Shakespeare and Dictionaries PDF

Shakespeare and Dictionaries Cobbe portrait, 1610 Chandos portrait, early 1600s Droeshout portrat, 1622 kespeare (1564-1616), wife Ann Hathaway, and children Susannah, Judith & Hamnet (twins) Shakespeare’s Sonnet...

Shakespeare and Dictionaries Cobbe portrait, 1610 Chandos portrait, early 1600s Droeshout portrat, 1622 kespeare (1564-1616), wife Ann Hathaway, and children Susannah, Judith & Hamnet (twins) Shakespeare’s Sonnet Cycle (published 1609) Written in English Sonnet form: three quatrains followed by one couplet, 16 lines (abab cdcd efef gg) iambic pentameter (stressed/unstressed, u / = iamb; five feet or iambs = pentameter) Sonnets 1-17: Marriage sonnets (exhorting marriage to fair youth) Sonnets 18-127, to The Fair Youth (his commemoration in poetry will be immortal) Sonnets 128-154, The Dark Lady (both attracted to andisgusted by her) Homoeroticism? Censorship in subsequent editions Sonnet 116 Let me not to the marriage of true minds Admit impediments; love is not love Which alters when it alteration finds, Or bends with the remover to remove. O no, it is an ever-fixèd mark That looks on tempests and is never shaken; It is the star to every wand'ring bark Whose worth's unknown, although his height be taken. Love's not time's fool, though rosy lips and cheeks Within his bending sickle's compass come. Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks, But bears it out even to the edge of doom: If this be error and upon me proved, I never writ, nor no man ever loved.  The “invention” of Shakespeare Samuel Johnson, The Plays of William Shakespeare (1765) (including “references” to explain word usage) Preface: “The poet, of whose works I have undertaken the revision, may now begin to assume the dignity of an ancient, and claim the privilege of established fame and prescriptive veneration. He has long outlived his century, the term commonly fixed as the text of literature merit. Whatever advantages he might once derive from personal allusions, local customs, or temporary opinions, have for many years been lost; and every topic of merriment, or motive of sorrow, which the modes of artificial life afforded him, now only obscure the scenes which they once illuminated. The effects of favour and competition are at an end; the tradition of his friendships and his enmities has perished; his works support no opinion with arguments, nor supply any faction with invectives; they can neither indulge vanity nor gratify malignity; but are read without any other reason than the desire of pleasure, and are therefore praised only as pleasure is obtained; yet, thus unassisted by interest or passion, they have past through variation of taste and changes of manners, and, as they devolved from one generation to another, have received new honours at every transition. Shakespeare as Literature Johnson did not believe that performance was vital to the plays, nor did he ever acknowledge the presence of an audience as a factor in the reception of the work[ Instead, Johnson believed that the reader of Shakespeare was the true audience of the play or poem Dictionaries! 1755, A Dictionary of the English Language: in which the words are deduced from their originals... to w hich are prefixed a history of the language, and an English grammar. Published by Samuel Johnson 42,733 words (compared with 4000 in earlier glossaries_ Included etymology (word histories) for first time Weak assistance with pronunciation Took “defining” to new heights—not just synonyms Included quotes showing the words “in use,” in context  The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) (1928)  1857: The Philological Society of London called for a new English Dictionary: comprehensive and go back to Anglo Saxon  1879, Society partnered with Oxford UP and James H. Murray, began work on a New English Dictionary  1884: Five years into proposed ten-year project: editors reached ant  Planned: 6,400 pages in four volumes  Final: 400,000+ words and phrases in ten volumes.  1884-1928: The Dictionary is published in fascicles  1933-1986: Supplements to the OED  1980s: The Supplements are integrated with the OED to produce its Second Edition  1984: New Oxford English Dictionary Project launched  1992: The first CD-ROM version of the OED published  The OED is now being fully revised, with new material published in parts online James Murray surrounded by thousands of quotations on postcard—sized sheets