 10. CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research (CSIR-CIMFR) Dhanbad 11. CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR-CLRI), Chennai 12. CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-CMERI), Durgapur 13. CSIR-Central Road Research Institute (CSIR-CRRI), New Delhi 14. CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation (CSIR-CSIO), Chandigarh | 47 15. CSIR-Central Salt Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Bhavnagar 16. CSIR Fourth Paradigm Institute (CSIR-4PI), Bengaluru (Formerly CSIR Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Computer Simulation). 17. CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi 18. CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur 19. CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), Kolkata 20. CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 21. CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), UT of J&K 22. CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (CSIR-IIP), Dehradun 23. CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow 24. CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology (CSIR-IMMT), Bhubaneswar 25. CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR-IMTECH), Chandigarh 26. CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratories (CSIR-NAL), Bengaluru 27. CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Lucknow 28. CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Pune 29. CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR- NEERI), Nagpur 30. CSIR-North - East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat 31. CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute (CSIR-NGRI), Hyderabad 32. CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram. 33. CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography (CSIR-NIO), Goa 34. CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory (CSIR-NML), Jamshedpur 35. CSIR-National Physical Laboratory (CSIR-NPL), New Delhi 36. CSIR-National Institute of Science Communication & Policy Research (CSIR-NIScPR), New Delhi, 37. CSIR Madras Complex (CSIR-CMC), Chennai 38. CSIR-Structural Engineering Research Centre (CSIR-SERC), Chennai Source: https://www.csir.res.in/csir-labs 48 | CSIR Network Map Source: CSIR Website | 49 APPENDIX 4 Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar (SSB) Award for Science and Technology The Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar (SSB) Award was established in 1958, to recognize outstanding contributions of Indian researchers in science and technology. Named after the founder Director of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar, it is the most sought-after honour in multidisciplinary science in India that recognizes outstanding work by researchers under the age of 45, in the field of science and technology. Overseas Citizens of India (OCI) and Persons of Indian Origin (PIO) working in India are also eligible. It is the highest award for science in India. SSB Prizes, are awarded annually for notable and outstanding research, applied or fundamental, in the following disciplines: i) Biological Sciences ii) Chemical Sciences iii) Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary Sciences iv) Engineering Sciences v) Mathematical Sciences vi) Medical Sciences and vii) Physical Sciences 50 | Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Components The SSB prize includes a citation, a plaque, and a cash award of ₹5 lakh. Presentation of Awards The names of the recipients are made public on 26th September, the CSIR Foundation Day by the Director General, CSIR. The Prizes are awarded at a formal presentation ceremony arranged by CSIR. At the ceremony, a suitable citation on work of the recipient of the Prize is read out. Recipients of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar (SSB) Prize for Science and Technology - 2022 Biological Sciences Dr. Ashwani Kumar Dr. Maddika Subba Reddy CSIR-Institute of Microbial Centre for DNA Fingerprinting Technology, Chandigarh Diagnostics, Hyderabad Chemical Sciences Dr. Akkattu T Biju Dr. Debabrata Maiti Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary Sciences Dr. Vimal Mishra Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar Engineering Sciences Dr. Dipti Ranjan Sahoo Dr. Rajnish Kumar Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Indian Institute of Technology New Delhi Madras, Chennai | 51 Mathematical Sciences Dr. Apoorva Khare Dr. Neeraj Kayal Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru Microsoft Research Lab India, Bengaluru Medical Sciences Dr. Dipyaman Ganguli CSIR- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata Physical Sciences Dr. Anindya Das Dr. Basudeb Dasgupta Indian Institute of Science Bengaluru Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai Source: https://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/NewsandPublish.aspx?m_id=1 https://ssbprize.gov.in/WriteReadData/latestUpdates/202309110115561846 131SSBPrize2022Website.pdf 52 | APPENDIX 5 Dr Bhatnagar’s Scientific Papers* 1920. Studies in emulsions. Part I. A new method of determining the inversion of phases. J. Chem. Soc.117, 542. 1920. Effect of the adsorbed gases on the surface tension of water. J. Phys. Chem. 24, 716. 1920. Effect of the addition of certain higher fatty acids on the interfacial tension between B. P paraffin oil and mercury J. Soc. Chem. Ind. 39,185. 1921. The reversal of phases in emulsions and precipitation of suspensions. Tranr. Faraday Soc.,16,App. 27. 1921. Further investigation on the reversal type of electrolytes. J. Chem. Soc., 119, 1760. 1921. The reversal of phases by electrolytes and the effect of free fatty acids and alkalies on emulsion equilibrium. J. Chem. Soc., 119,61. 1921. Pure aniline and water emulsions. J. Phys. Chem., Ithaca, 25,735. 1921. Reversal of phases in emulsions and precipitation of suspensions by means of electrolytes. Kolloid., 28, 206. 1922. Banded structures: synthesis of banded minerals. Kolloid. I.,30, 368. 1922. Water-proofing efficiency of some bi- and trivalent salts of higher fatty acids and their adsorption by the fibres of paper. Phys. Chem., Ithaca, 26,61. | 53 1923. Change of realgar into orpiment and the analogous behaviour of arsenic sulphide. Kolloid., 33,159. 1924. Surface tension of sodium and potassium amalgams at the amalgam benzene interface. J. Indian Chem. Soc., 1, 81. 1924. Physico-chemical methods involved in the formation of ring worms. Kolloid. zh., 34, 104. 1924. Mechanical conditions of coagula and its bearing on the theory of complete coagulation. J. Phys. Chem., Ithaca, 28, 387. 1924. Optical inactivity of active sugars in adsorbed state. J. Phys. Chem., Ithaca, 28,730. 1924. Electrical conductivity of certain univalent salts of higher fatty acids in non-aqueous solutions and in fused state. Kolloid., 34,193. 1924. Effect of light on the interaction of water and sodium and potassium amalgams. J. Indian Chem. Soc., 1, 263. 1925. Protective action of soaps and further evidence in favour of the chemical theory of adsorption. J. Indian Chem., 2, 11. 1925. Electrical resistance of thin films of organic liquids on paper. J. Phys. Chem., 117,88. 1925. Effect of water on dried and pressed silica gel. Kolloid, 37, 97. 1925. Chemical theory of the protective action of sugars. J. Phys. Chem., Ithaca, 29, 166. 1926. Effect of polarised light on bacterial growth. Nature, Lond., 117,302. 1926. Effect of polarised radiations on animal metabolism. Nature, Lond., 118,11. 1926. Conductivity and surface tension of univalent salts of higher fatty acids in the molten state. Kolloid., 38, 218. 1926. Concentric coloured rings of the beet-root and the Liesegang phenomenon. Kolloid, 39, 264. 1926. Rates of evaporation of water absorbed on metals and their oxides. J. chem. Phys., 23,545. 1926. Relation between the chemical constitution of organic liquids and the translucence of paper dipped in them. J. Phy. Chem., 122,88. 1927. The selective effect of polarised radiations on certain photochemical reactions. Science, Oct. 14. 1927. Studies in photosols. J. Indian Chem. Soc., 4 209: 54 | 1927. Action of light on concentrated aqueous solutions of ammonium thiocyanate. J. Indian Chem. Soc., 4,229. 1927. Effect of light on silver halides in presence of silver sulphide. Br. J. Photogr, 74, 358. 1927. Chromatic emulsions. Kolloid., 43, 366. 1928. Surface tension of some of the organic substances in the molten state and Sugden’s parachors. J. Chem. Phys., 25, 21. 1928. The progress of physico-chemical research in India (Presidential Address, Chemistry Section of the Indian Science Congress). 1928. Effect of the dielectric constant of the medium on equilibrium coristants. Indian J. Phys., 2, 243. 1928. Photochemical reactions 111. Influence of polarised radiations on certain photochemical reactions. Indian Chem. Soc., 5, 49. 1928. Blue colour of the cuprammonium complex. Kolloid., 44, 79. 1928. Photochemical reactions: the influence of polarised light upon the reactions of sodium and potassium amalgams with water. J.Phys. Chem., 131, 134. 1928. Chemical reactions under electrodeless discharge. Indian Chem. Soc., 5, 379. 1928. rl’esla-luminescencespectra of the halogens. Phil. Mag. 5, 1226. 1928. Fluorescence and photochemical change. Indian J. Phys., 3, 37. 1928. Magnetic properties of some substances in the adsorbed state. Indian J. Phys., 3, 53. 1928. On the applicability of Fresnel’s law in deducing evidence in favour of surface tension from surface reflectivity. Indian Chem. Soc., 5, 329. 1928. Langevin theory of atomic magnetism extended to molecules- electronic isomers. Phil. Mag. 5, 536. 1928. Magnetic properties of molecules constituting electronic isomers. Phil. Mag. 6, 217. 1929. Naphthalene ring and Sugden’s parachors J.Indian Chem. Soc., 6, 263. 1929. Magnetic susceptibilities of some inorganic and organic and electronic isomerides. J. Indian chem. Soc., 6, 303. 1929. The effect of X-rays on some colloidal solutions..Phys., 56, 684. | 55 1929. Effects of magnetic field on certain chemical reactions. Phil Mag. 8, 457. 1929. Effect of crystalline structure on magnetic susceptibilities of a new magnetic balance based on the principle of interference of light. Phil. Mag. 8, 1041. 1930. The magnetic rotatory behaviour of some optically active substances in solution. Indian J..Phys., 4, 503. 1930. Aromatic disulphides and Sugden’s parachors IV. J. Indian Chem. Soc., 7, 663. 1930. Effect of dilution and non-electrolytes on the charge of emulsion particles and the mixing of sols. Kolloid., 50, 48. 1930. Chemiluminescence of antimony halides. J. Phys. Chem., 9, 229. 1930. Magnetism and molecular structure, 111. Influence of geometric isomerism on the diamagnetic susceptibilities. Phys., 69, 373. 1930. Complexity of the magnetic properties of elements in the colloidal state. J. Indian Chem. Soc., 7, 957. 1931. Colour of colloidal solutions of arsenic trisulphide. J. Phy. Chem., Ithaca, 35, 1803. 1931. Magnetism and molecular structure: influence of positioii isomerism on diamagnetic susceptibilities. Phil. Mag. 11, 914. 1932. Chemiluminescence of a marine. J. Phys. Chem., 159, 454. 1932. Magnetic properties of solid solutions. J. Indian Chem. Soc., 9, 347. 1932. A magnetic study of colour changes in cobalt chloride. J. Indian Chem. Soc., 9, 341. 1932. Electronic constitution of some simple & complex derivatives of copper in relation to their magnetic properties. Indian J. Phys., 7, 323. 1932. Studies in triboluminescence. Phys. Chem., 163, 8. 1933. Influence of temperature on diamagnetism. J. Indian chem. SOL. Sir P. C. Ray Commemoration Volume. 1933. Influence of temperature of the diamagnetism of certain liquids. Phil. Mag., 16, 580. 56 | 1933. A note on the magnetic susceptibilities of cuprous oxide films. Curr. Sci., 1, 343. 1933. The constitution of tellurium dimethyl dihalides from the magnetic standpoint. Curr. Sci.,1, 380. 1933. A magnetic study of singlet linkages in compounds of the type of tellurium dimethyl. J. Phys., 84, 671. 1933. The magnetic properties of iodine in different solvents. Indian J. Phys., 8, 43. 1934. Temperature and diamagnetism I. Susceptibility of aromatic liquids..Phys., 89, 506. 1934. Physico-chemical characteristics of the oxides of nickel from the magneto-chemical stand-point. J. Indian Chem. Soc., 11, 603. 1934. Magnetic study of mixed crystals of systems S-Se. J. Indian Chem. Soc., 11, 701. 1934. Magnetic rotation of some salts of higher fatty acids and evidence in favour of the formation of ionic micelles. J. Indian Chem. Soc., 11, 767. 1934. Atomic diamagnetic susceptibility of hydrogen. Phil. Mag. 18, 449. 1934. Susceptibility constants for co-ordinate linkage in addition compounds. Ind. 3.P ~ S.9,, 131. 1935. Diamagnetism of the trivalent bismuth ion. Curr. Sci., 4, 153. 1935. Further observations on the diamagnetism of the trivalent bismuth ion. Curr. Sci..4. 234. 1935. Magnetic measurements on molecular compounds in solution with a modified form of Decker’s balance. Indian J.Phys., 9, 311. 1935. Magneto-optical rotation of uranyl salts. J. Indian Chem. Soc., 12, 514. 1935. Ionic susceptibility of rubidium from its different salts in the solid and in the dissolved state. J. Indian Chem. Soc., 12, 799. 1936. Diamagnetic susceptibilities of tin in di- and tetravalency states. J. Indian chem. Soc..,13, 273. | 57 1936. Critical examination of Pascal’s value for the magnetic susceptibility of the CH, group. J. Indian Chem. Soc., 13, 329. 1936. A magnetic study of colour changes in cobalt chloride. J. Indian Chem. Soc., 13, 489. Adsorptive properties of synthetic resins. J. Indian Chem. Soc., 13, 679. 1936. Influence of polymerisation on diamagnetic susceptibilities. Phys., 100, 141. Paramagnetism of Mn++ion in the S state. Phil. Mag., 22, 409. 1936. Colloid structure and infra-red absorption spectra. Kolloid., 77, 281. 1936. Crystalline structure and physico-chemical properties in the colloidal state.Curr. Sci., 4, 570. 1937. The influence of magnetic field on adsorption. Phil. Mag., 23, 256. 1937. Particle size and magnetic susceptibility. Kolloid., 78, 9. 1937. Further evidence for the process of carbon activation from magneto- chemical standpoint. Kolloid., 80, 265. 1937. The ground state of the Se, molecule. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 6, 155. 1937. The ground state of the Se, molecule. Nature, Lond., 140, 152. 1937. Diamagnetism of mercury. Curr. Sci., 6, 53. 1937. On the atomic susceptibility of divalent copper. J. Indian Chem. Soc., 14, 445. 1938. A survey of recent advances in magnetism relating to chemistry. (Presidential Address, Jubilee Session of the Indian Science Congress, Chemisfry SectionProc. 25th Indian Sc. Congr., Part 11,499. 1938. Magnetism and molecular constitution of some chromium compounds. J. chern. Soc., 1428. Paramagnetism of the iron group. Phil. Mag., 25, 234. 1938. Phototropy and photochemical isomerism from magnetic standpoint. J. Indian Chem. Soc.,15, 573. 1938. Magnetic properties of copper amalgams. Curr. Sci., 7, 279. *Access to Dr Bhatnagar’s list of scientific papers : Repository of Publications of Fellows, The Indian Academy of Science, Bangalore and Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, UK by T. R. Seshadri 58 | APPENDIX 6 REFERENCES 1 Anand, N. (2005). Book Reviews, Life and Work of Sir S.S. Bhatnagar, Norah Richards. Current Science, 88 (2), 304-305. 2. Bhatnagar, S.S. and Mathur, R.N. (1929). CVII. Investigations on the effect of crystalline structure on magnetic susceptibilities by a new magnetic balance based on the principle of interference of light. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 8 (54), 1041-1055. DOI: 10.1080/14786441208564964 3. Bhattacharya, K. (2014). Early Research in Physical Chemistry in India. Indian Journal of History of Science, 49 (4), 371-376. 4. Grover, A. K. (2014). Legacy of Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar and the research in Universities and the National Laboratories : A perspective. 101st Indian Science Congress, Feb. 3-7, 2014 University of Jammu, Jammu, J & K , 1-54. (Photo courtesy from this reference) 5. Kochhar, R. (2002). S.S. Bhatnagar, Life and Times. Resonance, 82-89. DOI: 10.1007/BF02836141 6. Kochhar, R. (2001). Indian Fellows of the Royal Society, London (1841- 2000). Current Science, 80 (6), 721-722. https:/www.currentscience.ac.in/ Volumes/80/06/0721.pdf 7. Mahanti, S. (2008). Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar:Builder of Scientific and Industrial Foundations of Modern India. Published by the Additional Director General (In-charge), Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India,1-138. ISBN : 978-81-230-1555-2 | 59 8. Richards, N. (1948). Sir Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar, F.R.S. A Biographical Study of India’s Eminent Scientist. New Book Society of India, New Delhi, 1-241 9. Seshadri, T. R. (1962). Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar. 1894-1955. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 8, 1–17. https://royalsocietypublishing. org/doi/10.1098/rsbm.1962.0001 10. Sivaram, S. (2014). Publicly Funded Research Institutes and the Legacy of Sir Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar. Inspiration Lecture Series, Venture Center, Pune. 11. Sivaram, S. (2002). Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar -A visionary extraordinary. Resonance, 7(4), 90-97. DOI:10.1007/BF02836142 12. Vigyan Prasar (2022). Bhatnagar Shanti Swarup, 1-6. https://vigyanprasar. gov.in/bhatnagar-shanti-swarup/ 13. Wangchuk, R.N. (2021). Remembering The Scientist Who Created the ‘Cradles’ of Indian Scientific Research. Better India.com, 1-15. https://www.thebetterindia.com/173008shanti-swarup-bhatnagar- scientist-csir-ugc-npl-india/. 60 | ABOUT THE BOOK Padma Bhushan, Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar, the man who dared to dream the unthinkable and traversed his life path with fortitude, laid the foundation of India’s scientific future. Amidst the galaxy of luminaries who have lighted up the sky of our achievements in the various spheres of science and technology, Dr. Bhatnagar has carved for himself a place of great eminence. To introduce the young minds to this great visionary, giving them a little peek into the many challenges and the many achievements that have shaped his life, is a matter of pride. Our humble endeavour is to create a feeling of national pride and respect for the great men who have been stepping stones in the glorious journey of India’s progress and development. Young minds can be ignited by setting before them exemplary role models and Dr. Bhatnagar is one such figure. We hope the book not just informs but also inspires. ABOUT THE AUTHORS K. Venkataraman, Ph.D., former Curator of National Council of Science Museums, (Govt. of India), Kolkata, and presently a faculty of Physics at PMB Gujarati Science College, Indore. He is an academicain, writer and the Editor-in-Chief of Vidyarthi

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